1
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Shahbaz K, Chang D, Zhou X, Low M, Seto SW, Li CG. Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:825842. [PMID: 35991882 PMCID: PMC9388830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.825842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins (CRs) and the related active constituents derived from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) have demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke, with various bioactivities including neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. Among CRs, crocin (CR) has been shown to act on multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke, including mitochondrial apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of B cells pathway, S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CR is generally safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that CR has poor bioavailability and needs to convert to crocetin (CC) in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of saffron and CR in treating various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and coronary artery disease. There is evidence supporting CR as a treatment for ischemic stroke, although further studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shahbaz
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Reserach Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
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2
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Shindo K, Sakemi Y, Shimode S, Takagi C, Uwagaki Y, Hattan JI, Akao M, Usui S, Kiyokawa A, Komaki M, Murahama M, Takemura M, Ishikawa I, Misawa N. Changes of Crocin and Other Crocetin Glycosides in Saffron Through Cooking Models, and Discovery of Rare Crocetin Glycosides in the Yellow Flowers of Freesia Hybrida. Front Nutr 2022; 9:885412. [PMID: 35911122 PMCID: PMC9331930 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.885412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocetin glycosides such as crocin are noted as functional food materials since the preventive effects of crocin have been reported against chronic disease and cancer. However, it is unclear how these apocarotenoids are structurally changed through cooking for our intake. We examined such changes in crocetin glycosides (crocin, tricrocin, and crocin-3) contained in saffron (stigmas of Crocus sativus) through cooking models. These glycosides were almost kept stable in boiling for 20 min (a boiled cooking model), while hydrolysis of the ester linkage between glucose and the crocetin aglycone occurred in a grilled cooking model (180°C, 5 min), along with a 13-cis isomerization reaction in a part of crocetin subsequently generated. We further here revealed that the yellow petals of freesia (Freesia x hybrida) with yellow flowers accumulate two unique crocetin glycosides, which were identified to be crocetin (mono)neapolitanosyl ester and crocetin dineapolitanosyl ester. A similar result as above was obtained on their changes through the cooking models. Utility applications of the freesia flowers as edible flowers are also suggested in this study. Additionally, we evaluated singlet oxygen (1O2)-quenching activities of the crocetin glycosides contained in saffron and freesia, and crocetin and 13-cis crocetin contained in the grilled saffron, indicating that they possessed moderate 1O2-quenching activities (IC50 24–64 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
- CaroProTech Corporation, Nomi-shi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazutoshi Shindo
| | - Yuka Sakemi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Shimode
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Takagi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Uwagaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-shi, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-shi, Japan
| | - Miu Akao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Usui
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kiyokawa
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masako Komaki
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Murahama
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-shi, Japan
| | | | - Norihiko Misawa
- CaroProTech Corporation, Nomi-shi, Japan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-shi, Japan
- Norihiko Misawa
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3
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Natural Apocarotenoids and Their Synthetic Glycopeptide Conjugates Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111111. [PMID: 34832893 PMCID: PMC8619593 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protracted global COVID-19 pandemic urges the development of new drugs against the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. The clinically used glycopeptide antibiotic, teicoplanin, emerged as a potential antiviral, and its efficacy was improved with lipophilic modifications. This prompted us to prepare new lipophilic apocarotenoid conjugates of teicoplanin, its pseudoaglycone and the related ristocetin aglycone. Their antiviral effect was tested against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, using a cell viability assay and quantitative PCR of the viral RNA, confirming their micromolar inhibitory activity against viral replication. Interestingly, two of the parent apocarotenoids, bixin and β-apo-8′carotenoic acid, exerted remarkable anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Mechanistic studies involved cathepsin L and B, as well as the main protease 3CLPro, and the results were rationalized by computational studies. Glycopeptide conjugates show dual inhibitory action, while apocarotenoids have mostly cathepsin B and L affinity. Since teicoplanin is a marketed antibiotic and the natural bixin is an approved, cheap and widely used red colorant food additive, these readily available compounds and their conjugates as potential antivirals are worthy of further exploration.
