1
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Liu Z, Rivera S, Newmister SA, Sanders JN, Nie Q, Liu S, Zhao F, Ferrara JD, Shih HW, Patil S, Xu W, Miller MD, Phillips GN, Houk KN, Sherman DH, Gao X. An NmrA-like enzyme-catalysed redox-mediated Diels-Alder cycloaddition with anti-selectivity. Nat Chem 2023; 15:526-534. [PMID: 36635598 PMCID: PMC10073347 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition is one of the most powerful approaches in organic synthesis and is often used in the synthesis of important pharmaceuticals. Yet, strictly controlling the stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder reactions is challenging, and great efforts are needed to construct complex molecules with desired chirality via organocatalysis or transition-metal strategies. Nature has evolved different types of enzymes to exquisitely control cyclization stereochemistry; however, most of the reported Diels-Alderases have been shown to only facilitate the energetically favourable diastereoselective cycloadditions. Here we report the discovery and characterization of CtdP, a member of a new class of bifunctional oxidoreductase/Diels-Alderase, which was previously annotated as an NmrA-like transcriptional regulator. We demonstrate that CtdP catalyses the inherently disfavoured cycloaddition to form the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane scaffold with a strict α-anti-selectivity. Guided by computational studies, we reveal a NADP+/NADPH-dependent redox mechanism for the CtdP-catalysed inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which serves as the first example of a bifunctional Diels-Alderase that utilizes this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Rivera
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qiuyue Nie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hao-Wei Shih
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siddhant Patil
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity index revisited. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:278-297. [PMID: 35546516 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and accessible review of general interest to the chemistry community; because the electrophilicity index is a very useful global reactivity descriptor defined within a conceptual density functional theory framework. Our group has also introduced electrophilicity based new global and local reactivity descriptors and also new associated electronic structure principles, which are important indicators of structure, stability, bonding, reactivity, interactions, and dynamics in a wide variety of physico-chemical systems and processes. This index along with its local counterpart augmented by the associated electronic structure principles could properly explain molecular vibrations, internal rotations and various types of chemical reactions. The concept of the electrophilicity index has been extended to dynamical processes, excited states, confined environment, spin-dependent and temperature-dependent situations, biological activity, site selectivity, aromaticity, charge removal and acceptance, presence of external perturbation through solvents, external electric and magnetic fields, and so forth. Although electrophilicity and its local variant can adequately interpret the behavior of a wide variety of systems and different physico-chemical processes involving them, their predictive potential remains to be explored. An exhaustive review on all these aspects will set the tone of the future research in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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3
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Li K, Chen S, Pang X, Cai J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Zhou X. Natural products from mangrove sediments-derived microbes: Structural diversity, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114117. [PMID: 35063731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem, and the microbial communities in mangrove sediments play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove sediments-derived microbes (MSM), as a rich reservoir of natural product diversity, could be utilized in the exploration of new antibiotics or drugs. To understand the structural diversity and bioactivities of the metabolites of MSM, this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of 519 natural products isolated from MSM with their bioactivities, up to 2021. Most of the structural types of these compounds are alkaloids, lactones, xanthones, quinones, terpenoids, and steroids. Among them, 210 compounds are obtained from bacteria, most of which are from Streptomyces, while 309 compounds are from fungus, especially genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. The pharmacological mechanisms of some representative lead compounds are well studied, revealing that they have important medicinal potentials, such as piericidins with anti-renal cell cancer effects, azalomycins with anti-MRSA activities, and ophiobolins as antineoplastic agents. The biosynthetic pathways of representative natural products from MSM have also been summarized, especially ikarugamycin, piericidins, divergolides, and azalomycins. In addition, the total synthetic strategies of representative secondary metabolites from MSM are also reviewed, such as piericidin A and borrelidin. This review provides an important reference for the research status of natural products isolated from MSM and the lead compounds worthy of further development, and reveals that MSM have important medicinal values and are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Siqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya, 572000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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4
