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Belviso S, Amati M, Rossano R, Crispini A, Lelj F. Non-symmetrical aryl- and arylethynyl-substituted thioalkyl-porphyrazines for optoelectronic materials: synthesis, properties, and computational studies. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2191-207. [PMID: 25515497 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel non-symmetrically substituted mono β-aryl and β-arylethynyl (alkylsulfanyl)porphyrazines and the corresponding Ni(ii) complexes have been prepared by the Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions with the aim to investigate substituent effects on their electronic and aggregation properties. Spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational investigations show that in both aryl and arylethynyl compounds efficient electron transfer between the aryl and macrocycle moieties occurs. The highest perturbation of the porphyrazine π-electron core is provided by strong electron-donating (NMe2) and electron withdrawing (NO2) aryl substituents, which increase and decrease the macrocycle electron density, respectively. Moreover, while in most of the compounds the LUMOs and HOMOs are mainly localized on the porphyrazine ring, in the amino-substituted derivatives the HOMO is localized on the peripheral aryl moieties and the LUMO is localized on the macrocycle. Charge-transfer electronic excitations give rise to absorptions in UV-Vis spectra of both amino- and nitro-substituted compounds. In the former such excitations occur from aryl-localized to macrocycle-localized orbitals, while backward excitations occur in the latter. Therefore, the porphyrazine ring shows an ambivalent behavior, acting as an electron acceptor in the case of the NMe2-substituted compounds and as an electron donor in the NO2-substituted derivative. In these derivatives, even macrocycle mono-substitution provides unconventional "push-pull" systems suitable for NLO. Columnar discotic mesophases are also shown by thio-octyl arylethynyl derivatives, allowing us to envisage the possibility to achieve compounds both suitable for optoelectronic applications and endowed with self-aggregation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Belviso
- Università della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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Yu L, Shi W, Lin L, Liu Y, Li R, Peng T, Li X. Effects of benzo-annelation of asymmetric phthalocyanine on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:8421-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel highly asymmetric zinc tetraazaporphyrin (TAP) derivatives (Zn-tri-TAPNc and Zn-tri-PcNc) with one carboxyl and three tert-butyl peripheral substituent groups for dye-sensitized solar cells were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenye Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Tianyou Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100190, China
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Mudyiwa M, Ndinguri MW, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Microwave assisted solid-phase synthesis of substituted tetraazaporphyrins and a phthalocyanine-peptide conjugate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) and porphyrazines (Pzs) have been synthesized in good yields using a solid-phase synthesis method with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resin attached to an indole linker as the solid support. These compounds are formed by cross condensation of maleonitrile or phthalonitrile with another phthalonitrile covalently bonded to the solid support with an amino linking group. The polymer bound Pc or Pz is separated by filtration, and washing the symmetrical Pc or Pz by-product. The amine Pc -appended to polyethylene glycol resin is further reacted to yield azide whilst still on the solid support. Cleavage of the Pc or Pz off the solid support results in 3:1 asymmetric Pz or Pz with high degree of purity, requiring minimal further purification. The use of hydrophilic PEG-based resin allows the symmetrical compound to be removed completely by washing whereas the acid labile indole linker makes it easier to cleave the product under mild conditions. The conjugation abilities of these compounds have been demonstrated by the successful conjugation of one of the azide Pcs with a peptide elaborated with an alkyne function. Use of microwave for the synthesis of these compounds results in shorter reaction times, higher yields and higher degree of purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Mudyiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Margaret W. Ndinguri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Robert P. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
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Goslinski T, Tykarska E, Szczolko W, Osmalek T, Smigielska A, Walorczyk S, Zong H, Gdaniec M, Hoffman BM, Mielcarek J, Sobiak S. Synthesis and characterization of periphery-functionalized porphyrazines containing mixed pyrrolyl and pyridylmethylamino groups. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The condensation reaction of 2-amino-3-[(3-pyridylmethyl)amino]-2(Z)-butene-1,4-dinitrile with a series of diketones led to novel dinitriles, of which 2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3-[methyl(3-pyridylmethylene)amino]-2(Z)-butene-1,4-dinitrile, the product of the Paal-Knorr reaction, was successfully utilized in the Linstead macrocyclization towards symmetrical and unsymmetrical porphyrazines. NMR and X-ray study revealed an almost perpendicular orientation of the pyrrolyl groups in relation to the porphyrazine platform. The newly synthesized macrocycles with different peripheral groups show interesting spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. Due to selective sensor/coordination properties they are expected to find applications as chemical sensors and electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczolko
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Osmalek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Smigielska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Hong Zong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Maria Gdaniec
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Sobiak
