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Le SP, Krishna J, Gupta P, Dutta R, Li S, Chen J, Thayumanavan S. Polymers for Disrupting Protein-Protein Interactions: Where Are We and Where Should We Be? Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39254158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are central to the cellular signaling and regulatory networks that underlie many physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is challenging to target PPIs using traditional small molecule or peptide-based approaches due to the frequent lack of well-defined binding pockets at the large and flat PPI interfaces. Synthetic polymers offer an opportunity to circumvent these challenges by providing unparalleled flexibility in tuning their physiochemical properties to achieve the desired binding properties. In this review, we summarize the current state of the field pertaining to polymer-protein interactions in solution, highlighting various polyelectrolyte systems, their tunable parameters, and their characterization. We provide an outlook on how these architectures can be improved by incorporating sequence control, foldability, and machine learning to mimic proteins at every structural level. Advances in these directions will enable the design of more specific protein-binding polymers and provide an effective strategy for targeting dynamic proteins, such as intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jithu Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ranit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shanlong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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2
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Gutierrez-Ulloa CE, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, García-Broncano P, Malý M, Muñoz-Fernández MA, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R. Synthesis of bow-tie carbosilane dendrimers and their HIV antiviral capacity: A comparison of the dendritic topology on the biological process. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Wang H, Raghupathi KR, Zhuang J, Thayumanavan S. Activatable Dendritic 19F Probes for Enzyme Detection. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:422-425. [PMID: 25949857 PMCID: PMC4416465 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel activatable probe for fluorine-19 NMR based on self-assembling amphiphilic dendrons. The dendron probe has been designed to be spectroscopically silent due to the formation of large aggregates. Upon exposure to the specific target enzyme, the aggregates disassemble to give rise to a sharp 19F NMR signal. The probe is capable of detecting enzyme concentrations in the low nanomolar range. Response time of the probe was found to be affected by the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of dendrons. Understanding the structural factors that underlie this design principle provides the pathway for using this strategy for a broad range of enzyme-based imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Krishna R. Raghupathi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jiaming Zhuang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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4
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Amado Torres D, Garzoni M, Subrahmanyam AV, Pavan GM, Thayumanavan S. Protein-triggered supramolecular disassembly: insights based on variations in ligand location in amphiphilic dendrons. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5385-99. [PMID: 24641469 PMCID: PMC4004214 DOI: 10.1021/ja500634u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We use monodisperse dendrons that allow control over functional group presentation to investigate the influence of the location of a ligand on protein-induced disassembly and release of encapsulated small molecules. Based on both experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that ligand location greatly influences release of guest molecules from the dendron-based supramolecular assembly. We show that a ligand moiety grafted to the dendron periphery is more accessible for the target protein in aqueous solution. On the other hand, the ligand moiety placed at the focal point or at the intermediate layer within the dendritic scaffold is less accessible, since it is surrounded by an environment rich in PEG chains, which hinders binding and even influences nonspecific interactions. We also demonstrate that the specific binding between one ligand and the target protein can destabilize the dendritic assembly. Furthermore, if more ligands are available, multivalent interactions are also possible with extravidin, which speed up disassembly and trigger the release of hydrophobic guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Amado Torres
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matteo Garzoni
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Science of Southern Switzerland, Manno 6928, Switzerland
| | - Ayyagari V. Subrahmanyam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Science of Southern Switzerland, Manno 6928, Switzerland
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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5
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Patra S, Kozura B, Huang AYT, Enciso AE, Sun X, Hsieh JT, Kao CL, Chen HT, Simanek EE. Dendrimers terminated with dichlorotriazine groups provide a route to compositional diversity. Org Lett 2013; 15:3808-11. [PMID: 23869522 DOI: 10.1021/ol400811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triazine dendrimers terminated with either four or eight dichlorotriazines can be prepared in high yields by reacting an amine-terminated dendrimer with cyanuric chloride. These materials exist as white powders and are stable to storage at room temperature. Sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution with two different amine nucleophiles yields compounds that display the desired compositional diversity. Reaction conditions for the substitution were developed using a model dichlorotriazine with amine nucleophiles at -20, 0, and 25 °C. Selective substitution is favored at lower temperatures and with more nucleophilic amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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6
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Guest Covalent Capture by a Host: A Biomimetic Strategy for the Selective Functionalization of a Cavity. Chemistry 2012; 19:642-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Caminade AM, Laurent R, Delavaux-Nicot B, Majoral JP. “Janus” dendrimers: syntheses and properties. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Baker MB, Ghiviriga I, Castellano RK. Molecular multifunctionalization via electronically coupled lactones. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Kose MM, Onbulak S, Yilmaz II, Sanyal A. Orthogonally “Clickable” Biodegradable Dendrons. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200593r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Merve Kose
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebla Onbulak
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Idil Ipek Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Ornelas C, Pennell R, Liebes LF, Weck M. Construction of a Well-Defined Multifunctional Dendrimer for Theranostics. Org Lett 2011; 13:976-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol103019z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Ornelas
