1
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Lin C, Yang H, Gao X, Zhuang Y, Feng C, Wu H, Gan H, Cao F, Wei P, Ouyang P. Biomass to Aromatic Amine Module: Alkali Catalytic Conversion of N-Acetylglucosamine into Unsubstituted 3-Acetamidofuran by Retro-Aldol Condensation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300133. [PMID: 36878862 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aminofurans are widely used in drug synthesis as aromatic modules analogous to aniline. However, unsubstituted aminofuran compounds are difficult to prepare. In this study, a process for the selective conversion of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) into unsubstituted 3-acetamidofuran (3AF) is developed. The yield of 3AF from NAG catalyzed by a ternary Ba(OH)2 -H3 BO3 -NaCl catalytic system in N-methylpyrrolidone at 180 °C for 20 min can reach 73.9 %. Mechanistic studies reveal that the pathway to 3AF starts with a base-promoted retro-aldol condensation of the ring-opened NAG, affording the key intermediate N-acetylerythrosamine. Judicious selection of the catalyst system and conditions enables the selective conversion of biomass-derived NAG into 3AF or 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqu Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Caojian Feng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Gan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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2
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Kim B, Lee J, Bae HY, Son SU, Song C. Supramolecular Phthalimide Networks Via Tandem Diels-Alder Reaction-Aromatization Using Biomass-Derived Furanic Dienes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200711. [PMID: 36281910 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of phthalimide derivatives are important goals for applications in fields such as pharmaceutical science and optoelectronics. In the present study, a facile and convenient synthetic pathway (no heat or acid/catalyst needed) is devised to produce phthalimides from a biomass-derived furan by directly introducing an N-carbamate group at the C-2 position of the furan ring via thermal Curtius rearrangement. The electron-donating N-carbamate group increases the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the furan diene, resulting in a significant increase of the rate of the Diels-Alder reaction with maleimide compared to the conventional furfuryl furan. Interestingly, the Diels-Alder adduct smoothly undergoes aromatization (dehydration) to generate the phthalimide motif. It is shown that the biomass-derived phthalimides can produce supramolecular gels and act as sensors of basic anions like F- and CN- . The novel synthetic pathway to phthalimide derivatives from a biomass-derived furan can potentially be used to develop novel phthalimide motifs for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byounghyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Yong Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Uk Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, (16419) 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Gudun KA, Tussupbayev S, Slamova A, Khalimon AY. Hydroboration of isocyanates: cobalt-catalyzed vs. catalyst-free approaches. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6821-6830. [PMID: 35968649 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroboration of isocyanates with HBPin was demonstrated using both catalytic and catalyst-free approaches. In arene solvents, the reactions employed the commercially available and bench-stable Co(acac)2/dpephos (dpephos = bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether) pre-catalyst and proved chemodivergent, showing the formation of either formamides or N-methylamines, depending on the concentration of HBPin and the reaction conditions used. Catalytic monohydroboration of isocyanates to formamides was found to be highly chemoselective, tolerating alkenes, alkynes, aryl halides, esters, carboxamides, nitriles, nitroarenes and heteroaromatic functionalities. The catalyst-free hydroboration reactions have been demonstrated in neat HBPin. Whereas monohydroboration proved less selective compared with Co(acac)2/dpephos-catalyzed transformations, selective deoxygenative hydroboration of isocyanates to N-methylamines was observed under catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Gudun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Samat Tussupbayev
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technologies, 3/1 Atyrau 1, Almaty 050019, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Slamova
- Core Facilities, Office of the Provost, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Y Khalimon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan. .,The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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4
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Kumari C, Goswami A. Access to 5‐Substituted 3‐Aminofuran/Thiophene‐2‐Carboxylates from Bifunctional Alkynenitriles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Kumari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Nangal Road Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
| | - Avijit Goswami
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Nangal Road Rupnagar Punjab 140001 India
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5
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Widyan K. An Improved Synthesis of Polyfunctional Acyl Azides in PEG 400. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2020.1862029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Widyan
- Department of Chemistry, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
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6
