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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Elbatrawi YM, Pedretty KP, Giddings N, Woodcock HL, Del Valle JR. δ-Azaproline and Its Oxidized Variants. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4207-4219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yassin M. Elbatrawi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kyle P. Pedretty
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nicole Giddings
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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3
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Howard EH, Cain CF, Kang C, Del Valle JR. Synthesis of Enantiopure ε-Oxapipecolic Acid. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1680-1686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan H. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Christopher F. Cain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Changwon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Juan R. Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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4
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Abstract
The nitrosocarbonyls (R-CONO) are highly reactive species and remarkable intermediates toward different synthetic targets. This review will cover a research area whose impact in current organic synthesis is constantly increasing in the chemical community. This review represents the first and comprehensive picture on the generation and trapping of nitrosocarbonyls and is solidly built on more than 380 papers. Six different classes of key starting materials such as hydroxamic acids, N-hydroxy carbamates, N-hydroxyureas, nitrile oxides, and 1,2,4-oxadiazole-4-oxides were highlighted. The content of the review surveys all the methods to generate the nitrosocarbonyls through different approaches (oxidative, thermal, photochemical, catalytic, aerobic, and the less common ones) in the light of efficiency, yields, and mildness. The most successful trapping agents employed to catch these fleeting intermediates are reviewed, exploiting their superior dienophilic, enophilic, and electrophilic power. The work is completed by paragraphs dedicated to the detection of the intermediates, theoretical studies, and insights about the challenges and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misal Giuseppe Memeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Quadrelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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5
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Berthet M, Cheviet T, Dujardin G, Parrot I, Martinez J. Isoxazolidine: A Privileged Scaffold for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15235-15283. [PMID: 27981833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The isoxazolidine ring represents one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry, and there have been an increasing number of studies on isoxazolidine and isoxazolidine-containing compounds. Optimization of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC), original methods including electrophilic or palladium-mediated cyclization of unsaturated hydroxylamine, has been developed to obtain isoxazolidines. Novel reactions involving the isoxazolidine ring have been highlighted to accomplish total synthesis or to obtain bioactive compounds, one of the most significant examples being probably the thermic ring contraction applied to the total synthesis of (±)-Gelsemoxonine. The unique isoxazolidine scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as a mimic of nucleosides, carbohydrates, PNA, amino acids, and steroid analogs. This review aims to be a comprehensive and general summary of the different isoxazolidine syntheses, their use as starting building blocks for the preparation of natural compounds, and their main biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathéo Berthet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles Dujardin
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , IMMM UMR 6283 CNRS, Université du Maine, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Isabelle Parrot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron , IBMM UMR-5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CC17-03, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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6
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Kubyshkin V, Budisa N. cis-trans-Amide isomerism of the 3,4-dehydroproline residue, the 'unpuckered' proline. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:589-93. [PMID: 27340450 PMCID: PMC4901939 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline (Pro) is an outstanding amino acid in various biochemical and physicochemical perspectives, especially when considering the cis-trans isomerism of the peptidyl-Pro amide bond. Elucidation of the roles of Pro in chemical or biological systems and engineering of its features can be addressed with various Pro analogues. Here we report an experimental work investigating the basic physicochemical properties of two Pro analogues which possess a 3,4-double bond: 3,4-dehydroproline and 4-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dehydroproline. Both indicate a flat pyrroline ring in their crystal structures, in agreement with previous theoretical calculations. In solution, the peptide mimics exhibit an almost unchanged equilibrium of the trans/cis ratios compared to that of Pro and 4-trifluoromethylproline derivatives. Finally we demonstrate that the 3,4-double bond in the investigated structures leads to an increase of the amide rotational barriers, presumably due to an interplay with the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str., 10, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str., 10, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Campbell CD, Greenaway RL, Holton OT, Walker PR, Chapman HA, Russell CA, Carr G, Thomson AL, Anderson EA. Ynamide carbopalladation: a flexible route to mono-, bi- and tricyclic azacycles. Chemistry 2015; 21:12627-39. [PMID: 26189754 PMCID: PMC4557052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bromoenynamides represent precursors to a diversity of azacycles by a cascade sequence of carbopalladation followed by cross-coupling/electrocyclization, or reduction processes. Full details of our investigations into intramolecular ynamide carbopalladation are disclosed, which include the first examples of carbopalladation/cross-coupling reactions using potassium organotrifluoroborate salts; and an understanding of factors influencing the success of these processes, including ring size, and the nature of the coupling partner. Additional mechanistic observations are reported, such as the isolation of triene intermediates for electrocyclization. A variety of hetero-Diels-Alder reactions using the product heterocycles are also described, which provide insight into Diels-Alder regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Campbell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
| | - Oliver T Holton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
| | - P Ross Walker
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
| | - Helen A Chapman
- Syngenta Ltd. Jealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY (U.K.)