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States, and Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ryan Pennell
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States, and Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Leonard F. Liebes
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States, and Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, 31 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States, and Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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11
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Sharma A, Neibert K, Sharma R, Hourani R, Maysinger D, Kakkar A. Facile Construction of Multifunctional Nanocarriers Using Sequential Click Chemistry for Applications in Biology. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Kevin Neibert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada
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12
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Azagarsamy MA, Krishnamoorthy K, Sivanandan K, Thayumanavan S. Site-specific installation and study of electroactive units in every layer of dendrons. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9475-85. [PMID: 19905006 PMCID: PMC2795052 DOI: 10.1021/jo902109u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whereas encapsulation of functional groups at the core of dendrimers is well-understood, very little is known about their intermediate layers or even the periphery. Here we report on a systematic investigation of every layer of dendrimers by incorporating a single ferrocene unit in well-defined locations in dendrons. Site-specific incorporation of the ferrocene unit was achieved by utilizing the dendrimer sequencing methodology. We show here that the redox potential values of ferrocene at intermediate layers were remarkably different from those at the core and the periphery. Although redox potential values were location-dependent, no significant change in the rate of heterogeneous electron transfer (k(0)) was observed with respect to locations. This was attributed to the possibility that free rotation of dendrimer nullifies the distance between the electrode and ferrocene unit. Finally, we also show that no Faradaic current was observed for the amphiphilic assemblies of these dendrons, whereas the same dendron did exhibit significant Faradaic current in nonassembling solvent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malar A Azagarsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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13
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Ornelas C, Weck M. Construction of well-defined multifunctional dendrimers using a trifunctional core. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5710-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b913139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Liav A, Angala SK, Brennan PJ. N‐Glycosyl‐N′‐[p‐(isoamyloxy)phenyl]‐thiourea Derivatives: Potential Anti‐TB Therapeutic Agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701865777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Liav
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Shiva K. Angala
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
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15
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Korduláková J, Janin YL, Liav A, Barilone N, Dos Vultos T, Rauzier J, Brennan PJ, Gicquel B, Jackson M. Isoxyl activation is required for bacteriostatic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3824-9. [PMID: 17785510 PMCID: PMC2151411 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00433-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoxyl (ISO), a thiourea derivative that was successfully used for the clinical treatment of tuberculosis during the 1960s, is an inhibitor of the synthesis of oleic and mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its effect on oleic acid synthesis has been shown to be attributable to its inhibitory activity on the stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase DesA3, but its enzymatic target(s) in the mycolic acid pathway remains to be identified. With the goal of elucidating the mode of action of ISO, we have isolated a number of spontaneous ISO-resistant mutants of M. tuberculosis and undertaken their genotypic characterization. We report here the characterization of a subset of these strains carrying mutations in the monooxygenase gene ethA. Through complementation studies, we demonstrate for the first time that the EthA-mediated oxidation of ISO is absolutely required for this prodrug to inhibit its lethal enzymatic target(s) in M. tuberculosis. An analysis of the metabolites resulting from the in vitro transformation of ISO by purified EthA revealed the occurrence of a formimidamide allowing the formulation of an activation pathway in which the oxidation of ISO catalyzed by EthA is followed by chemical transformations involving extrusion or elimination and, finally, hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Korduláková
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, URA 2128 CNRS-Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
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16
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Tolosa J, Romero-Nieto C, Díez-Barra E, Sánchez-Verdú P, Rodríguez-López J. Control of Surface Functionality in Poly(phenylenevinylene) Dendritic Architectures. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3847-52. [PMID: 17439284 DOI: 10.1021/jo070210v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of new asymmetric poly(phenylenevinylene) dendritic macromolecules using a stepwise convergent-growth approach is described. By an iterative methodology that made use of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction, dendrons and dendrimers up to the third generation, with eight different functional groups located at the periphery, were prepared in good yields. Both the number and placement of functionalities can be accurately controlled to afford a large variety of dendritic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tolosa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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17
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18
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Ambade AV, Chen Y, Thayumanavan S. Controlled functional group presentations in dendrimers as a tool to probe the hyperbranched architecture. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b617628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Nantalaksakul A, Dasari RR, Ahn TS, Al-Kaysi R, Bardeen CJ, Thayumanavan S. Dendrimer Analogues of Linear Molecules to Evaluate Energy and Charge-Transfer Properties. Org Lett 2006; 8:2981-4. [PMID: 16805532 DOI: 10.1021/ol0608956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] We have designed and synthesized difunctionalized dendrimers containing two donors in the periphery and an acceptor at the core to serve as scaffolds for comparison with linear analogues to investigate the advantage of dendritic scaffolds for energy and charge transfer. Comparison of these dendrimers with the fully decorated dendrimers provides information on the advantage of chromophore density in energy/charge transfer from periphery to the core.