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Gil de Montes E, Martı Nez-Bailén M, Carmona AT, Robina I, Moreno-Vargas AJ. Regioselectivity of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Organic Azides to 7-Heteronorbornadienes. Synthesis of β-Substituted Furans/Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8923-8932. [PMID: 32519876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the preparation of β-substituted furans/pyrroles is presented. The methodology is based on the use of 7-oxa/azanorbornadienes as dipolarophiles in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with benzyl azide. The triazoline cycloadduct thus formed spontaneously decomposes via a retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction to afford a β-substituted furan/pyrrole derivative and a stable triazole. The scope of this tandem 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/rDA reaction was studied with thirteen 7-heteronorbornadienes. This study allowed a deep knowledge of the regioselectivity of the reaction, which can be tuned through the substituents of the heteronorbornadienic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gil de Montes
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Macarena Martı Nez-Bailén
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Ana T Carmona
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. Garcı́a González, 1, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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7
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Li X, Ma X, Wang Z, Liu P, Zhang L. Bifunctional Phosphine Ligand Enabled Gold‐Catalyzed Alkynamide Cycloisomerization: Access to Electron‐Rich 2‐Aminofurans and Their Diels–Alder Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Zhixun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Pei‐Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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8
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Li X, Ma X, Wang Z, Liu PN, Zhang L. Bifunctional Phosphine Ligand Enabled Gold-Catalyzed Alkynamide Cycloisomerization: Access to Electron-Rich 2-Aminofurans and Their Diels-Alder Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17180-17184. [PMID: 31531919 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
By using biphenyl-2-ylphosphines functionalized with a remote tertiary amino group as a ligand, readily available acetylenic amides are directly converted into 2-aminofurans devoid of any electron-withdrawing and hence deactivating/stabilizing substituents. These highly electron-rich furans have rarely been prepared, let alone applied in synthesis, because of their high reactivities and low stabilities associated with the electron-rich nature of the furan ring. In this work, these reactive furans smoothly undergo either in situ intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions to deliver highly functionalized/substituted aniline products or intramolecular ones to furnish carbazole-4-carboxylates in mostly good to excellent yields. This work offers general and expedient access to this class of little studies electron-rich furans and should lead to exciting opportunities for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Zhixun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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9
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Pham TT, Lindsay AC, Kim S, Persello L, Chen X, Yan N, Sperry J. Two‐Step Preparation of Diverse 3‐Amidofurans from Chitin. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Trang Pham
- Centre for Green Chemical ScienceUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ashley C. Lindsay
- Centre for Green Chemical ScienceUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Shi‐Wei Kim
- Centre for Green Chemical ScienceUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
| | - Laly Persello
- Centre for Green Chemical ScienceUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
- SIGMA Clermont, 27 Rue Roche Genès 63170 Aubière France
| | - Xi Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon CollegeShanghai Jiao Tong University 3 Yinlian Road 201306 Shanghai China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical ScienceUniversity of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland New Zealand
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10
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Borger M, Frederich JH. Pyridazine N-Oxides as Precursors to 2-Aminofurans: Scope and Limitations in Complexity Building Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2397-2401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Borger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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11
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Pace V, Monticelli S, de la Vega-Hernández K, Castoldi L. Isocyanates and isothiocyanates as versatile platforms for accessing (thio)amide-type compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:7848-54. [PMID: 27461156 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00766j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon (Grignard and organolithium reagents) and hydride nucleophiles (Schwartz reagent) to isocyanates and isothiocyanates constitutes a versatile, direct and high yielding approach to the synthesis of functionalized (thio)amide derivatives including haloamides and formamides. The chemoselective delivery of a nucleophilic (eventually configurationally stable) organometallic species to a given iso(thio)cyanate is the crucial parameter for the success of the strategy. Thus, the influence of the factors governing classical methodologies (e.g. dehydrative condensation) such as steric hindrance and electronic properties of the reactants become practically negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Shakoor SMA, Kumari S, Khullar S, Mandal SK, Kumar A, Sakhuja R. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective Ortho Amidation of Imidazo Heterocycles with Isocyanates. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12340-12349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Abdul Shakoor
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Santosh Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sadhika Khullar
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manuali P.O., Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sanjay K. Mandal
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S. Nagar, Manuali P.O., Punjab 140306, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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13