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4
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Shah HM, Jain AS, Joshi SV, Kharkar PS. Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:883-895. [PMID: 33817811 PMCID: PMC8273373 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic forced us to introspect and revisit our armamentarium of medicinal agents which could be life‐saving in emergency situations. Oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds represent one such class of potential therapeutic agents, particularly in ischemic conditions. As rewarding as the name suggests, these agents, represented by the most advanced and first‐in‐class molecule, trans‐sodium crocetinate (TSC), are the subject of intense clinical investigation, including Phase 1b/2b clinical trials for COVID‐19. Being a successor of a natural product, crocetin, TSC is being investigated for various cancers as a radiosensitizer owing to its oxygen diffusion enhancement capability. The unique properties of TSC make it a promising therapeutic agent for various ailments such as hemorrhagic shock, stroke, heart attack, among others. The present review outlines various (bio)synthetic strategies, pharmacological aspects, clinical overview and potential therapeutic benefits of crocetin and related compounds including TSC. The recent literature focusing on the delivery aspects of these compounds is covered as well to paint the complete picture to the curious reader. Given the potential TSC holds as a first‐in‐class agent, small‐ and/or macromolecular therapeutics based on the core concept of improved oxygen diffusion from blood to the surrounding tissues where it is needed the most, will be developed in future and satisfy the unmet medical need for many diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hriday M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashvi S Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Shreerang V Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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5
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Keller T, Brem S, Tran V, Sritharan O, Schäfer D, Schlücker S. Rational design of thiolated polyenes as trifunctional Raman reporter molecules in surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanotags for cytokine detection in a lateral flow assay. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960126. [PMID: 31957948 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint of Raman reporter molecules adsorbed on noble metal nanoparticles is employed for the identification of target proteins by the corresponding surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotag-labeled antibodies. Here, we present the modular synthesis of thiolated polyenes with two to five C═C double bonds introduced via stepwise Wittig reactions. The experimental characterization of their electronic and vibrational properties is complemented by density functional theory calculations. Highly SERS-active nanotags are generated by using the thiolated polyenes as Raman reporter molecules in Au/Au core/satellite supraparticles with multiple hot spots. The cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ are detected in a duplex SERS-based lateral flow assay on a nitrocellulose test strip by Raman microscopy. The thiolated polyenes are suitable for use in immuno-SERS applications such as point-of-care testing as well as cellular and tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svetlana Brem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vi Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Sritharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Duisburg, Germany
- Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie (ZMB), Essen, Germany
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6
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Jia KP, Dickinson AJ, Mi J, Cui G, Xiao TT, Kharbatia NM, Guo X, Sugiono E, Aranda M, Blilou I, Rueping M, Benfey PN, Al-Babili S. Anchorene is a carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolite required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw6787. [PMID: 31807696 PMCID: PMC6881154 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anchor roots (ANRs) arise at the root-shoot junction and are the least investigated type of Arabidopsis root. Here, we show that ANRs originate from pericycle cells in an auxin-dependent manner and a carotenogenic signal to emerge. By screening known and assumed carotenoid derivatives, we identified anchorene, a presumed carotenoid-derived dialdehyde (diapocarotenoid), as the specific signal needed for ANR formation. We demonstrate that anchorene is an Arabidopsis metabolite and that its exogenous application rescues the ANR phenotype in carotenoid-deficient plants and promotes the growth of normal seedlings. Nitrogen deficiency resulted in enhanced anchorene content and an increased number of ANRs, suggesting a role of this nutrient in determining anchorene content and ANR formation. Transcriptome analysis and treatment of auxin reporter lines indicate that anchorene triggers ANR formation by modulating auxin homeostasis. Together, our work reveals a growth regulator with potential application to agriculture and a new carotenoid-derived signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Jia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandra J. Dickinson
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianing Mi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guoxin Cui
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting Ting Xiao
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeh M. Kharbatia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiujie Guo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erli Sugiono