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Ruggiero A, Fuchter MJ, Kokas OJ, Negru M, White AJ, Haycock PR, Hoffman BM, Barrett AG. A ‘push–pull’ tropylium-fused aminoporphyrazine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen X, Salmon, III TR, McGrath DV. Asymmetric Phthalocyanine Synthesis by ROMP-Capture-Release. Org Lett 2009; 11:2061-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Kubota Y, Shibata T, Babamoto-Horiguchi E, Uehara J, Funabiki K, Matsumoto S, Ebihara M, Matsui M. Reaction of 2,3-diaminomaleonitrile with diones. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fuchter MJ, Zhong C, Zong H, Hoffman BM, Barrett AGM. Porphyrazines: Designer Macrocycles by Peripheral Substituent Change. Aust J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is rare that such a diverse array of applications can be realized from a single basic molecular unit, however, such is the power of the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle motif. Indeed, their potential in areas such as chemical dyes, optical sensors, optoelectronics, and biomedical agents is a function of their rich electronic and optical properties. While the naturally occurring porphyrins and the synthetic phthalocyanines have been extensively studied, the related tetraazaporphyrins or porphyrazines remain comparatively underdeveloped. Since porphyrazines maintain a unique position in this family: analogous derivatives are virtually inaccessible for the porphyrins, and direct fusion of heteroatomic substituents onto the porphyrazine β-positions results in a more pronounced effect compared with the substitution of an equivalent group onto the benzenoid rings of the phthalocyanine; a driving force exists to further explore the synthesis and applications of these novel macrocycles. This review will provide a historical overview of the synthetic strategies towards functionalized porphyrazines and describe new strategies towards the preparation and applications of heteroatom-appended porphyrazines, particularly in the context of their multimetallic complexes, catalysis, surface chemistry, and as biomedical agents.
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Fukuda T, Kobayashi N. Hydrogenated tetraazaporphyrins—old but new core-modified phthalocyanine analogues. Dalton Trans 2008:4685-704. [DOI: 10.1039/b804181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guinchard X, Fuchter MJ, Ruggiero A, Duckworth BJ, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Multigram Synthesis of a Water-Soluble Porphyrazine and Derived seco-Porphyrazine Labeling Agents. Org Lett 2007; 9:5291-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702481x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guinchard
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Andrea Ruggiero
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Brian J. Duckworth
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Anthony G. M. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2005. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goslinski T, Zhong C, Fuchter MJ, Stern CL, White AJP, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Porphyrazines as Molecular Scaffolds: Flexible Syntheses of Novel Multimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:3686-94. [PMID: 16634602 DOI: 10.1021/ic060176n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reductive deselenation of selenodiazole-fused porphyrazines, followed by acylation of the resultant labile porphyrazinediamines, was used to prepare macrocycles bearing two Collins ligands, two oxamido residues, or two quinoline-2-carboxamido units. Peripheral coordination of copper(II) to the di-(quinoline-2-carboxamido)-porphyrazine gave a metal-linked face-to-face porphyrazine dimer array. Sequential derivatization of the two amino groups in the porphyrazinediamines was used to prepare mixed peripheral ligand systems including a dimetallic picolinamido-Schiff base porphyrazine. Such systems exhibit strong metal-metal spin coupling and are anticipated to be of value in the synthesis of novel electronic and magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, England
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Fuchter MJ, Hoffman BM, Barrett AGM. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymer Sphere-Supported seco-Porphyrazines: Efficient and Recyclable Photooxygenation Catalysts. J Org Chem 2005; 71:724-9. [PMID: 16408985 DOI: 10.1021/jo052156t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Crossover Linstead macrocyclization of norbornenyl-tagged diaminomaleonitrile with dipropylmaleonitrile gave the corresponding magnesium diaminohexapropylporphyrazine, which was subsequently converted into its zinc seco-derivative. Polymerization gave the corresponding ROMPgel and ROMPsphere (ROMP = ring-opening metathesis polymer) reagents, the latter of which proved efficient as an immobilized catalyst for the sensitized production of singlet oxygen for the purification-minimized parallel synthesis of endoperoxides and ene adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, England
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Fuchter MJ, Hoffman BM, Barrett AGM. ROM Polymerization−Capture−Release: Application to the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Porphyrazinedithiols and Peripherally Metalated Derivatives. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5086-91. [PMID: 15960508 DOI: 10.1021/jo050369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crossover Linstead macrocyclization of a doubly norbornenyl-functionalized dimercaptomaleonitrile with dipropylmaleonitrile gave a crude mixture of porphyrazines containing the hexapropylporphyrazinedithiol magnesium complex. The mixture was subjected to ring-opening metathesis polymerization to yield the insoluble porphyrazinedithiol-functionalized polymers. Cleavage from the polymer backbone using mercury(II) acetate followed by reaction with electrophiles gave access to a range of thioporphyrazinedithiol derivatives including solitaire porphyrazines. Studies into the possible uses of hexapropyl-2,3-di-(carboxymethylthio)porphyrazine in sensing metal cations in solution are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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