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Pace V, de la Vega-Hernández K, Urban E, Langer T. Chemoselective Schwartz Reagent Mediated Reduction of Isocyanates to Formamides. Org Lett 2016; 18:2750-3. [PMID: 27218199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the in situ generated Schwartz reagent to widely available isocyanates constitutes a chemoselective, high-yielding, and versatile approach to the synthesis of variously functionalized formamides. Steric and electronic factors or the presence of sensitive functionalities (esters, nitro groups, nitriles, alkenes) do not compromise the potential of the method. Full preservation of the stereochemical information contained in the starting materials is observed. The use of formamides in the nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents (Chida-Sato allylation, Charette-Huang addition to imidoyl triflate activated amides, Matteson homologation of boronic esters) is briefly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Havana , 23rd Street, 21425-13600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Turova OV, Berezhnaya VG, Starodubtseva EV, Ferapontov VA, Vinogradov MG. Palladium-catalyzed C—O hydrogenolysis in γ-hydroxy γ-lactams as an efficient approach to 5-alkyl(aryl)pyrrolidin-2-ones. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Yang W, Sun X, Yu W, Rai R, Deschamps JR, Mitchell LA, Jiang C, MacKerell AD, Xue F. Facile Synthesis of Spirocyclic Lactams from β-Keto Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2015; 17:3070-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Xianyu Sun
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rachita Rai
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Naval Research
Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook
Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Lauren A. Mitchell
- Naval Research
Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook
Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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16
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Pace V, Holzer W, Olofsson B. Increasing the Reactivity of Amides towards Organometallic Reagents: An Overview. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Mahy W, Plucinski PK, Frost CG. Copper-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of N-Aryl Oxazolidinones from Amino Alcohol Carbamates. Org Lett 2014; 16:5020-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Mahy
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Pawel K. Plucinski
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Christopher G. Frost
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
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18
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Wang M, Zhang Z, Xie F, Zhang W. Cu-catalyzed amidation of halogenated imidazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3163-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Copper catalyzed N-arylation between aryl halides and nitriles in water: an efficient tandem synthesis of benzanilides. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Liu H, Zhou Y, Yan X, Chen C, Liu Q, Xi C. Copper-mediated amidation of alkenylzirconocenes with acyl azides: formation of enamides. Org Lett 2013; 15:5174-7. [PMID: 24083640 DOI: 10.1021/ol402212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper-mediated amidation of alkenylzirconocenes generated in situ from alkynes and zirconocenes with acyl azides is accomplished under mild conditions. The reaction can be used to prepare various enamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China , and Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050091, China
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21
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Temel E, Demircan A, Kandemir MK, Colak M, Büyükgüngör O. (3aR,6S,7aR)-7a-Chloro-2-[(4-nitro-phen-yl)sulfon-yl]-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexa-hydro-3a,6-ep-oxy-iso-indole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1551-2. [PMID: 24098235 PMCID: PMC3790416 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813025336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C14H13ClN2O5S, the chlorine-substituted tetrahydrofuran ring adopts a twist conformation and the other tetrahydrofuran ring an envelope conformation with the O atom as the flap. The pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into zigzag chains running along the b-axis direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Temel
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Physics, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey
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22
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Kalaitzakis D, Montagnon T, Antonatou E, Bardají N, Vassilikogiannakis G. From Simple Furans to Complex Nitrogen-Bearing Aromatic Polycycles by Means of a Flexible and General Reaction Sequence Initiated by Singlet Oxygen. Chemistry 2013; 19:10119-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Analogues of perillaketone as highly potent agonists of TRPA1 channel. Food Chem 2013; 141:2044-51. [PMID: 23870926 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels represent interesting molecular target structures involved in a number of different physiological and pathophysiological systems. In particular, TRPA1 channel is involved in nociception and in sensory perception of many pungent chemesthetic compounds, which are widespread in spices and food plants, including Perilla frutescens. A natural compound from P. frutescens (isoegomaketone) and 16 synthetic derivatives of perillaketone have been prepared and tested in vitro on rTRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells and their potency, efficacy and desensibilisation activity measured. Most derivatives proved to be high potency agonists of TRPA1, with a potency higher than most natural agonists reported in the literature. These furylketones derivatives, represent a new class of chemical structures active on TRPA1 with many potential applications in the agrifood and pharmaceutical industry.
