1
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Bertolini M, Mendive-Tapia L, Ghashghaei O, Reese A, Lochenie C, Schoepf AM, Sintes M, Tokarczyk K, Nare Z, Scott AD, Knight SR, Aithal AR, Sachdeva A, Lavilla R, Vendrell M. Nonperturbative Fluorogenic Labeling of Immunophilins Enables the Wash-free Detection of Immunosuppressants. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:969-977. [PMID: 38799658 PMCID: PMC11117681 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunosuppressants are clinically approved drugs to treat the potential rejection of transplanted organs and require frequent monitoring due to their narrow therapeutic window. Immunophilins are small proteins that bind immunosuppressants with high affinity, yet there are no examples of fluorogenic immunophilins and their potential application as optical biosensors for immunosuppressive drugs in clinical biosamples. In the present work, we designed novel diazonium BODIPY salts for the site-specific labeling of tyrosine residues in peptides via solid-phase synthesis as well as for late-stage functionalization of whole recombinant proteins. After the optimization of a straightforward one-step labeling procedure for immunophilins PPIA and FKBP12, we demonstrated the application of a fluorogenic analogue of FKBP12 for the selective detection of the immunosuppressant drug tacrolimus, including experiments in urine samples from patients with functioning renal transplants. This chemical methodology opens new avenues to rationally design wash-free immunophilin-based biosensors for rapid therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bertolini
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Ouldouz Ghashghaei
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Abigail Reese
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Charles Lochenie
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Anna M. Schoepf
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Miquel Sintes
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Karolina Tokarczyk
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Zandile Nare
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Scott
- Concept
Life Sciences Ltd, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, U.K.
| | - Stephen R. Knight
- Renal
Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, U.K.
| | - Advait R. Aithal
- School of
Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Amit Sachdeva
- School of
Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and
Institute of Biomedicine UB (IBUB), University
of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain 08007
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
- IRR
Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, U.K.
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2
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Sondag D, Heming JJA, Löwik DWPM, Krivosheeva E, Lejeune D, van Geffen M, van’t Veer C, van Heerde WL, Beens MCJ, Kuijpers BHM, Boltje TJ, Rutjes FPJT. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Caged Luminescent Peptides via Side Chain Anchoring. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2234-2242. [PMID: 38055970 PMCID: PMC10739589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of caged luminescent peptide substrates remains challenging, especially when libraries of the substrates are required. Most currently available synthetic methods rely on a solution-phase approach, which is less suited for parallel synthesis purposes. We herein present a solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method for the synthesis of caged aminoluciferin peptides via side chain anchoring of the P1 residue. After the synthesis of a preliminary test library consisting of 40 compounds, the synthetic method was validated and optimized for up to >100 g of resin. Subsequently, two separate larger peptide libraries were synthesized either having a P1 = lysine or arginine residue containing in total 719 novel peptide substrates. The use of a more stable caged nitrile precursor instead of caged aminoluciferin rendered our parallel synthetic approach completely suitable for SPPS and serine protease profiling was demonstrated using late-stage aminoluciferin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Sondag
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J. A. Heming
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W. P. M. Löwik
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Krivosheeva
- Enzyre
BV, Novio Tech Campus,
Transistorweg 5-i, Nijmegen 6534 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Lejeune
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
- Enzyre
BV, Novio Tech Campus,
Transistorweg 5-i, Nijmegen 6534 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Geffen
- Enzyre
BV, Novio Tech Campus,
Transistorweg 5-i, Nijmegen 6534 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van’t Veer
- Enzyre
BV, Novio Tech Campus,
Transistorweg 5-i, Nijmegen 6534 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Waander L. van Heerde
- Enzyre
BV, Novio Tech Campus,
Transistorweg 5-i, Nijmegen 6534 AT, The Netherlands
- Department
of Haematology, Radboud University Medical
Centre, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Haemophilia
Treatment Centre, Nijmegen Eindhoven Maastricht
(HTC-NEM), Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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3
