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Tyurin VS, Shkirdova AO, Koifman OI, Zamilatskov IA. Meso-Formyl, Vinyl, and Ethynyl Porphyrins-Multipotent Synthons for Obtaining a Diverse Array of Functional Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:5782. [PMID: 37570752 PMCID: PMC10421532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents a strategy for obtaining various functional derivatives of tetrapyrrole compounds based on transformations of unsaturated carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bonds of the substituents at the meso position (meso-formyl, vinyl, and ethynyl porphyrins). First, synthetic approaches to the preparation of these precursors are described. Then diverse pathways for the transformations of the multipotent synthons are discussed, revealing a variety of products of such reactions. The structures, electronic, and optical properties of the compounds obtained by the methods under consideration are analyzed. In addition, there is an overview of the applications of the products obtained. Biomedical use of the compounds is among the most important. Finally, the advantages of using the reviewed synthetic strategy to obtain dyes with targeted properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S. Tyurin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena O. Shkirdova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oscar I. Koifman
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia;
| | - Ilya A. Zamilatskov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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2
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β-Pyrrole functionalized porphyrins: Synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in sensing and DSSC. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Julliard PG, Pascal S, Siri O, Cortés-Arriagada D, Sanhueza L, Canard G. Functionalized porphyrins from meso-poly-halogeno-alkyl-dipyrromethanes: synthesis and characterization. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Senge MO, Sergeeva NN, Hale KJ. Classic highlights in porphyrin and porphyrinoid total synthesis and biosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4730-4789. [PMID: 33623938 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins feature prominently in nature, be it as enzymatic cofactors, electron and exciton shuffles, as photoactive dyes, or as signaling substances. Their involvement in the generation, storage and use of oxygen is pivotal to life, while their photochemical properties are central to the biochemical functioning of plants. When complexed to metals, porphyrins can engage in a multitude of contemporary applications ranging from solar energy generation to serving as catalysts for important chemical reactions. They are also able to function as useful theranostic agents, and as novel materials for a wide range of applications. As such, they are widely considered to be highly valuable molecules, and it almost goes without saying that synthetic organic chemistry has dramatically underpinned all the key advances made, by providing reliable access to them. In fact, strategies for the synthesis of functionalized porphyrins have now reached a state of refinement where pretty well any desired porphyrin can successfully be synthesized with the approaches that are available, including a cornucopia of related macrocycle-modified porphyrinoids. In this review, we are going to illustrate the development of this exciting field by discussing a number of classic syntheses of porphyrins. Our coverage will encompass the natural protoporphyrins and chlorophylls, while also covering general strategies for the synthesis of unsymmetrical porphyrins and chlorins. Various industrial syntheses of porphyrins will also be discussed, as will other routes of great practical importance, and avenues to key porphyrinoids with modified macrocycles. A range of selected examples of contemporary functionalization reactions will be highlighted. The various key syntheses will be described and analyzed from a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry perspective to help student readers, and those who are new to this area. The aim will be to allow readers to mechanistically appreciate and understand how many of these fascinating ring-systems are built and further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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5
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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6
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Cerqueira AFR, Moura NMM, Serra VV, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Neves MGPMS. β-Formyl- and β-Vinylporphyrins: Magic Building Blocks for Novel Porphyrin Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081269. [PMID: 28758915 PMCID: PMC6152163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing formyl or vinyl groups have been explored as starting materials to prepare new compounds with adequate features for different applications. In this review it is discussed mainly synthetic strategies based on the reaction of meso-tetraarylporphyrins bearing those groups at β-pyrrolic positions. The use of some of the obtained porphyrin derivatives for further transformations, namely via pericyclic reactions, is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F R Cerqueira
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vanda Vaz Serra
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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8
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Momo PB, Sampaio OM, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Selective Vilsmeier–Haack aryl-formylations of tetrathienylporphyrin and its Ni(II) complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective aryl-formylations of tetrathienylporphyrin and its Ni(II) complex were performed with the Vilsmeier–Haack reaction. We have studied different solvents and temperatures to obtain the mono, di, tri and tetra-formylated porphyrins, all at the α-position of the thienyl groups. No β-formylations were observed and the four different formylated products presented here are suitable intermediates for subsequent extended conjugation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B. Momo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, SP 310, 13.565-905 São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Olívia M. Sampaio