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Fu WJ, Xu FJ, Guo WB, Zhu M, Xu C. An Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Furans by Cupric Halide-Mediated Intramolecular Halocyclization of 2-(1-Alkynyl)-2-alken-1-ones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Akhlaghinia B, Rouhi-Saadabad H. Direct and facile synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using the trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine system. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2011-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A mild, efficient, and practical method for the one-step synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using a safe and inexpensive mixed reagent, trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Akhlaghinia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Hamed Rouhi-Saadabad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
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26
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Padwa A, Flick AC. Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Furans (IMDAF) for Natural Product Synthesis. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408100-0.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Neo AG, Bornadiego A, Díaz J, Marcaccini S, Marcos CF. Elusive 2-aminofuran Diels–Alder substrates for a straightforward synthesis of polysubstituted anilines. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6546-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Schäfer G, Matthey C, Bode JW. Eine einfache Synthese von sterisch gehinderten und elektronenarmen, sekundären Amiden aus Isocyanaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Schäfer G, Matthey C, Bode JW. Facile Synthesis of Sterically Hindered and Electron-Deficient Secondary Amides from Isocyanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9173-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Haldón E, Álvarez E, Nicasio MC, Pérez PJ. Copper(I) complexes with trispyrazolylmethane ligands: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity in cross-coupling reactions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:8298-306. [PMID: 22831915 DOI: 10.1021/ic300843a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three novel Cu(I) complexes bearing tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands, Tpm(x), have been prepared from reactions of equimolar amounts of CuI and the ligands Tpm, (HC(pz)(3)), Tpm*, (HC(3,5-Me(2)-pz)(3)), and Tpm(Ms), (HC(3-Ms-pz)(3)). X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the Tpm and Tpm(Ms) derivatives exhibit a 2:1 Cu:ligand ratio, whereas the Tpm* complex is a mononuclear species in nature. The latter has been employed as a precatalyst in the arylation of amides and aromatic thiols with good activity. The synthesis of a Tpm*Cu(I)-phthalimidate, a feasible intermediate in this catalytic process, has also been performed. Low temperature (1)H NMR studies in CDCl(3) have indicated that this complex exists in solution as a mixture of two, neutral and ionic forms. Conductivity measurements have reinforced this proposal, the ionic form predominating in a very polar solvent such as DMSO. The reaction of Tpm*Cu(I)-phthalimidate with iodobenzene afforded the expected C-N coupling product in 76% yield accounting for its role as an intermediate in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Haldón
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Departamento de Química y Ciencias de los Materiales, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible (CIQSO), Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007-Huelva, Spain
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31
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Zhu M, Fu WJ, Xu C, Zou GL, Wang ZQ, Ji BM. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans through Cupric Halide-Mediated Intramolecular Halocyclization of 1-(1-Alkynyl)cyclopropyl Ketones. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Mitsuda S, Fujiwara T, Kimigafukuro K, Monguchi D, Mori A. Copper-catalyzed oxidative C‒H, N‒H coupling of azoles and thiophenes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Soini HA, Linville SU, Wiesler D, Posto AL, Williams DR, Novotny MV. Investigation of scents on cheeks and foreheads of large felines in connection to the facial marking behavior. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:145-56. [PMID: 22354638 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated head- and cheek-rubbing behavior in four species of large felines, lions (Leo panther), leopards (Panthera pardus), tigers (Panthera tigris), and cougars (Puma concolor), in captivity. Preliminary behavioral observations found that lions and tigers, but not leopards and cougars, showed behavioral responses to cardboard rubbing samples from head and cheek areas from conspecific felines, compared to the blank cardboard controls. In this context, surface samples on the facial areas of each species were collected to analyze volatile organic compounds that could be involved in the facial marking of felines. Previously developed stir bar surface sampling methodology was used. From all cheek and forehead samples, 100 volatile organic compounds were identified or tentatively identified. Among these, 41 have been previously reported to be present in feline urine and marking secretions. Several new compounds were identified on facial surfaces. Some of the compounds showed substantial quantitative differences among the species. One compound, that has not been reported previously in mammals, 3-acetamidofuran, was found in all investigated species. It was synthesized and tested for behavioral responses. No responses were elicited in a preliminary test. Future research will test other potential signaling compounds and their mixtures for ability to elicit behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Soini