| | - C Adam Russell
- Syngenta Ltd. Jealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY (U.K.)
| | - Greg Carr
- AstraZenecaAlderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF (U.K.)
| | - Amber L Thomson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.) edward E-mail:
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8
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Kalia D, Merey G, Guo M, Sintim HO. N–O Tethered Carbenoid Cyclopropanation Facilitates the Synthesis of a Functionalized Cyclopropyl-Fused Pyrrolidine. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6131-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimpy Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gökce Merey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Reddy DN, Thirupathi R, Tumminakatti S, Prabhakaran EN. A method for stabilizing the cis prolyl peptide bond: influence of an unusual n→π∗ interaction in 1,3-oxazine and 1,3-thiazine containing peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Bodnar BS, Miller MJ. The nitrosocarbonyl hetero-Diels-Alder reaction as a useful tool for organic syntheses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5630-47. [PMID: 21520360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic transformations that result in the formation of multiple covalent bonds within the same reaction are some of the most powerful tools in synthetic organic chemistry. Nitrosocarbonyl hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions allow for the simultaneous stereospecific introduction of carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen bonds in one synthetic step, and provide direct access to 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxazines. This Review describes the development of the nitrosocarbonyl HDA reaction and the utility of the resulting oxazine ring in the synthesis of a variety of important, biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Bodnar
- Chemspeed Technologies, Inc. 113 North Center Drive, North Brunswick, NJ 08906, USA
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11
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Bodnar BS, Miller MJ. Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaktionen von Nitrosocarbonylverbindungen als nützliches Verfahren in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ji C, Miller MJ. Cyclopropanation of nitroso Diels-Alder cycloadducts and application to the synthesis of a 2',3'-methano carbocyclic nucleoside. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:3789-3791. [PMID: 20607121 PMCID: PMC2894734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of nitroso Diels-Alder cycloadducts 1 with diazomethane in the presence of palladium acetate gives synthetically useful exo-6-oxa-7-azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane derivatives 7 in good to excellent yield. Using this methodology, a conformationally restricted 2',3'-methano carbocyclic nucleoside was efficiently synthesized from nitroso cycloadduct 1a in 7 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, United States
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13
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Bollans L, Bacsa J, O’Farrell DA, Waterson S, Stachulski AV. Syntheses of structurally diverse amino acids, including δ-hydroxylysine, using the acyl nitroso Diels–Alder reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Yang B, Miller MJ. Regio- and stereochemically controlled formation of hydroxamic acids from indium triflate-mediated nucleophilic ring-opening reactions with acylnitroso-Diels-Alder adducts. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:889-891. [PMID: 20209116 PMCID: PMC2830661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acylnitroso-Diels-Alder [2.2.1] bicyclic adducts 2a-b with indium triflate in an alcohol solvent induces ring opening reactions to afford monocyclic anti-1,2-, anti-1,4- and syn-1,4-hydroxamic acids with good to excellent regio- and stereoselectivity (up to 7:86:7). Treatment of [2.2.2] bicyclic nitroso adducts 2c-d under similar reaction conditions generates only anti-1,2- and anti-1,4-hydroxamic acids with anti-1,4-product predominant (up to 17:83).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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15
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Yang B, Miller MJ. Regio- and stereoselective indium triflate-mediated nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene and -[2.2.2]oct-5-ene systems. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7990-3. [PMID: 19754105 DOI: 10.1021/jo9016343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indium triflate-mediated nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of 3-aza-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene and -[2.2.2]oct-5-ene systems with alcohols and water were investigated. Reactions of [2.2.1] bicyclic systems gave anti-1,2-, anti-1,4- and syn-1,4-ring-opened products with moderate to excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. When [2.2.2] bicyclic systems were subjected to similar reaction conditions, only anti-1,2 and anti-1,4-ring-opened products were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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16