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, SP 310, 13.565-905 São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, SP 310, 13.565-905 São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, SP 310, 13.565-905 São Carlos SP, Brazil
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9
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Pereira NAM, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Dipyrromethanes. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2014.903140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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10
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Önal E, Yerli Y, Cosut B, Pilet G, Ahsen V, Luneau D, Hirel C. Nitronyl and imino nitroxide free radicals as precursors of magnetic phthalocyanine and porphyrin building blocks. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phthalonitrile and benzaldehyde bearing α-nitronyl and α-imino nitroxide free radicals have been synthesized as precursors of nitroxide substituted phthalocyanine and porphyrin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Önal
- Gebze Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615)
| | - Yusuf Yerli
- Gebze Institute of Technology
- Department of Physics
- 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bunyemin Cosut
- Gebze Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615)
- Campus de La Doua
- 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Gebze Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dominique Luneau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (UMR 5615)
- Campus de La Doua
- 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Hirel
- Gebze Institute of Technology
- Department of Chemistry
- 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
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11
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Bihani M, Bora PP, Bez G, Askari H. Amberlyst A21: A reusable solid catalyst for green synthesis of pyran annulated heterocycles at room temperature. CR CHIM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Takanami T. Functionalization of Porphyrins through C-C Bond Formation Reactions with Functional Group-Bearing Organometallic Reagents. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Sugita N, Hayashi S, Hino F, Takanami T. Palladium-catalyzed Kumada Coupling Reaction of Bromoporphyrins with Silylmethyl Grignard Reagents: Preparation of Silylmethyl-substituted Porphyrins as a Multipurpose Synthon for Fabrication of Porphyrin Systems. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10488-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sugita
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588,
Japan
| | - Fumio Hino
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588,
Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Takanami
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588,
Japan
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Abstract
Recent developments in the synthesis and transformation of porphyrins and their derivatives are presented. In connection with the Fifth International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-5) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic advances in porphyrin chemistry. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from 2004 to late 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Horn
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katja Dahms
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Gryko DT, Gryko D, Lee CH. 5-Substituted dipyrranes: synthesis and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3780-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Satapathy R, Dash BP, Zheng C, Maguire JA, Hosmane NS. Carboranylpyrroles: A Synthetic Investigation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3562-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmirekha Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, United States
| | - Barada Prasanna Dash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, United States
| | - Chong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, United States
| | - John A. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Narayan S. Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, United States
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17
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Satapathy R, Dash BP, Maguire JA, Hosmane NS. New developments in the medicinal chemistry of carboranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The advancements in the synthetic chemistry of carboranes and metallacarboranes have given rise to diversified uses in medicinal chemistry, resulting in many new medical applications. An overview of the medicinal chemistry of carboranes is presented emphasizing the use of nanoparticles, dendrimers, porphyrins and carbohydrates as boron carriers. A review with 80 references.
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Abstract
Synthetic meso-substituted porphyrins offer significant attractions compared with naturally occurring beta-substituted porphyrins. The attractions include the rectilinear arrangement of the four meso substituents and potential synthetic amenability from pyrrole and simple acyl reactants, thereby avoiding the cumbersome syntheses of beta-substituted pyrroles. In practice, however, the classical methods for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins were characterized by high-temperature reactions, limited scope of substituents, and statistical mixtures accompanied by laborious chromatography if porphyrins bearing two different types of substituents were sought. Such methods left unrealized the tremendous utility of meso-substituted porphyrins across the enormously broad field of porphyrin science, which touches pure chemistry; energy, life and materials sciences; and medicine. This Account surveys a set of strategies, developed over a generation, that provide rational access to porphyrins bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. A "2 + 2" route employs a dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol and a dipyrromethane (bearing ABC- and D-substituents, respectively) in a two-step, one-flask process of acid-catalyzed condensation followed by oxidation at room temperature to form the free base "ABCD-porphyrin." A "bilane" route relies on the acid-catalyzed reaction of a 1-acyldipyrromethane (CD substituents) and a 9-bromodipyrromethane-1-carbinol (AB substituents) to form the corresponding 19-acyl-1-bromobilane. Reaction