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Aranda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip N. Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Kim D, Alam MS, Chung WJ, Koo S. Bromoacetate Olefination Protocol for Norbixin and Julia-Kocienski Olefination for Its Ester Syntheses. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10019-10024. [PMID: 31460094 PMCID: PMC6648602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new olefination protocol utilizing ethyl bromoacetate was highlighted, in which magnesium enolate of the ester coupled with C20 dialdehyde 6, and double eliminations of the protected hydroxyl groups and bromine atoms of the coupling bromohydrin product, efficiently produced norbixin 1 after concomitant hydrolysis of the ester. A new (C7 + C10 + C7) disconnection approach was demonstrated for the synthesis of norbixin ethyl ester 2 by the Julia-Kocienski olefination of novel C7 benzothiazolyl-sulfone 11 and C10 2,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienedial (12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kim
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Mohammad Shariful Alam
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Sangho Koo
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
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8
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Hemi Cumming A, Brown SL, Tao X, Cuyamendous C, Field JJ, Miller JH, Harvey JE, Teesdale-Spittle PH. Synthesis of a simplified triazole analogue of pateamine A. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5117-27. [PMID: 27180995 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00086j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pateamine A is a naturally occurring metabolite extracted from the marine sponge Mycale hentscheli. It exhibits potent cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines and has been shown to target protein translation initiation via inhibition of the function of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A proteins. We have synthesised a simplified analogue of pateamine A, consisting of the skeletal core of the natural product but with the thiazole heterocycle replaced by a triazole. The convergent design of the synthesis features a base-induced opening of a δ-valerolactone to access the Z,E-dienoate moiety, Julia-Kocienski olefination and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Bioactivity testing of the simplified pateamine A analogue (3) indicated a significant reduction in cytotoxicity, compared to natural pateamine A. We propose that this reduced activity is due mainly to the substitution of the thiazole for the triazole heterocycle. This supports the hypothesis that the thiazole of pateamine A is important for binding to its biological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hemi Cumming
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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9
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A chain extension method for apocarotenoids; lycopene and lycophyll syntheses. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Heymann T, Heinz P, Glomb MA. Lycopene inhibits the isomerization of β-carotene during quenching of singlet oxygen and free radicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3279-3287. [PMID: 25803572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of singlet oxygen and radical species on the isomerization of carotenoids. On the one hand, lycopene and β-carotene standards were incubated with 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene-1,4-endoperoxide that produced singlet oxygen in situ. (13Z)- and (15Z)-β-carotene were preferentially generated at low concentrations of singlet oxygen, while high concentrations resulted in formation of (9Z)-β-carotene. The addition of different concentrations of lycopene led to the same isomerization progress of β-carotene, but resulted in a decreased formation of (9Z)-β-carotene and retarded degradation of (all-E)-β-carotene. On the other hand, isomerization of β-carotene and lycopene was induced by ABTS-radicals, too. As expected from the literature, chemical quenching was observed especially for lycopene, while physical quenching was preferred for β-carotene. Mixtures of β-carotene and lycopene resulted in a different isomerization progress compared to the separate β-carotene model. As long as lycopene was present, almost no isomerization of β-carotene was triggered; after that, strong formation of (13Z)-, (9Z)-, and (15Z)-β-carotene was initiated. In summary, lycopene protected β-carotene against isomerization during reactions with singlet oxygen and radicals. These findings can explain the pattern of carotenoid isomers analyzed in fruits and vegetables, where lycopene containing samples showed higher (all-E)/(9Z)-β-carotene ratios, and also in in vivo samples such as human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heymann
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Philipp Heinz
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Food Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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11
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Oh ET, Kim YH, Jin J, Su L, Seo JA, Koo S. Sulfone-mediated syntheses of crocetin derivatives: regioselectivity of highly functionalized building blocks. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4712-7. [PMID: 24766128 DOI: 10.1021/jo500478u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New C5 sulfone building blocks containing a masked polar end group have been devised for the efficient synthesis of carotenoids with polar termini. Chemoselectivity or the regiochemical issue of the highly functionalized units has been carefully addressed depending on the soft or hard nature of electrophiles. These building blocks have been successfully applied to the syntheses of crocetin derivatives, crocetin dial and the novel crocetin dinitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Taek Oh