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Fraley AE, Sherman DH. Enzyme evolution in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis. FEBS J 2020; 287:1381-1402. [PMID: 32118354 PMCID: PMC7317620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The class of fungal indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring is comprised of diverse molecules that display a range of biological activities. While much interest has been garnered due to their therapeutic potential, this class of molecules also displays unique chemical functionality, making them intriguing synthetic targets. Many elegant and intricate total syntheses have been developed to generate these alkaloids, but the selectivity required to produce them in high yield presents great barriers. Alternatively, if we can understand the molecular mechanisms behind how fungi make these complex molecules, we can leverage the power of nature to perform these chemical transformations. Here, we describe the various studies regarding the evolutionary development of enzymes involved in fungal indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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5
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Dan Q, Newmister SA, Klas KR, Fraley AE, McAfoos TJ, Somoza AD, Sunderhaus JD, Ye Y, Shende VV, Yu F, Sanders JN, Brown WC, Zhao L, Paton RS, Houk KN, Smith JL, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Fungal indole alkaloid biogenesis through evolution of a bifunctional reductase/Diels-Alderase. Nat Chem 2019; 11:972-980. [PMID: 31548667 PMCID: PMC6815239 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated indole alkaloids such as the calmodulin-inhibitory malbrancheamides and anthelmintic paraherquamides possess great structural diversity and pharmaceutical utility. Here, we report complete elucidation of the malbrancheamide biosynthetic pathway accomplished through complementary approaches. These include a biomimetic total synthesis to access the natural alkaloid and biosynthetic intermediates in racemic form and in vitro enzymatic reconstitution to provide access to the natural antipode (+)-malbrancheamide. Reductive cleavage of an L-Pro-L-Trp dipeptide from the MalG non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) followed by reverse prenylation and a cascade of post-NRPS reactions culminates in an intramolecular [4+2] hetero-Diels-Alder (IMDA) cyclization to furnish the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane scaffold. Enzymatic assembly of optically pure (+)-premalbrancheamide involves an unexpected zwitterionic intermediate where MalC catalyses enantioselective cycloaddition as a bifunctional NADPH-dependent reductase/Diels-Alderase. The crystal structures of substrate and product complexes together with site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate how MalC and PhqE (its homologue from the paraherquamide pathway) catalyse diastereo- and enantioselective cyclization in the construction of this important class of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Dan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy E Fraley
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J McAfoos
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amber D Somoza
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James D Sunderhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ying Ye
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vikram V Shende
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Clay Brown
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Klas KR, Kato H, Frisvad JC, Yu F, Newmister SA, Fraley AE, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Structural and stereochemical diversity in prenylated indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system from marine and terrestrial fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:532-558. [PMID: 29632911 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2017 Various fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea produce prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. After the discovery of distinct enantiomers of the natural alkaloids stephacidin A and notoamide B, from A. protuberus MF297-2 and A. amoenus NRRL 35660, another fungi, A. taichungensis, was found to produce their diastereomers, 6-epi-stephacidin A and versicolamide B, as major metabolites. Distinct enantiomers of stephacidin A and 6-epi-stephacidin A may be derived from a common precursor, notoamide S, by enzymes that form a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core via a putative intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition. This review provides our current understanding of the structural and stereochemical homologies and disparities of these alkaloids. Through the deployment of biomimetic syntheses, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical studies, a unified biogenesis of both the dioxopiperazine and the monooxopiperazine families of prenylated indole alkaloids constituted of bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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7
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Wu CJ, Li CW, Gao H, Huang XJ, Cui CB. Penicimutamides D–E: two new prenylated indole alkaloids from a mutant of the marine-derived Penicillium purpurogenum G59. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02446k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new prenylated indole alkaloids, penicimutamides D–E (1–2), were discovered via activating silent pathways in a marine-derived fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy
