1
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Huber TD, Johnson BR, Zhang J, Thorson JS. AdoMet analog synthesis and utilization: current state of the art. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:189-197. [PMID: 27506965 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) is an essential enzyme cosubstrate in fundamental biology with an expanding range of biocatalytic and therapeutic applications. In recent years, technologies enabling the synthesis and utilization of novel functional AdoMet surrogates have rapidly advanced. Developments highlighted within this brief review include improved syntheses of AdoMet analogs, unique S-adenosyl-l-methionine isosteres with enhanced stability, and corresponding applications in epigenetics, proteomics and natural product/small molecule diversification ('alkylrandomization').
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Huber
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Brooke R Johnson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States.
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2
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Abstract
Chromatin is the universal template of genetic information in all eukaryotic organisms. Chemical modifications of the DNA-packaging histone proteins and the DNA bases are crucial signaling events in directing the use and readout of eukaryotic genomes. The enzymes that install and remove these chromatin modifications as well as the proteins that bind these marks govern information that goes beyond the sequence of DNA. Therefore, these so-called epigenetic regulators are intensively studied and represent promising drug targets in modern medicine. We summarize and discuss recent advances in the field of chemical biology that have provided chromatin research with sophisticated tools for investigating the composition, activity, and target sites of chromatin modifying enzymes and reader proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fischle
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Environmental Epigenetics Program, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Laboratory of Chromatin Biochemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty
Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.
4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Kogami M, Koketsu M. An efficient method for the synthesis of selenium modified nucleosides: its application in the synthesis of Se-adenosyl-l-selenomethionine (SeAM). Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9405-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A versatile method for the synthesis of 5′-selenium modified nucleosides has been explored on the basis of a 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (TSE) selenyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kogami
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Faculty of Engineering
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Faculty of Engineering
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
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4
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Ramadan M, Bremner-Hay NK, Carlson SA, Comstock LR. Synthesis and evaluation of N6-substituted azide- and alkyne-bearing N-mustard analogs of S-adenosyl-l-methionine. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Rizos SR, Stefanakis JG, Kotoulas SS, Koumbis AE. Total Synthesis of Enantiopure Potassium Aeshynomate. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6646-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5011735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios R. Rizos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - John G. Stefanakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Stefanos S. Kotoulas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
| | - Alexandros E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece
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6
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Bothwell IR, Luo M. Large-scale, protection-free synthesis of Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine analogues and their application as cofactor surrogates of methyltransferases. Org Lett 2014; 16:3056-9. [PMID: 24852128 PMCID: PMC4059250 DOI: 10.1021/ol501169y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogues have previously demonstrated their utility as chemical reporters of methyltransferases. Here we describe the facile, large-scale synthesis of Se-alkyl Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine (SeAM) analogues and their precursor, Se-adenosyl-L-selenohomocysteine (SeAH). Comparison of SeAM analogues with their equivalent SAM analogues suggests that sulfonium-to-selenonium substitution can enhance their compatibility with certain protein methyltransferases, favoring otherwise less reactive SAM analogues. Ready access to SeAH therefore enables further application of SeAM analogues as chemical reporters of diverse methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Bothwell
- Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry Program and Tri-Institutional Training Program
in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United
States
| | - Minkui Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology
and Chemistry Program and Tri-Institutional Training Program
in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United
States
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7
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Redwan IN, Bliman D, Tokugawa M, Lawson C, Grøtli M. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of 1- and 4-(purinyl)triazoles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Abstract
A series of azidoaryl- and azidoalkyl(diphenyl)oxazole scaffolds were warranted for biofilm inhibition studies. Cyclization of azidoaryl- or azidoalkyl esters of benzoin with ammonium acetate in acetic acid gives 2-azidoaryl- or 2-azidoalkyl-4,5-diphenyloxazoles. The azidoaryl esters are prepared from the corresponding azidocarboxylic acids/acid chlorides while the azidoalkyl esters are prepared from the corresponding haloalkyl esters.