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Bollans L, Bacsa J, Iggo JA, Morris GA, Stachulski AV. The acyl nitroso Diels-Alder (ANDA) reaction of sorbate derivatives: an X-ray and 15N NMR study with an application to amino-acid synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4531-8. [PMID: 19830306 DOI: 10.1039/b912963d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a study of the acyl nitroso Diels-Alder (ANDA) reaction of sorbate esters and sorbic alcohol derivatives, using alkoxycarbonyl nitroso dienophiles. An optimisation of the reaction conditions for ethyl sorbate is first presented, and the product is used in an efficient synthesis of 5-methylornithine. Structure-reactivity trends in sorbic alcohol (E,E-2,4-hexadien-1-ol) and its acylated analogues are then discussed. We present single-crystal X-ray structural proof for key adducts in both series and present in detail a novel HMBC/HSQC ((1)H-(15)N) criterion for ready distinction of regioisomers arising from such ANDA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Bollans
- Robert Robinson Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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17
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Nora GP, Miller MJ, Möllmann U. The synthesis and in vitro testing of structurally novel antibiotics derived from acylnitroso Diels–Alder adducts. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3966-70. [PMID: 16730172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The structural similarity between beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, and isoxazolidine-3,5-dicarboxylic acids led to the hypothesis that isoxazolidine-3,5-dicarboxylic acids could be effective analogs of beta-lactam antibiotics. The syntheses of relevant isoxazolidine-3,5-dicarboxylic acids from acylnitroso Diels-Alder adducts and subsequent biological testing have shown that these first examples are inhibitors of Escherichia coli X580.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Nora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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18
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Wang Y, Benn A, Flinn N, Monk T, Ramjee M, Watts J, Quibell M. cis-6-Oxo-hexahydro-2-oxa-1,4-diazapentalene and cis-6-oxo-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrazole based scaffolds: design rationale, synthesis and cysteinyl proteinase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1327-31. [PMID: 15713380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 5,5-bicycles cis-6-oxo-hexahydro-2-oxa-1,4-diazapentalene 3 and cis-6-oxo-hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrazole 4 were designed as rotationally restricted templates towards the preparation of inhibitors of CAC1 cysteinyl proteinases. The design strategy was exemplified through the solution and solid phase preparation of potent inhibitors of human cathepsin K and may potentially be applied to inhibitors of other CAC1 proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Wang
- Amura Therapeutics Limited, Incenta House, Horizon Park, Barton Road, Comberton, Cambridge CB3 7AJ, UK
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19
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Ding P, Miller MJ, Chen Y, Helquist P, Oliver AJ, Wiest O. Syntheses of Conformationally Constricted Molecules as Potential NAALADase/PSMA Inhibitors. Org Lett 2004; 6:1805-8. [PMID: 15151419 DOI: 10.1021/ol049473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two six-membered ring targeted analogues of PSMA inhibitors (4a and 4b) were designed on the basis of a computational analysis and synthesized. (E,Z)-Diene 10 was subjected to the nitroso Diels-Alder reaction to give the 1,4-trans six-membered ring adduct, 4a. The cis isomer 4b was derived from similar nitroso cycloaddition reactions with the corresponding (E,E)-diene and separately from cyclohexadiene. The IC(50) values of 4a and 4b in a NAALADase assay were found to be 0.9 and 0.1 microM, respectively. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Ding
- Walther Cancer Research Center & Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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20