| | - Chang-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Cheng-Bin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
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8
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Li CW, Wu CJ, Cui CB, Xu LL, Cao F, Zhu HJ. Penicimutamides A–C: rare carbamate-containing alkaloids from a mutant of the marine-derived Penicillium purpurogenum G59. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new and rare carbamate-containing penicimutamides A–C (1–3) were discovered via activating silent pathways in a marine-derived fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Chang-Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Cheng-Bin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- China
| | - Lan-Lan Xu
- Chinese Center for Chirality
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of the Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmacy
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
| | - Fei Cao
- Chinese Center for Chirality
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of the Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmacy
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
| | - Hua-Jie Zhu
- Chinese Center for Chirality
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of the Ministry of Education
- College of Pharmacy
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
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9
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Margrey KA, Chinn AJ, Laws SW, Pike RD, Scheerer JR. Efficient Entry to the [2.2.2]-Diazabicyclic Ring System via Diastereoselective Domino Reaction Sequence. Org Lett 2012; 14:2458-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaila A. Margrey
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Alex J. Chinn
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Stephen W. Laws
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Robert D. Pike
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Scheerer
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
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10
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Finefield JM, Frisvad JC, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Fungal origins of the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system of prenylated indole alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:812-33. [PMID: 22502590 PMCID: PMC3485739 DOI: 10.1021/np200954v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over eight different families of natural products consisting of nearly 70 secondary metabolites that contain the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system have been isolated from various Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea species. Since 1968, these secondary metabolites have been the focus of numerous biogenetic, synthetic, taxonomic, and biological studies and, as such, have made a lasting impact across multiple scientific disciplines. This review covers the isolation, biosynthesis, and biological activity of these unique secondary metabolites containing the bridging bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. Furthermore, the diverse fungal origin of these natural products is closely examined and, in many cases, updated to reflect the currently accepted fungal taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Finefield
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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11
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Morris EN, Nenninger EK, Pike RD, Scheerer JR. Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Chiral Nonracemic 2,5-Diketopiperazine Dienes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4430-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - E. Katherine Nenninger
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Robert D. Pike
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Scheerer
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
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12
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Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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14
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Asymmetric total syntheses of (+)- and (-)-versicolamide B and biosynthetic implications. Nat Chem 2011; 1:63-8. [PMID: 20300443 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most well-studied, synthetically useful organic transformations. While a significant number of naturally occurring substances are postulated to arise by biosynthetic Diels-Alder reactions, rigorous confirmation of a mechanistically distinct natural Diels-Alderase enzyme remains elusive. Within this context, several related fungi within the Aspergillus genus produce a number of metabolites of opposite absolute configuration including (+)- or (-)-versicolamide B. These alkaloids are hypothesized to arise via biosynthetic Diels-Alder reactions implying that each Aspergillus species possesses enantiomerically distinct Diels-Alderases. Herein, experimental validation of these biosynthetic proposals via deployment of the IMDA reaction as a key step in the asymmetric total syntheses of (+)- and (-)-versicolamide B is described. Laboratory validation of the proposed biosynthetic Diels-Alder construction, coupled with the secondary metabolite profile of the producing fungi, reveals that each Aspergillus species has evolved enantiomerically distinct indole oxidases, as well as enantiomerically distinct Diels-Alderases.