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20
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Chen CH, Lin JT, Yeh MCP. Nonconjugated Red-Emitting Dendrimers with p-Type and/or n-Type Peripheries. Org Lett 2006; 8:2233-6. [PMID: 16706494 DOI: 10.1021/ol060493y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Dendron-encapsulated materials having a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-based red-emitting core and p-type and/or n-type peripheries were synthesized. Intra- and intermolecular energy transfer from the peripheries to the core were found to be peripheries dependent. Red-emitting electroluminescent devices with promising performance were fabricated.
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21
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Ambade AV, Savariar EN, Thayumanavan S. Dendrimeric micelles for controlled drug release and targeted delivery. Mol Pharm 2005; 2:264-72. [PMID: 16053329 PMCID: PMC2580075 DOI: 10.1021/mp050020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in dendrimer-based micelles for drug delivery. Dendrimers, the perfectly branched monodisperse macromolecules, have certain structural advantages that make them attractive candidates as drug carriers for controlled release or targeted delivery. As polymeric micelle-based approaches precede the work in dendrimers, these are also discussed briefly. The review concludes with a perspective on possible applications of biaryl-based dendrimeric micelles that exhibit environment-dependent conformations, in drug delivery.
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Malkoch M, Schleicher K, Drockenmuller E, Hawker CJ, Russell TP, Wu P, Fokin VV. Structurally Diverse Dendritic Libraries: A Highly Efficient Functionalization Approach Using Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Malkoch
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Kristin Schleicher
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Peng Wu
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Valery V. Fokin
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; Departments of Chemistry, Materials and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; and Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, BCC-315 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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23
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Sivanandan K, Aathimanikandan SV, Arges CG, Bardeen CJ, Thayumanavan S. Probing Every Layer in Dendrons. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2020-1. [PMID: 15713060 DOI: 10.1021/ja043356+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendrons with a fluorescent probe in a specific location have been synthesized and characterized. Accessibility of guest molecules to each of these layers was then analyzed using an intermolecular photoinduced electron-transfer process. Comparisons of the accessibility among each layer of the dendron and among the generations are provided.
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24
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Justin Thomas KR, Thompson AL, Sivakumar AV, Bardeen CJ, Thayumanavan S. Energy and Electron Transfer in Bifunctional Non-Conjugated Dendrimers. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 127:373-83. [PMID: 15631488 DOI: 10.1021/ja044778m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonconjugated dendrimers, which are capable of funneling energy from the periphery to the core followed by a charge-transfer process from the core to the periphery, have been synthesized. The energy and electron donors involve a diarylaminopyrene unit and are incorporated at the periphery of these dendrimers. The energy and electron acceptor is at the core of the dendrimer, which involves a chromophore based on a benzthiadiazole moiety. The backbone of the dendrimers is benzyl ether based. A direct electron-transfer quenching of the excited state of the periphery or a sequential energy transfer-electron-transfer pathway are the two limiting mechanisms of the observed photophysical properties. We find that the latter mechanism is prevalent in these dendrimers. The energy transfer occurs on a picosecond time scale, while the charge-transfer process occurs on a nanosecond time scale. The lifetime of the charge separated species was found to be in the range of microseconds. Energy transfer efficiencies ranging from 80% to 90% were determined using both steady-state and time-resolved measurements, while charge-transfer efficiencies ranging from 70% to 80% were deduced from fluorescence quenching of the core chromophore. The dependence of the energy and charge-transfer processes on dendrimer generation is analyzed in terms of the backfolding of the flexible benzyl ether backbone, which leads to a weaker dependence of the energy and charge-transfer efficiencies on dendrimer size than would be expected for a rigid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Justin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Vutukuri DR, Basu S, Thayumanavan S. Dendrimers with Both Polar and Apolar Nanocontainer Characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15636-7. [PMID: 15571373 DOI: 10.1021/ja0449628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic dendrimers with a custom-designed biaryl repeat unit have been synthesized. These dendrimers afford hydrophobic nanocontainers in polar solvents and hydrophilic nanocontainers in apolar solvents. These container properties were investigated using dye incorporation studies. The aggregation states of these dendrimers are also reported using DLS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Rao Vutukuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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