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Mauchauffée E, Leroy J, Chamcham J, Ejjoummany A, Maurel M, Nauton L, Ramassamy B, Mezghenna K, Boucher JL, Lajoix AD, Hernandez JF. S-Ethyl-Isothiocitrullin-Based Dipeptides and 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Pseudo-Dipeptides: Solid Phase Synthesis and Evaluation as NO Synthase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:5085. [PMID: 37446746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported dipeptidomimetic compounds as inhibitors of neuronal and/or inducible NO synthases (n/iNOS) with significant selectivity against endothelial NOS (eNOS). They were composed of an S-ethylisothiocitrullin-like moiety linked to an extension through a peptide bond or a 1,2,4-oxadiazole link. Here, we developed two further series where the extension size was increased to establish more favorable interactions in the NOS substrate access channel. The extension was introduced on the solid phase by the reductive alkylation of an amino-piperidine moiety or an aminoethyl segment in the case of dipeptide-like and 1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds, respectively, with various benzaldehydes. Compared to the previous series, more potent inhibitors were identified with IC50 in the micromolar to the submicromolar range, with significant selectivity toward nNOS. As expected, most compounds did not inhibit eNOS, and molecular modeling was carried out to characterize the reasons for the selectivity toward nNOS over eNOS. Spectral studies showed that compounds were interacting at the heme active site. Finally, selected inhibitors were found to inhibit intra-cellular iNOS and nNOS expressed in RAW264.7 and INS-1 cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mauchauffée
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Leroy
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-Métabolique, Univ. Montpellier, UFR Pharmacie, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jihanne Chamcham
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelaziz Ejjoummany
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Manon Maurel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Booma Ramassamy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, CEDEX 06, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Karima Mezghenna
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-Métabolique, Univ. Montpellier, UFR Pharmacie, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, CEDEX 06, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Dominique Lajoix
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-Métabolique, Univ. Montpellier, UFR Pharmacie, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Pôle Chimie Balard, 34293 Montpellier, France
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4
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Touati-Jallabe Y, Tintillier T, Mauchauffée E, Boucher JL, Leroy J, Ramassamy B, Hamzé A, Mezghenna K, Bouzekrini A, Verna C, Martinez J, Lajoix AD, Hernandez JF. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Substrate-Based Dipeptides and Heterocyclic Pseudo-dipeptides as Potential NO Synthase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:517-531. [PMID: 32027778 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 160 arginine analogues modified on the C-terminus via either an amide bond or a heterocyclic moiety (1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole) were prepared as potential inhibitors of NO synthases (NOS). A methodology involving formation of a thiocitrulline intermediate linked through its side-chain on a solid support followed by modification of its carboxylate group was developed. Finally, the side-chain thiourea group was either let unchanged, S-alkylated (Me, Et) or guanidinylated (Me, Et) to yield respectively after TFA treatment the corresponding thiocitrulline, S-Me/Et-isothiocitrulline and N-Me/Et-arginine substrate analogues. They all were tested against three recombinant NOS isoforms. Several compounds containing a S-Et- or a S-Me-Itc moiety and mainly belonging to both the dipeptide-like and 1,2,4-oxadiazole series were shown to inhibit nNOS and iNOS with IC50 in the 1-50 μM range. Spectral studies confirmed that these new compounds interacted at the heme active site. The more active compounds were found to inhibit intra-cellular iNOS expressed in RAW264.7 and INS-1 cells with similar efficiency than the reference compounds L-NIL and SEIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Touati-Jallabe
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Avara Pharmaceutical Services, Boucherville, QC, J4B 7 K8, Canada
| | - Thibault Tintillier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Asymptote Project Management, 1 rue Edisson, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Elodie Mauchauffée
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques UMR8601, CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Jérémy Leroy
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-métabolique, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Booma Ramassamy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques UMR8601, CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Abdallah Hamzé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Current address: BioCIS, UMR 8076, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Karima Mezghenna
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-métabolique, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Amine Bouzekrini
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-métabolique, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Verna
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Dominique Lajoix
- Centre Biocommunication en Cardio-métabolique, Université Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34000, Montpellier, France
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5