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15
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Sunderhaus JD, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Studies on the Biosynthesis of the Stephacidin and Notoamide Natural Products: A Stereochemical and Genetic Conundrum. Isr J Chem 2011; 51:442-452. [PMID: 21818159 PMCID: PMC3148524 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The stephacidin and notoamide natural products belong to a group of prenylated indole alkaloids containing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core. Biosynthetically, this bicyclic core is believed to be the product of an intermolecular Diels- Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition of an achiral azadiene. Since all of the natural products in this family have been isolated in enantiomerically pure form to date, it is believed that an elusive Diels-Alderase enzyme mediates the IMDA reaction. Adding further intrigue to this biosynthetic puzzle is the fact that several related Aspergillus fungi produce a number of metabolites with the opposite absolute configuration, implying that these fungi have evolved enantiomerically distinct Diels-Alderases. We have undertaken a program to identify every step in the biogenesis of the stephacidins and notoamides, and by combining the techniques of chemical synthesis and biochemical analysis we have been able to identify the two prenyltransferases involved in the early stages of the stephacidin and notoamide biosyntheses. This has allowed us to propose a modified biosynthesis for stephacidin A, and has brought us closer to our goal of finding evidence for, or against, the presence of a Diels-Alderase in this biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sunderhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, phone: +1 970-491-6747, fax: +1 970-491-3944
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Rodriguez AM, Prieto P, de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz A. “In silico” mechanistic studies as predictive tools in microwave-assisted organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2371-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Zhou YQ, Wang NX, Zhou SB, Huang Z, Cao L. [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Aromatic α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones with Epoxides: One-Step Approach to Synthesize Seven-Membered Oxacycles Catalyzed by Lewis Acid. J Org Chem 2010; 76:669-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101669t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Shu-Bao Zhou
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China, 830046
| | - Zhong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100190
| | - Linghua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China, 830046
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Miller KA, Williams RM. Synthetic approaches to the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system common to the paraherquamides, stephacidins and related prenylated indole alkaloids. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:3160-74. [PMID: 19847349 PMCID: PMC2839869 DOI: 10.1039/b816705m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system is common to a number of highly biologically active secondary metabolites isolated from numerous species of fungi. In this tutorial review, we describe the varied synthetic approaches that have been employed to construct this ring system in the course of recent total synthesis endeavors, and this review should be of interest to synthetic organic chemists and natural product chemists. Detailed herein are a number of synthetic disconnections including intramolecular S(N)2' cyclizations, biomimetic Diels-Alder reactions, radical cyclizations, and cationic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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Dadwal M, Kesharwani MK, Danayak V, Ganguly B, Mobin SM, Muruganantham R, Namboothiri INN. Synthetic and Theoretical Investigations on the Construction of Oxanorbornenes by a Michael Addition and Intramolecular Diels-Alder Furan Reaction. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ding Y, Greshock TJ, Miller KA, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Premalbrancheamide: synthesis, isotopic labeling, biosynthetic incorporation, and detection in cultures of Malbranchea aurantiaca. Org Lett 2008; 10:4863-6. [PMID: 18844365 PMCID: PMC2651399 DOI: 10.1021/ol8019633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An advanced metabolite, named premalbrancheamide, involved in the biosynthesis of malbrancheamide (1) and malbrancheamide B (2) has been synthesized in double (13)C-labeled form and was incorporated into the indole alkaloid 2 by Malbranchea aurantiaca. In addition, premalbrancheamide has been detected as a natural metabolite in cultures of M. aurantiaca. The biosynthetic implications of these experiments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Ding
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA
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Ding Y, Gruschow S, Greshock TJ, Finefield JM, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Detection of VM55599 and preparaherquamide from Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium fellutanum: biosynthetic implications. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1574-8. [PMID: 18754595 PMCID: PMC2834492 DOI: 10.1021/np800292n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites VM55599 (4) and preparaherquamide (5) have been identified by LC-MS(n) analysis as natural metabolites in cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, whereas preparaherquamide has been identified only in cultures of Aspergillus japonicus. In accord with a previous proposal, the identification of both metabolites, which have a diastereomeric relationship, provides indirect support for a unified biosynthetic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Ding
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Sabine Gruschow
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Thomas J. Greshock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | - David H. Sherman