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9
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Du Y, Hendrick CE, Frye KS, Comstock LR. Fluorescent DNA labeling by N-mustard analogues of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2225-33. [PMID: 22961989 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Azide and alkyne-functionalized N-mustard analogues of S-adenosyl-L-methionine have been synthesized and were demonstrated to undergo efficient methyltransferase-dependent DNA alkylation by M.TaqI and M.HhaI. Subsequent labeling of the DNA with a fluorophore was carried out using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry and was visualized by fluorescence scanning. This work demonstrates the utility of functionalized N-mustard analogues as biochemical tools to study biological methylation and offers a facile way to site-selectively label substrates of DNA methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Du
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
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10
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Mai V, Comstock LR. Synthesis of an azide-bearing N-mustard analogue of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. J Org Chem 2011; 76:10319-24. [PMID: 22050725 DOI: 10.1021/jo2019637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an azide-bearing N-mustard S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogue, 8-azido-5'-(diaminobutyric acid)-N-iodoethyl-5'-deoxyadenosine, has been accomplished in 10 steps from commercially available 2',3'-isopropylidene adenosine. Critical to this success was executing C8 azidation prior to derivatizing the 5'-position of the ribose sugar and the late stage alkylation of the 5' amino group with bromoethanol, which was necessitated by the reactivity of the aryl azide moiety. The azide-bearing N-mustard is envisioned as a useful biochemical tool by which to probe DNA and protein methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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11
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van Berkel SS, van Eldijk MB, van Hest JCM. Staudinger ligation as a method for bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8806-27. [PMID: 21887733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1919 the German chemist Hermann Staudinger was the first to describe the reaction between an azide and a phosphine. It was not until recently, however, that Bertozzi and co-workers recognized the potential of this reaction as a method for bioconjugation and transformed it into the so-called Staudinger ligation. The bio-orthogonal character of both the azide and the phosphine functions has resulted in the Staudinger ligation finding numerous applications in various complex biological systems. For example, the Staudinger ligation has been utilized to label glycans, lipids, DNA, and proteins. Moreover, the Staudinger ligation has been used as a synthetic method to construct glycopeptides, microarrays, and functional biopolymers. In the emerging field of bio-orthogonal ligation strategies, the Staudinger ligation has set a high standard to which most of the new techniques are often compared. This Review summarizes recent developments and new applications of the Staudinger ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S van Berkel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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van Berkel SS, van Eldijk MB, van Hest JCM. Staudinger-Ligation als Methode zur Biokonjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Sletten E, Bertozzi C. Bioorthogonale Chemie - oder: in einem Meer aus Funktionalität nach Selektivität fischen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Townsend AP, Roth S, Williams HEL, Stylianou E, Thomas NR. New S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Analogues: Synthesis and Reactivity Studies. Org Lett 2009; 11:2976-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9009859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Townsend
- University of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Roth
- University of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Huw E. L. Williams
- University of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Stylianou
- University of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Thomas
- University of Nottingham, School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Easily synthesized aldoximes have been converted to the corresponding nitriles under very mild conditions by a simple reaction with 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and DBU in CH(2)Cl(2), THF, or DMF. As an alternative reagent that eliminates the formation of hexamethylphosphoramide as a byproduct, use of 1H-benzotriazol-1-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate (Bt-OTs) and DBU was investigated. Reactions with this reagent also proceeded smoothly and in good yields, although in one case N-sulfonylation was observed. An attempt to gain mechanistic insight into the BOP-mediated reaction has been made using (31)P{(1)H} NMR. However, no phosphorus-bearing intermediate could be readily observed. Finally, the method has been applied to the synthesis of an antiviral 4'-cyano adenosine analogue from a commercial precursor using a single saccharide protecting group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031-9198, USA
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16
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Sletten EM, Bertozzi CR. Bioorthogonal chemistry: fishing for selectivity in a sea of functionality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6974-98. [PMID: 19714693 PMCID: PMC2864149 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2349] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of biomolecules in their native environments is a challenging task because of the vast complexity of cellular systems. Technologies developed in the last few years for the selective modification of biological species in living systems have yielded new insights into cellular processes. Key to these new techniques are bioorthogonal chemical reactions, whose components must react rapidly and selectively with each other under physiological conditions in the presence of the plethora of functionality necessary to sustain life. Herein we describe the bioorthogonal chemical reactions developed to date and how they can be used to study biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Sletten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA), Fax: (+1)510-643-2628
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17
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Abstract
Dissecting complex cellular processes requires the ability to track biomolecules as they function within their native habitat. Although genetically encoded tags such as GFP are widely used to monitor discrete proteins, they can cause significant perturbations to a protein's structure and have no direct extension to other classes of biomolecules such as glycans, lipids, nucleic acids and secondary metabolites. In recent years, an alternative tool for tagging biomolecules has emerged from the chemical biology community--the bioorthogonal chemical reporter. In a prototypical experiment, a unique chemical motif, often as small as a single functional group, is incorporated into the target biomolecule using the cell's own biosynthetic machinery. The chemical reporter is then covalently modified in a highly selective fashion with an exogenously delivered probe. This review highlights the development of bioorthogonal chemical reporters and reactions and their application in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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18
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Abstract
We demonstrate here that MTase-modified DNA can undergo the Staudinger ligation with triarylphosphines derivatized with phenanthroline. Presentation of these duplexes with Cu(II) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid leads to strand scission proximal to the MTase recognition site. By virtue of their ability to use a synthetic azide-bearing cofactor, M.TaqI and M.HhaI produce a DNA lesion that induces scission 5' to the base modified by the enzyme. This chemistry represents a new approach by which regions of DNA methylation can be rapidly identified on the basis of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Comstock
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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19
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Comstock LR, Rajski SR. Conversion of DNA methyltransferases into azidonucleosidyl transferases via synthetic cofactors. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:1644-52. [PMID: 15778434 PMCID: PMC1067524 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aziridine-based cofactor mimics have been synthesized and are shown to undergo methyltransferase-dependent DNA alkylation. Notably, each cofactor mimic possesses an azide functionality, to which can be attached an assortment of unnatural groups following methyltransferase-dependent DNA delivery. DNA duplexes modified with these cofactor mimics are capable of undergoing the Staudinger ligation with phosphines tethered to biological functionalities following enzymatic modification. This methodology provides a new tool by which to selectively modify DNA in a methyltransferase-dependent way. The conversion of biological methyltransferases into azidonucleosidyl transferases demonstrated here also holds tremendous promise as a means of identifying, as yet, unknown substrates of methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R. Comstock
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Scott R. Rajski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
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