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Koep S, Gais HJ, Raabe G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Unsaturated, Fused Bicyclic Proline Analogues through Amino Alkylation of Cyclic Bis(allylsulfoximine)titanium Complexes and Migratory Cyclization of δ-Amino Alkenyl Aminosulfoxonium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13243-51. [PMID: 14570500 DOI: 10.1021/ja030324y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Described is an asymmetric synthesis of new Delta(3a,4)-unsaturated, fused bicyclic proline analogues from cyclic bis(allylsulfoximine)titanium complexes and N-tert-butylsulfonyl imino ethyl ester. Treatment of the enantiomerically pure five-, six-, seven-, and eight-membered cyclic bis(allylsulfoximine)titanium complexes with the imino ester gave mixtures of the corresponding (E,syn)- and (Z,syn)-configured, delta-sulfoximine substituted, cyclic gamma,delta-unsaturated alpha-amino acid esters with high regio- and diastereoselectivities in good yields. Activation of the N-methyl sulfoximine group of these amino acid derivatives through methylation with Me(3)OBF(4) afforded in nearly quantitative yields the corresponding (dimethylamino)sulfoxonium salts. A novel migratory cyclization of these salts with DBU gave via an isomerization to the corresponding allylic (dimethylamino)sulfoxonium salts and an intramolecular substitution of the (dimethylamino)sulfoxonium group the enantio- and diastereomerically pure, bicyclic, N-tert-butylsulfonyl protected proline analogues having a six- and eight-membered unsaturated carbocyclic ring. Cyclization of the alkenyl (dimethylamino)sulfoxonium salts was independent of the configuration of the double bond. N,N-Dimethylphenylsulfinamide of > or =99% ee was obtained in good yield as a further reaction product. Conversion of the sulfinamide to N,S-dimethyl-S-phenylsulfoximine of > or =99% ee, the starting material for the synthesis of the allylic sulfoximines, had been accomplished previously. Finally, cleavage of the tert-butylsulfonyl protecting group with anhydrous acid furnished the fused bicyclic proline analogue containing an unsaturated six-membered ring in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koep
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Prof.-Pirlet-Strasse 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Dugave C, Demange L. Cis-trans isomerization of organic molecules and biomolecules: implications and applications. Chem Rev 2003; 103:2475-532. [PMID: 12848578 DOI: 10.1021/cr0104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dugave
- CEA/Saclay, Département d'Ingénierie et d'Etudes des Protéines (DIEP), Bâtiment 152, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Otaka A, Katagiri F, Kinoshita T, Odagaki Y, Oishi S, Tamamura H, Hamanaka N, Fujii N. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (E)-alkene trans-Xaa-Pro dipeptide mimetics utilizing organocopper-mediated anti-S(N)2' reactions. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6152-61. [PMID: 12182656 DOI: 10.1021/jo025922u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proline dipeptides (Xaa-Pro) exist as an equilibrium mixture of cis- and trans-rotamers, which depends on the energy barriers for imide isomerization. This conformation mixture contributes to both structure and function of proline-containing peptides and proteins. Structural motifs resembling these cis- or trans-conformers have served as useful tools for elucidating contributions of proline residues in the physicochemical and biological profiles of structures which contain them. Among such motifs are alkene dipeptide isosteres which mimic cis- or trans-imide using (Z)- or (E)-alkene, respectively. In this report, the first regio- and stereoselective syntheses of (E)-alkene dipeptide isosteres (20, 31, and 35) corresponding to trans-proline dipeptides are described. Key to the synthesis of these mimetics is the anti-S(N)2' reaction of vinyl aziridines such as 15 or vinyl oxazolidinones such as 28 and 32 with organocopper reagents "RCu" (R = CH(2)SiMe(2)(Oi-Pr)). Reaction of cis-vinylaziridine 15 derived from L-serine with organocopper reagent gave a precursor of the trans-L-Ser-D-Pro type alkene isosteres 20, accompanied by an S(N)2 side product. One limitation with the use of such aziridine-mediated methodology is formation of the corresponding trans-aziridine 22, which leads to L-L type isosteres, that is unstable and obtainable only in low yield. On the other hand, both isomers of oxazolidinone derivatives can be easily obtained from N-Boc-protected amino alcohols. The reaction of trans- 28 or cis-oxazolidinone derivative 32 with organocopper reagents proceeds quantitatively with high regio- and diastereoselectivities in anti-S(N)2' fashion. Subsequent oxidative treatment of the newly introduced isopropoxydimethylsilylmethyl group yields trans-L-Ser-L-Pro 31 or trans-L-Ser-D-Pro type isosteres 35, respectively. Of note, synthesized isostere 31 can also be converted to trans-phosphoSer-Pro 42 and trans-Cys-Pro mimetics 44. The present synthetic methodology affords trans-Xaa-Pro alkene-type dipeptide isosteres in high yield with relatively simple manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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