- Center for Chemical Genomics, Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045
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Greshock TJ, Grubbs AW, Jiao P, Wicklow DT, Gloer JB, Williams RM. Isolation, structure elucidation, and biomimetic total synthesis of versicolamide B, and the isolation of antipodal (-)-stephacidin A and (+)-notoamide B from Aspergillus versicolor NRRL 35600. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3573-7. [PMID: 18389509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Greshock
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Greshock T, Grubbs A, Jiao P, Wicklow D, Gloer J, Williams R. Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Versicolamide B, and the Isolation of Antipodal (−)-Stephacidin A and (+)-Notoamide B fromAspergillus versicolor NRRL 35600. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Synthesis of (S,Z)-3-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methylidene]hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-4(1H)-one: an alternative, enaminone based, route to unsaturated cyclodipeptides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaThis is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in 2006 (Chattaraj, P. K.; Sarkar, U.; Roy, D. R. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2065). Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Debesh Ranjan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaThis is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in 2006 (Chattaraj, P. K.; Sarkar, U.; Roy, D. R. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2065). Updates to the text appear in red type
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Grubbs AW, Artman GD, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. A Concise Total Synthesis of the Notoamides C and D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2257-61. [PMID: 17304609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Grubbs A, Artman G, Tsukamoto S, Williams R. A Concise Total Synthesis of the Notoamides C and D. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pichowicz M, Simpkins NS, Blake AJ, Wilson C. Synthesis towards complex bridged alkaloids derived from diketopiperazines: a cationic cascade approach to stephacidins, paraherquamides and related systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Adams LA, Valente MW, Williams RM. A concise synthesis of d,l-brevianamide B via a biomimetically-inspired IMDA construction. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Lu YX, Yu QS, Zou JW. Density functional study on intramolecular dehydro Diels–Alder reactions of conjugated enynes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Adams LA, Gray CR, Williams RM. Concise synthesis of the core bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring common to asperparaline, paraherquamide, and stephacidin alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Domingo LR, Andrés J. Enhancing reactivity of carbonyl compounds via hydrogen-bond formation. A DFT study of the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between butadiene derivative and acetone in chloroform. J Org Chem 2004; 68:8662-8. [PMID: 14575500 DOI: 10.1021/jo030156s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To examine how hydrogen-bond (HB) formation involving chloroform solvent molecules influences the chemical reactivity of ketones, the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of N,N-dimethyl-1-amino-3-methoxy-1,3-butadiene and acetone has been studied by using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G level. The effects of the chloroform on the activation energies have been modeled by means of discrete-continuum models. In the gas phase, the formation of specific HB between acetone and one and two chloroform molecules decreases the activation barriers from 19.3 to 13.6 and 8.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Inclusion of solvent effects by means of combined discrete and polarizable continuum models yields a change of molecular mechanism from a concerted to a two-step mechanism, and the first nucleophilic step is the rate-limiting step. The corresponding values of activation barriers in chloroform are 18.6 kcal/ mol (no HB), 13.5 kcal/mol (one HB), and 9.6 kcal/mol (two HBs). These theoretical results account for the experimental observation that chloroform accelerates the reaction more markedly than more polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile. A DFT analysis of the global electrophilicity power of the reagents provides a sound explanation about the catalytic effects of chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Meurer EC, Sparrapan R, Eberlin MN. Gas-phase polar [4+ + 2] cycloaddition with ethyl vinyl ether: a structurally diagnostic ion-molecule reaction for 2-azabutadienyl cations. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1075-1080. [PMID: 14595857 DOI: 10.1002/jms.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic reactivity of eight gaseous, mass-selected 2-azabutadienyl cations toward polar [4(+) + 2] cycloaddition with ethyl vinyl ether has been investigated by pentaquadrupole mass spectrometric experiments. Cycloaddition occurs readily for all the ions and, with the only exception of those from the N-acyl 2-azabutadienyl cations (N-acyliminium ions), the cycloadducts are found to dissociate readily upon collision activation (CID) both by retro-Diels-Alder reaction and by a characteristic loss of an ethanol (46u) neutral molecule. Ethanol loss from the intact polar [4(+) + 2] cycloadduct functions therefore as a structurally diagnostic test: 72 u neutral gain followed by 46 u neutral loss, i.e., as a combined ion-molecule reaction plus CID 'signature' for N-H, N-alkyl and N-aryl 2-azabutadienyl cations. The two N-acyliminium ions tested are exceptional as they form intact cycloadducts with ethyl vinyl ether which dissociate exclusively by the retro-Diels-Alder pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C Meurer
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
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