- Department of Nano Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Energy and Biotechnology, and §Department of Chemistry, Myong Ji University , Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, Korea
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12
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Heymann T, Raeke J, Glomb MA. Photoinduced isomerization of lycopene and application to tomato cultivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11133-11139. [PMID: 24191648 DOI: 10.1021/jf403694q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate if growth conditions have an impact on the isomeric composition of lycopene in tomatoes. First a model system for photoinduced isomerization was established. Tomato extracts were irradiated with a halogen lamp, whose wavelength spectrum is close to the spectrum of daylight and thus mimics field-grown cultivation. Different optical filters were interposed between lamp and samples to simulate greenhouse conditions. 5-cis-Lycopene was formed preferentially while the concentration of 7-cis-lycopene decreased in field-grown model systems. The change of isomerization in greenhouse model systems led to a significantly different ratio. Consequently 5-cis- and 7-cis-lycopene were identified as potent markers for the differentiation of various lighting conditions during cultivation. This result was verified in biological samples. Authentic field-grown tomatoes (var. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. commune L. H. Bailey "Harzfeuer") showed a significantly higher content of 5-cis-lycopene 5.90 ± 0.45% compared to tomatoes of the same variety grown under electric lighting 4.11 ± 0.10%. Additionally, the ratio of 7-cis-lycopene was significantly lower under field-grown conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heymann
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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13
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Chen XY, Xia F, Cheng JT, Ye S. Highly enantioselective γ-amination by N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed [4+2] annulation of oxidized enals and azodicarboxylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10644-7. [PMID: 23943127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γ-Amination: The title reaction was developed to give the corresponding dihydropyridazinones in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (see scheme; Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl). The annulation reaction worked well for γ-aryl, γ-alkyl, or γ-alkenyl oxidized enals. Highly enantiopure tetrahydropyridazinones and γ-amino acid derivatives could be easily prepared by chemical transformations of the resulting dihydropyridazinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China)
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14
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Chen XY, Xia F, Cheng JT, Ye S. Highly Enantioselective γ-Amination by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation of Oxidized Enals and Azodicarboxylates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Efficient syntheses of C20-carotene and crocetin (descrocetin) esters promoted by an acidic ionic liquid. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ulbricht C, Conquer J, Costa D, Hollands W, Iannuzzi C, Isaac R, Jordan JK, Ledesma N, Ostroff C, Serrano JMG, Shaffer MD, Varghese M. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Saffron (Crocus sativus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2011; 8:58-114. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.547666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Gold(I)-catalysed reaction between cyclopropenes and furans produces functionalised conjugated trienes. The reaction is mild, facile and proceeds with very low catalyst loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian S Hadfield
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry-William H. Perkin Building, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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18
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy N Varseev
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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One-pot conversion of activated alcohols into 1,1-dibromoalkenes and terminal alkynes using tandem oxidation processes with manganese dioxide. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Taylor RJK, Reid M, Foot J, Raw SA. Tandem oxidation processes using manganese dioxide: discovery, applications, and current studies. Acc Chem Res 2005; 38:851-69. [PMID: 16285708 DOI: 10.1021/ar050113t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
"One-pot" processes in which alcohol oxidations are combined with further elaboration of the carbonyl intermediate are reviewed. Sequential processes are briefly discussed, but most attention is centered on tandem processes; that is, oxidations carried out in the presence of a nucleophilic trapping agent, rather than those in which the trapping agent is added after the oxidation is complete. As part of this Account, a comprehensive review of the discovery of tandem oxidation processes (TOP) will be given together with applications in alkene-forming reactions, cyclopropanations, and imine, oxime, amine, and heterocycle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom.
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Chapter 5.3 Five-membered ring systems: Furans and benzofurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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