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Azeem Z, Mandal PK. Atom-Economic Synthesis of Unsymmetrical gem-Diarylmethylthio/Seleno Glycosides via Base Mediated C(O)-S/Se Bond Cleavage and Acyl Transfer Approach of Glycosylthio/Selenoacetates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1695-1712. [PMID: 36633914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we invented the Cs2CO3-mediated atom economic method that streamlines the scission of the C(O)-S/Se bond involving the in situ generation of an anomeric thiolate/selenolate anion, which reacted with p-QMs to yield novel unsymmetrical gem-diarylmethylthio/seleno glycosides while retaining the anomeric stereochemistry. Notably, the key features of this protocol involve unprecedented long-range acyl transfer (from S/Se to O), thus affording acylation of the final product which is not yet reported by classical methods. This straightforward protocol offers a mild, short reaction time, synthetically simple approach, and compatibility with 8 types of sugar along with phenylthio/benzylseleno esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanjila Azeem
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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2
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Chen P, Dai X. Site-specific synthesis of 3-Se-1,2-unsaturated glycosides with R-Se-Se-R as the nucleophile precursors promoted by InCl3/Hf(OTf)4. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Sweet Selenium: Synthesis and Properties of Selenium-Containing Sugars and Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090211. [PMID: 32859124 PMCID: PMC7558951 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, organoselenium compounds gained interest due to their important biological features. However, the lack of solubility, which characterizes most of them, makes their actual clinical exploitability a hard to reach goal. Selenosugars, with their intrinsic polarity, do not suffer from this issue and as a result, they can be conceived as a useful alternative. The aim of this review is to provide basic knowledge of the synthetic aspects of selenosugars, selenonium salts, selenoglycosides, and selenonucleotides. Their biological properties will be briefly detailed. Of course, it will not be a comprehensive dissertation but an analysis of what the authors think is the cream of the crop of this interesting research topic.
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4
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Synthesis of 3-S- and 3-Se-glycals by using R-S-S-R and R-Se-Se-R as the nucleophile precursors promoted by Hf(OTf)4 and the temperature-dependent formation of the above-mentioned 3-S- and 3-Se products. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Manna T, Misra AK. Glycosyl selenoacetates: versatile building blocks for the preparation of stereoselective selenoglycosides and selenium linked disaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8902-8912. [PMID: 31553009 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl selenoacetate derivatives were prepared by the treatment of glycosyl halide with potassium selenocyanate followed by acetylation of in situ generated glycosyl selenols in one pot. A variety of selenoglycosides and selenium linked disaccharide derivatives were prepared in very good to excellent yields using glycosyl selenoacetates as stable building blocks under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasi Manna
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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6
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Ferrier Reaction: The first synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated seleno-glycosides by using alkyl(aryl) hydroselenides as the nucleophile and Hf(OTf)4 as the catalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Xie M, Lapidus RG, Sadowska M, Edelman MJ, Hosmane RS. Synthesis, anticancer activity, and SAR analyses of compounds containing the 5:7-fused 4,6,8-triaminoimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine ring system. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2595-602. [PMID: 27134120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Described herein are our limited structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on a 5:7-fused heterocycle (1), containing the 4,6,8-triaminoimidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine ring system, whose synthesis and potent broad-spectrum anticancer activity we reported a few years ago. Our SAR efforts in this study are mainly focused on judicial attachment of substituents at N-1 and N(6)-positions of the heterocyclic ring. Our results suggest that there is some subtle correlation between the substituents attached at the N-1 position and those attached at the N(6)-position of the heterocycle. It is likely that there is a common hydrophobic binding pocket on the target protein that is occupied by the substituents attached at the N-1 and N(6)-positions of the heterocyclic ligand. This pocket appears to be large enough to hold either a C-18 alkyl chain of N(6) and no attachment at N-1, or a combined C-10 at N(6) and a CH2Ph at N-1. Any alkyl chain shorter or longer than C-10 at N(6) with a CH2Ph attached at N-1, would result in decrease of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor 338, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mariola Sadowska