of the latter compound in the presence of MgBr(2), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and toluene at reflux exposed to air affords the corresponding magnesium(II) porphyrin. The two routes are complementary, both in scope and in implementation. A suite of methods also affords trans-A(2)B(2)-porphyrins by reaction of a dipyrromethane and an aldehyde, self-condensation of a dipyrromethane-1-carbinol, or self-condensation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane. These new routes are also useful for preparing sparsely substituted porphyrins, which bear fewer than four meso substituents (e.g., trans-AB-porphyrins, A-porphyrins). Because of their compact size and the ability to incorporate hydrophilic or amphipathic groups, such molecules are ideal for biological applications. The success of these new synthetic strategies has relied on a number of advances including (1) the development of simple yet efficient routes to dipyrromethanes, acyldipyrromethanes, and dipyrromethane-carbinols, (2) the identification of acid catalysts and reaction conditions for condensations of pyrromethane species without accompanying acidolysis (which underlies scrambling and formation of a mixture of porphyrin products), (3) the development of analytical methods to rapidly screen for scrambling and to characterize the distribution of oligopyrromethanes and macrocycles, (4) selection and refinement of synthetic methods to increase yields and to limit or avoid use of chromatography, thereby achieving scalability to multigram levels, and (5) exploitation of discoveries concerning the fundamental chemistry of pyrrolic species. With these developments, the prior era of porphyrin synthesis has been supplanted with rational routes that proceed under very mild conditions and afford a single porphyrin bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. The meso substituents encompass a very wide range of molecular complexity. The resulting porphyrins can serve as building blocks in the construction of model systems, as components of molecular materials, and as surrogates for naturally occurring tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Takanami T, Matsumoto J, Kumagai Y, Sawaizumi A, Suda K. A facile one-pot preparation of meso-hydroxymethylporphyrins via a sequential SNAr reaction with (2-pyridyldimethylsilyl)methyllithium followed by hydrolysis and aerobic oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Three free base porphyrins have been prepared that bear a polar and facially encumbering 2,4,6-tris(carboxymethoxy)phenyl motif at one meso (5-) position. The only other substituent (15-position) comprises phenyl, formyl, or p-aminophenyl. The porphyrins exhibit solubility in water (or aqueous buffer solutions) at pH >/=7 and concentrations >1 mM at room temperature. The concise syntheses, water-solubility, and bioconjugatable handle make these porphyrin constructs suitable for biological applications.
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Dogutan DK, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS. Rational or Statistical Routes from 1-Acyldipyrromethanes to meso-Substituted Porphyrins. Distinct Patterns, Multiple Pyridyl Substituents, and Amphipathic Architectures. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6187-201. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800588n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Kiper Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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22
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Synthesis of Porphyrins Bearing Multiple meso-Aminoalkyl Groups. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Schmidt I, Kee HL, Holten D, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Porphyrin, Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Molecules Bearing Tethers for Surface Attachment. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yao Z, Bhaumik J, Dhanalekshmi S, Ptaszek M, Rodriguez PA, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of porphyrins bearing 1-4 hydroxymethyl groups and other one-carbon oxygenic substituents in distinct patterns. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:10657-10670. [PMID: 18037972 PMCID: PMC2084395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins that bear one-carbon oxygenic substituents (hydroxymethyl, formyl, ester) directly attached to the macrocycle afford a compact architecture that is attractive for diverse applications. Routes to 9 porphyrins bearing such groups in distinct architectures (A(4)-, trans-A(2)-, trans-A(2)B(2)-, trans-AB- and trans-AB(2)C-porphyrins) have been explored (A = hydroxymethyl), including porphyrins bearing two one-carbon units in different oxidation states (hydroxymethyl/ester, formyl/ester). The hydroxymethyl group was introduced via TBDMS-protected dipyrromethane precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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Abstract
Two distinct approaches have been developed for the synthesis of chlorins bearing formyl groups: (1) reaction of an acetal-substituted 1-acyldipyrromethane with 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3,3-trimethyldipyrrin to give upon hydrolysis a 5-formylchlorin and (2) Pd-mediated coupling of a bromochlorin with a one-carbon synthon (hydroxymethyl tributyltin or CO) to give a 13-, 15-, or 3,13-formylchlorin. The zinc chlorins exhibit long-wavelength peak absorption maxima ranging from 626 to 667 nm, indicating the wavelength tunability afforded by formyl substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Muthiah
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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26
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Fan D, Taniguchi M, Yao Z, Dhanalekshmi S, Lindsey JS. 1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes in the synthesis of porphyrins bearing one or two meso substituents. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Pelkey ET. Five-membered ring systems: pyrroles and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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28
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Felber B, Diederich F. Synthesis of Dendritic Metalloporphyrins withDistal H-Bond Donors as Model Systems for Hemoglobin. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200490288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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