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Touati-Jallabe Y, Chiche L, Hamzé A, Aumelas A, Lisowski V, Berthomieu D, Martinez J, Hernandez JF. Cyclic Peptides with a Diversely Substituted Guanidine Bridge: Solid-Phase Synthesis and Structural Analysis. Chemistry 2011; 17:2566-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Zajdel P, Nomezine G, Masurier N, Amblard M, Pawłowski M, Martinez J, Subra G. A new highly versatile handle for chemistry on a solid support: the pipecolic linker. Chemistry 2010; 16:7547-53. [PMID: 20468039 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and potential application of the pipecolic linker is presented. This new versatile handle can immobilize primary, secondary, and aromatic amines, as well as alcohols, phenols, and hydrazides, on a solid support. Compared with other linkers, the anchoring step is easy and efficient. The release of final products from the resin proceeds upon acidic treatment with high purities. The pipecolic linker offers the promise of being using in peptide chemistry to produce peptides modified at the N and C terminus, peptidomimetics, as well as small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Zajdel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron IBMM, UMR CNRS 5247, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34000 Montpellier, France
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7
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Solid-phase synthesis of dipeptidic and pseudo-dipeptidic potential NOS inhibitors through a side-chain anchoring approach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:133-4. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Katritzky AR, Meher G, Narindoshvili T. Efficient Synthesis of Peptides by Extension at the N- and C-Terminii of Arginine. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7153-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800805w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Geeta Meher
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Tamari Narindoshvili
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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9
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Hassan AA, Döupp D. Thermolysis ofN,N″-1,ω-alkanediyl-bis[n′-organylthiourea] derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Beythien J, Barthélémy S, Schneeberger P, White PD. A novel solid-phase linker strategy for the side-chain anchoring of arginine: an expeditious route to arginine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarins. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Lapeyre M, Leprince J, Massonneau M, Oulyadi H, Renard PY, Romieu A, Turcatti G, Vaudry H. Aryldithioethyloxycarbonyl (Ardec): A New Family of Amine Protecting Groups Removable under Mild Reducing Conditions and Their Applications to Peptide Synthesis. Chemistry 2006; 12:3655-71. [PMID: 16514683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of phenyldithioethyloxycarbonyl (Phdec) and 2-pyridyldithioethyloxycarbonyl (Pydec) protecting groups, which are thiol-labile urethanes, is described. These new disulfide-based protecting groups were introduced onto the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine; the resulting amino acid derivatives were easily converted into N alpha-Fmoc building blocks suitable for both solid- and solution-phase peptide synthesis. Model dipeptide(Ardec)s were prepared by using classical peptide couplings followed by standard deprotection protocols. They were used to optimize the conditions for complete thiolytic removal of the Ardec groups both in aqueous and organic media. Phdec and Pydec were found to be cleaved within 15 to 30 min under mild reducing conditions: i) by treatment with dithiothreitol or beta-mercaptoethanol in Tris.HCl buffer (pH 8.5-9.0) for deprotection in water and ii) by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol and 1,8-diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in N-methylpyrrolidinone for deprotection in an organic medium. Successful solid-phase synthesis of hexapeptides Ac-Lys-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Lys(Ardec)-NH2 has clearly demonstrated the full orthogonality of these new amino protecting groups with Fmoc and Boc protections. The utility of the Ardec orthogonal deprotection strategy for site-specific chemical modification of peptides bearing several amino groups was illustrated firstly by the preparation of a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-3 protease containing the cyanine dyes Cy 3.0 and Cy 5.0 as FRET donor/acceptor pair, and by solid-phase synthesis of an hexapeptide bearing a single biotin reporter group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milaine Lapeyre
- IRCOF/LHO, Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, UMR 6014 CNRS, INSA de Rouen et Université de Rouen, 1, rue Tesnières, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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13
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Olsen CA, Jørgensen MR, Hansen SH, Witt M, Jaroszewski JW, Franzyk H. Side-Chain-Anchored Nα-Fmoc-Tyr-OPfp for Bidirectional Solid-Phase Synthesis. Org Lett 2005; 7:1703-6. [PMID: 15844885 DOI: 10.1021/ol050305o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A mild resin-immobilization strategy employing a readily prepared trityl bromide resin for anchoring building blocks via a phenol group has been developed. With N(alpha)-Fmoc-Tyr-OPfp as a starter building block, it was possible to prepare asymmetrically substituted hybrids of spider- and wasp-type polyamine toxins using solid-phase peptide synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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