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Martin J Edelman
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenbaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ramachandra S Hosmane
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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8
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Suzuki T, Makyio H, Ando H, Komura N, Menjo M, Yamada Y, Imamura A, Ishida H, Wakatsuki S, Kato R, Kiso M. Expanded potential of seleno-carbohydrates as a molecular tool for X-ray structural determination of a carbohydrate-protein complex with single/multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2090-101. [PMID: 24631362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Seleno-lactoses have been successfully synthesized as candidates for mimicking carbohydrate ligands for human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (NCRD). Selenium was introduced into the mono- or di-saccharides using p-methylselenobenzoic anhydride (Tol2Se) as a novel selenating reagent. The TolSe-substituted monosaccharides were converted into selenoglycosyl donors or acceptors, which were reacted with coupling partners to afford seleno-lactoses. The seleno-lactoses were converted to the target compounds. The structure of human galectin-9 NCRD co-crystallized with 6-MeSe-lactose was determined with single/multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD/MAD) phasing and was similar to that of the co-crystal with natural lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Makyio
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoko Komura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masanori Menjo
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamada
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Soichi Wakatsuki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan; Photon Science, SLAC Natl. Accelerator Laboratory Structure Science, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 69, Menlo Park, CA 94025-7015, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Beckman Center B105, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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9
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Corder AL, Subedi BP, Zhang S, Dark AM, Foss FW, Pierce BS. Peroxide-shunt substrate-specificity for the Salmonella typhimurium O2-dependent tRNA modifying monooxygenase (MiaE). Biochemistry 2013; 52:6182-96. [PMID: 23906247 DOI: 10.1021/bi4000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA are made to structurally diversify tRNA. These modifications alter noncovalent interactions within the ribosomal machinery, resulting in phenotypic changes related to cell metabolism, growth, and virulence. MiaE is a carboxylate bridged, nonheme diiron monooxygenase, which catalyzes the O2-dependent hydroxylation of a hypermodified-tRNA nucleoside at position 37 (2-methylthio-N(6)-isopentenyl-adenosine(37)-tRNA) [designated ms(2)i(6)A37]. In this work, recombinant MiaE was cloned from Salmonella typhimurium , purified to homogeneity, and characterized by UV-visible and dual-mode X-band EPR spectroscopy for comparison to other nonheme diiron enzymes. Additionally, three nucleoside substrate-surrogates (i(6)A, Cl(2)i(6)A, and ms(2)i(6)A) and their corresponding hydroxylated products (io(6)A, Cl(2)io(6)A, and ms(2)io(6)A) were synthesized to investigate the chemo- and stereospecificity of this enzyme. In the absence of the native electron transport chain, the peroxide-shunt was utilized to monitor the rate of substrate hydroxylation. Remarkably, regardless of the substrate (i(6)A, Cl(2)i(6)A, and ms(2)i(6)A) used in peroxide-shunt assays, hydroxylation of the terminal isopentenyl-C4-position was observed with >97% E-stereoselectivity. No other nonspecific hydroxylation products were observed in enzymatic assays. Steady-state kinetic experiments also demonstrate that the initial rate of MiaE hydroxylation is highly influenced by the substituent at the C2-position of the nucleoside base (v0/[E] for ms(2)i(6)A > i(6)A > Cl(2)i(6)A). Indeed, the >3-fold rate enhancement exhibited by MiaE for the hydroxylation of the free ms(2)i(6)A nucleoside relative to i(6)A is consistent with previous whole cell assays reporting the ms(2)io(6)A and io(6)A product distribution within native tRNA-substrates. This observation suggests that the nucleoside C2-substituent is a key point of interaction regulating MiaE substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra L Corder
- Biophysical/Bioinorganic Group and ‡Synthetic Organic Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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Morihiro K, Kodama T, Kentefu, Moai Y, Veedu RN, Obika S. Selenomethylene Locked Nucleic Acid Enables Reversible Hybridization in Response to Redox Changes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Affeldt RF, Braga HC, Baldassari LL, Lüdtke DS. Synthesis of selenium-linked neoglycoconjugates and pseudodisaccharides. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kumar AA, Illyés TZ, Kövér KE, Szilágyi L. Convenient syntheses of 1,2-trans selenoglycosides using isoselenuronium salts as glycosylselenenyl transfer reagents. Carbohydr Res 2012; 360:8-18. [PMID: 22975274 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Se-glycosyl-isoselenuronium salts such as three and four which can be prepared in one high-yielding step from acetohalogeno sugars proved to be convenient starting materials for the syntheses of a variety of selenoglycosides. Reaction with (ar)alkyl halides proceeds under mild conditions, in short time, at room temperature to afford the corresponding selenoglycosides in good yields. Aryl halides react to appreciable extent only if bearing activating nitro groups on the aromatic ring. Reactions with acylating reagents such as acetic anhydride and benzoyl chlorides furnished anomeric selenoesters some of which were recently proposed as starting compounds for alternative selenoglycoside syntheses. Selenodisaccharides with two different monosaccharide units could also be prepared via reactions of glycosyl-isoselenuronium salts with monosaccharide derivatives bearing primary or secondary triflate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambati Ashok Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen Pf 20, Hungary
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13
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Taniike H, Inagaki Y, Matsuda A, Minakawa N. Practical synthesis of 4′-selenopyrimidine nucleosides using hypervalent iodine. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Braga HC, Wouters AD, Zerillo FB, Lüdtke DS. Synthesis of seleno-carbohydrates derived from d-galactose. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2328-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Mohan S, Jayakanthan K, Nasi R, Kuntz DA, Rose DR, Pinto BM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Heteroanalogues of Kotalanol and De-O-Sulfonated Kotalanol. Org Lett 2010; 12:1088-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100080m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Kumarasamy Jayakanthan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ravindranath Nasi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Douglas A. Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - David R. Rose
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - B. Mario Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9, and Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Wardrop DJ, Waidyarachchi SL. Synthesis and biological activity of naturally occurring α-glucosidase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1431-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b914958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Martel F, Estrine B, Plantier-Royon R, Hoffmann N, Portella C. Development of Agriculture Left-Overs: Fine Organic Chemicals from Wheat Hemicellulose-Derived Pentoses. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 294:79-115. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Nasi R, Patrick BO, Sim L, Rose DR, Pinto BM. Studies directed toward the stereochemical structure determination of the naturally occurring glucosidase inhibitor, kotalanol: synthesis and inhibitory activities against human maltase glucoamylase of seven-carbon, chain-extended homologues of salacinol. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6172-81. [PMID: 18651773 DOI: 10.1021/jo800855n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new seven-carbon, chain-extended sulfonium salts of 1,4-anhydro-4-thio- d-arabinitol, analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor salacinol, are described. These compounds were designed on the basis of the structure activity data of chain-extended analogues of salacinol, with the intention of determining the hitherto unknown stereochemical structure of kotalanol, the naturally occurring seven-carbon chain-extended analogue of salacinol. The target zwitterionic compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack of the PMB-protected 1,4-anhydro-4-thio- d-arabinitols at the least hindered carbon atom of two 1,3-cyclic sulfates differing in stereochemistry at only one stereogenic center. The desired cyclic sulfates were synthesized starting from d-glucose via Wittig olefination and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. Deprotection of the coupled products by using a two-step sequence afforded two sulfonium sulfates. Optical rotation data for one of our compounds indicated a correspondence with that reported for kotalanol. However, comparison of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of the synthetic compounds with those of kotalanol indicated discrepancies. The collective data from this and published work were used to propose a tentative structure for the naturally occurring compound, kotalanol. Comparison of physical data of previously synthesized analogues with those for the recently isolated six-carbon chain analogue, ponkoranol or reticulanol, also led to elucidation of this structure. Interestingly, both our compounds inhibited recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), as expected from our previous structure activity studies of lower homologues, with K i values of 0.13 +/- 0.02 and 0.10 +/- 0.02 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindranath Nasi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Bhat RG, Kumar NS, Pinto BM. Synthesis of phosphate derivatives related to the glycosidase inhibitor salacinol. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1934-42. [PMID: 17572396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of polyhydroxylated imino- and anhydro thio-alditol compounds related to the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor, salacinol, containing a phosphate group in the side chain are described. The compounds lack hydroxyl groups on the acyclic side chain and are prototypes of the exact salacinol analogue. The synthetic strategy relies on the Mitsunobu reaction of N- and S-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol and 1,4-anhydro-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-D-arabinitol with dibenzyl phosphate to yield the corresponding protected heteroalditol phosphates. Screening of these compounds against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical intestinal glucosidase involved in the processing of oligosaccharides of glucose into glucose itself, shows that they are not effective inhibitors of MGA and demonstrates the importance of the hydroxyl and/or sulfate substituents present on the side chain for effective inhibition. The attempted synthesis of the exact analogue of salacinol by opening of cyclic phosphates is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Nasi R, Sim L, Rose DR, Pinto BM. Synthesis and glycosidase inhibitory activities of chain-modified analogues of the glycosidase inhibitors salacinol and blintol. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1888-94. [PMID: 17359953 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of chain-modified analogues of the naturally-occurring glycosidase inhibitor, salacinol, and its selenium analogue, blintol is described. The modification consists of a frame shift of the sulfate moiety by one carbon atom in the zwitterionic structures as well as an extension of the acyclic chain to five carbons. The target molecules were synthesized by alkylation of 1,4-anhydro-2,3,5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-4-thio (or seleno)-D-arabinitol at the ring heteroatom by 2,3,5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl D- or L-xylitol-1,4-cyclic sulfate, followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. Two of the four compounds inhibit recombinant human maltase glucoamylase, one of the key intestinal enzymes involved in the breakdown of glucose oligosaccharides in the small intestine, with Ki values of 20+/-4 and 53+/-5 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindranath Nasi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Mohan S, Pinto BM. Zwitterionic glycosidase inhibitors: salacinol and related analogues. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1551-80. [PMID: 17559821 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products with interesting biological properties and structural diversity have often served as valuable lead drug candidates for the treatment of human diseases. Salacinol, a naturally occurring alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, was shown to be one of the active principles of the aqueous extract of a medicinal plant that has been prescribed traditionally as an Ayurvedic treatment for type II diabetes. Salacinol contains an intriguing zwitterionic sulfonium-sulfate structure that comprises a 1,4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol core and a polyhydroxylated acyclic chain. Due to the unique structural features and its potential to become a lead drug candidate in the treatment of type II diabetes, a great deal of attention has been focused on salacinol and its analogues. Since the isolation of salacinol, several papers describing various synthetic routes to salacinol and its analogues have appeared in the literature. This review is aimed at highlighting the synthetic aspects of salacinol and related compounds as well as their structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Mohan S, Sim L, Rose DR, Pinto BM. Synthesis of S-alkylated sulfonium-ions and their glucosidase inhibitory activities against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:901-12. [PMID: 17316580 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of nine S-alkylated, cyclic sulfonium-ions with varying alkyl chain lengths, as mimics of N-alkylated imino sugars, and their glucosidase inhibitory activities are described. The target compounds were synthesized by alkylation of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,4-anhydro-4-thio-d-arabinitol at the ring sulfur atom using various alkyl halides, followed by deprotection using boron trichloride. Enzyme inhibitory assays against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical enzyme in the small intestine involved in the breakdown of glucose oligosaccharides into glucose itself, shows that they are effective inhibitors of MGA with K(i) values ranging from 6 to 75 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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Gu G, Liu H, Pinto BM. Facile synthesis of sulfonium ion derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-5-thio-l-fucitol as potential α-l-fucosidase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2478-86. [PMID: 16930571 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Five sulfonium ion derivatives with 1,5-anhydro-5-thio-L-fucitol as a core structure were efficiently synthesized as potential alpha-L-fucosidase inhibitors. The key unit, the tri-O-benzyl derivative of L-fucitol, was readily synthesized from methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Alkylation with methyl iodide or 5-methoxycarbonyl-1-pentyl iodide in acetonitrile containing AgBF4 afforded the