- Institute for Pheromone Research and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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34
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Jiang Y, Khong VZY, Lourdusamy E, Park CM. Synthesis of 2-aminofurans and 2-unsubstituted furans via carbenoid-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3133-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc18139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Li G, Padwa A. Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition/Rearrangement Cascade of an Amidofuran Derivative for the Synthesis of (±)-Minfiensine. Org Lett 2011; 13:3767-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201320v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Albert Padwa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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36
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Cyclocondensation of 2-iodobenzaldehyde with benzamidines catalyzed by copper(I) iodide: a route to 2-arylquinazolines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-011-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Medimagh R, Marque S, Prim D, Chatti S. A facile preparation of trisubstituted amino-furan and -thiophene derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6055-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Abstract
The present chapter describes isolation, biogenetic proposals, and syntheses of the natural products 1-4 and 10-11 with a pyrrolo[2,1-a]-isoquinoline framework. Moreover, the syntheses of some structural analogs are discussed. The pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines are of interest due to their promising biological activities. For crispine A (1), many total syntheses have been reported and for trolline (3), only three. Only one total synthesis has been reported for each of the following natural products: peyoglutam (10), mescalotam (11), and the antitumor active crispine B (2). Some of the pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline alkaloids have not been synthesized yet. The following three tables summarize the synthetic efforts toward crispine A (1) (Table 1: racemic syntheses; Table 2: enantioselective syntheses) and trolline (3) (Table 3).
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39
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Kitamura M, Tashiro N, Takamoto Y, Okauchi T. Direct Synthesis of Acyl Azides from Carboxylic Acids Using 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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41
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Sureshbabu VV, Lalithamba HS, Narendra N, Hemantha HP. New and simple synthesis of acid azides, ureas and carbamates from carboxylic acids: application of peptide coupling agents EDC and HBTU. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:835-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b920290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Haldón E, Álvarez E, Nicasio MC, Pérez PJ. Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes as Precatalysts in Ullmann and Goldberg Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900119r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Haldón
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Departamento de Química y Ciencia de los Materiales, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Eleuterio Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida de Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Nicasio
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Departamento de Química y Ciencia de los Materiales, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Departamento de Química y Ciencia de los Materiales, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus de El Carmen s/n, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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43
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Marque S, Prim D, Medimagh R, Chatti S. First Entry to [4+2] Cycloadditions Involving 5-Amino-2-furanmethanols. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Kubo T, Katoh C, Yamada K, Okano K, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. A mild inter- and intramolecular amination of aryl halides with a combination of CuI and CsOAc. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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An efficient synthesis of highly substituted furans via the electrophilic cyclization of 1-(1-alkynyl)-cyclopropyl ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Xie YX, Liu XY, Wu LY, Han Y, Zhao LB, Fan MJ, Liang YM. Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 3-Iodofurans by Electrophilic Cyclization of Propargylic Oxirane Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Ram RN, Kumar N. Synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted 3-chlorofurans and the effect of the chlorine substituent in furan Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Abstract
A general synthesis of acyl azides from the corresponding N-acyl benzotriazoles is described. The procedure affords acyl azides in good yields and avoids the use of acid activators and NO+ equivalents typically employed to synthesize these compounds from acid chlorides and hydrazides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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49
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Likhar PR, Arundhathi R, Kantam ML. A recyclable Cu/Al-HT catalyst for amination of aryl chlorides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K, Zimmermann V. Organic azides: an exploding diversity of a unique class of compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:5188-240. [PMID: 16100733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1636] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe TH, Germany.
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