corresponding alkylated sulfonium tetrafluoroborates. Alternatively, ring opening of three 1,3-cyclic sulfates in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) containing K2CO3 afforded the corresponding zwitterionic sulfonium sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Nasi R, Pinto BM. Synthesis of new analogues of salacinol containing a pendant hydroxymethyl group as potential glycosidase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2305-11. [PMID: 16854397 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor, salacinol, and its ammonium analogue, ghavamiol is described. These analogues contain an additional hydroxymethyl group at C-1, which was intended to form additional polar contacts within the active site of glycosidase enzymes. The target zwitterionic compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack at the least hindered carbon atom of 2,4-O-benzylidene-l (or d)-erythritol 1,3-cyclic sulfate by 2,5-anhydro-1,3:4,6-di-O-benzylidene-2,5-dideoxy-5-thio (or 1,5-imino)-l-iditol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindranath Nasi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Liu H, Pinto BM. Design and synthesis of selenonium and sulfonium ions related to the naturally occurring glucosidase inhibitor salacinol. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four series of analogues of the naturally occurring glucosidase inhibitor salacinol were synthesized for structure–activity studies with different glycosidase enzymes. The target zwitterionic compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack at the least-hindered carbon atom of the 1,3-cyclic sulfates derived from D-glucose and D-mannose by the isopropylidene-protected 1,4-anhydro-4-thio- and seleno-D-allitols and the 4-thio- and seleno-L-allitols. Deprotection of the coupled products afforded the novel sulfonium and selenonium ions containing polyhy droxylated acyclic chains of four and six carbons, with different stereochemistry at the stereogenic centers and with 1,4-anhydro-4-seleno or 4-thio-D- or L- alditol heterocyclic rings. The compounds showed no significant activity against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical intestinal glucosidase involved in the processing of oligosaccharides of glucose into glucose itself.Key words: glycosidase inhibitors, zwitterionic, selenonium salts, sulfonium salts, cyclic sulfates, L-ascorbic acid, D-gulonic-γ-lactone.
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Rossi EJ, Sim L, Kuntz DA, Hahn D, Johnston BD, Ghavami A, Szczepina MG, Kumar NS, Sterchi EE, Nichols BL, Pinto BM, Rose DR. Inhibition of recombinant human maltase glucoamylase by salacinol and derivatives. FEBS J 2006; 273:2673-83. [PMID: 16817895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidases delay glucose production following digestion and are currently used in the treatment of Type II diabetes. Maltase-glucoamylase (MGA), a family 31 glycoside hydrolase, is an alpha-glucosidase anchored in the membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells responsible for the final step of mammalian starch digestion leading to the release of glucose. This paper reports the production and purification of active human recombinant MGA amino terminal catalytic domain (MGAnt) from two different eukaryotic cell culture systems. MGAnt overexpressed in Drosophila cells was of quality and quantity suitable for kinetic and inhibition studies as well as future structural studies. Inhibition of MGAnt was tested with a group of prospective alpha-glucosidase inhibitors modeled after salacinol, a naturally occurring alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and acarbose, a currently prescribed antidiabetic agent. Four synthetic inhibitors that bind and inhibit MGAnt activity better than acarbose, and at comparable levels to salacinol, were found. The inhibitors are derivatives of salacinol that contain either a selenium atom in place of sulfur in the five-membered ring, or a longer polyhydroxylated, sulfated chain than salacinol. Six-membered ring derivatives of salacinol and compounds modeled after miglitol were much less effective as MGAnt inhibitors. These results provide information on the inhibitory profile of MGAnt that will guide the development of new compounds having antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Rossi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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Liu H, Pinto BM. Synthesis of zwitterionic selenonium and sulfonium sulfates from D-mannose as potential glycosidase inhibitors. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four chain-extended analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor salacinol were synthesized for structureactivity studies with different glycosidase enzymes. The syntheses involved the reaction of isopropylidene-protected 1,4-thio- and 1,4-seleno-D-talitols and 1,5-thio- and 1,5-seleno-L-gulitols, derived from D-mannose, with a benzylidene- and isopropylidene-protected 1,3-cyclic sulfate, also derived from D-mannose. Deprotection of the products afforded the novel selenonium and sulfonium sulfates composed of heterocyclic five- and six-membered ring core structures with pendant polyhydroxylated, acyclic chains of six carbon atoms.Key words: glycosidase inhibitors, zwitterionic selenonium and sulfonium sulfates, cyclic sulfate
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Robayo-Torres CC, Quezada-Calvillo R, Nichols BL. Disaccharide digestion: clinical and molecular aspects. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4:276-87. [PMID: 16527688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugars normally are absorbed in the small intestine. When carbohydrates are malabsorbed, the osmotic load produced by the high amount of low molecular weight sugars and partially digested starches in the small intestine can cause symptoms of intestinal distention, rapid peristalsis, and diarrhea. Colonic bacteria normally metabolize proximally malabsorbed dietary carbohydrate through fermentation to small fatty acids and gases (ie, hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide). When present in large amounts, the malabsorbed sugars and starches can be excreted in the stool. Sugar intolerance is the presence of abdominal symptoms related to the proximal or distal malabsorption of dietary carbohydrates. The symptoms consist of meal-related abdominal cramps and distention, increased flatulence, borborygmus, and diarrhea. Infants and young children with carbohydrate malabsorption show more intense symptoms than adults; the passage of undigested carbohydrates through the colon is more rapid and is associated with detectable carbohydrates in copious watery acid stools. Dehydration often follows feeding of the offending sugar. In this review we present the clinical and current molecular aspects of disaccharidase digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Robayo-Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gallienne E, Gefflaut T, Bolte J, Lemaire M. Synthesis of New Nitrogen Analogues of Salacinol and Deoxynojirimycin and Their Evaluation as Glycosidase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2006; 71:894-902. [PMID: 16438498 DOI: 10.1021/jo0517388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two enantiomerically pure iminosugars, analogues of 1-L-deoxynojirimycin (l-DNJ) and 1-D-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ), was achieved using cyclic sulfate substituted isoxazoline derivatives. The piperidine ring was formed via the reduction of an isoxazoline into an amine which underwent a spontaneous intramolecular cyclization by reaction with the cyclic sulfate moiety. The nucleophilic attack of these two trisubstituted piperidines and morpholine on L- and D-erythritol-1,3-cyclic sulfates gave six new nitrogen analogues of salacinol. The inhibitory properties of the synthesized salacinol analogues were evaluated on several commercial glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Gallienne
- Laboratoire SEESIB, UMR 6504 CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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Muraoka O, Yoshikai K, Takahashi H, Minematsu T, Lu G, Tanabe G, Wang T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of deoxy salacinols, the role of polar substituents in the side chain on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:500-9. [PMID: 16198577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 08/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Three analogs (5, 6, and 7) lacking polar substituents in the side chain of a naturally occurring alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, salacinol (1a), were synthesized by the coupling reaction of a thiosugar, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-epithio-D-arabinitol (3), with cyclic sulfates (8, 9, and 10), and their alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were examined. All these simpler analogs (5, 6, and 7) showed less inhibitory activity compared to 1a, and proved the importance of cooperative role of the polar substituents for the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. A practical synthetic route to 3 starting from D-xylose is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Muraoka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Kumar NS, Pinto BM. Synthesis of d-lyxitol and d-ribitol analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor salacinol. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2612-9. [PMID: 16198322 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of analogues of the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor, salacinol, in which the D-arabinitol ring has been replaced by D-lyxitol or D-ribitol, is described. Salacinol is one of the active principles in the aqueous extracts of Salacia reticulata, which are traditionally used in India and Sri Lanka for the treatment of Type II diabetes. The synthetic strategy relies on the nucleophilic attack of 1,4-anhydro-2,3,5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-4-thio-D-lyxitol or 1,4-anhydro-2,3,5-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-4-thio-D-ribitol at the least hindered carbon of the benzylidene-protected L-cyclic sulfate derived from L-erythritol. Screening of these compounds against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical intestinal glucosidase involved in the processing of oligosaccharides of glucose into glucose itself, shows that they are not effective inhibitors of MGA and demonstrates the importance of the d-arabinitol configuration in the heterocyclic ring for effective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nag S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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