One-Pot Preparation of Arylalkynes by a Tandem Catalytic Iodination of Arenes and Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Iodoarenes with Terminal Alkynes

Metal-free iodination of arylaldehydes for total synthesis of aristogins A-F and hernandial

Iodine is one of the most effective sources for iodination of aromatic compounds; however, its electrophilicity is insufficient for direct iodination. The selection of appropriate environmentally friendly and cost-effective oxidants in combination with iodine for the iodination of aromatic rings, along with its application in the synthesis of natural products, holds significant importance. A highly efficient method utilizing I(III) as the initiator has been successfully developed for monoiodination of arylaldehydes. The method demonstrates good compatibility with a wide range of (hetero)aromatic aldehydes, resulting in moderate to excellent yields, without the need for any toxic, volatile or explosive reagents. The synthesis of seven natural products, namely aristogins A-F and hernandial, was achieved through this iodination followed by Ullmann-type coupling.

Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Lithium Nucleophiles Enabled by Molecularly Defined Alkynyllithium Palladium Catalysts

Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings of aryl chlorides usually call for bulky, electron-rich ligands such as phosphines or heterocyclic carbenes. We have now found that similarly powerful cross-coupling catalysts are obtained by the reaction of palladium salts with alkynyllithium reagents. The species initially formed in this process was characterized as a dilithium tetraalkinyl palladate complex. It catalyzes the coupling of aryl chlorides with the lithium salts of various terminal alkynes to give alkynyl arenes. The isolated Li-alkynyl-Pd complex also efficiently promotes the reaction of aryl, and allyl chlorides with (hetero)aryl-, alkyl-, and allyllithium compounds as well as lithium amides. None of these reactions proceeded in the presence of palladium salts alone. The preparative utility of this approach was demonstrated by the synthesis of 49 molecules, including pharmaceutically relevant compounds.

A Green Alternative for the Direct Aerobic Iodination of Arenes Using Molecular Iodine and a POM@MOF Catalyst

Iodoarenes are important precursors for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The direct iodination of arenes using molecular iodine (I₂) has emerged as an attractive green synthesis method. Most of the direct iodination protocols are still homogeneous systems that require harsh conditions and use or produce toxic products. We report a new heterogeneous catalytic route for the direct aerobic iodination of arenes under mild conditions using a PMoV₂ polyoxometalate (POM) embedded in the metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101 (PMoV₂@MIL-101). The catalyst shows full yield for the conversion of mesitylene to 2-iodomesitylene at a rate that is similar to the homogeneous POM system. Moreover, the catalyst is applicable for a wide range of substrates in an oxygen atmosphere without using any co-catalysts or sacrificial agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on designing a sustainable and green MOF-based heterogeneous catalytic system for the direct iodination reaction using molecular oxygen and iodine.

NCBSI/KI: A Reagent System for Iodination of Aromatics through In Situ Generation of I-Cl

In situ iodine monochloride (I-Cl) generation followed by iodination of aromatics using NCBSI/KI system has been developed. The NCBSI reagent requires no activation due to longer bond length, lower bond dissociation energy, and higher absolute charge density on nitrogen. The system is adequate for mono- and diiodination of a wide range of moderate to highly activated arenes with good yield and purity. Moreover, the precursor N-(benzenesulfonyl)benzenesulfonamide can be recovered and transformed to NCBSI, making the protocol eco-friendly and cost-effective.

A palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization route to ketones via the oxidative coupling of arenes with carbon monoxide

We describe the development of a new palladium-catalyzed method to generate ketones via the oxidative coupling of two arenes and CO. This transformation is catalyzed by simple palladium salts, and is postulated to proceed via the conversion of arenes into high energy aroyl triflate electrophiles. Exploiting the latter can also allow the synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones from two different arenes.

A palladium catalyzed route to prepare aryl ketones from their two fundamental building blocks, two arenes and carbon monoxide, is described.

Catalytic Bromination of Alkyl sp3C-H Bonds with KBr/Air under Visible Light

Alkyl sp³C-H bonds of cycloalkanes and functional branch/linear alkanes have been successfully brominated with KBr using air or O₂ as an oxidant at room temperature to 40 °C. The reactions are carried out in the presence of catalytic NaNO₂ in 37% HCl (aq)/solvent under visible light, combining aerobic oxidations and photochemical radical processes. For various alkane substrates, CF₃CH₂OH, CHCl₃, or CH₂Cl₂ is employed as an organic solvent, respectively, to enhance the efficiency of bromination.

Functional Enzyme Mimics for Oxidative Halogenation Reactions that Combat Biofilm Formation

Transition-metal oxide nanoparticles and molecular coordination compounds are highlighted as functional mimics of halogenating enzymes. These enzymes are involved in halometabolite biosynthesis. Their activity is based upon the formation of hypohalous acids from halides and hydrogen peroxide or oxygen, which form bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities in follow-up reactions. Therefore, enzyme mimics and halogenating enzymes may be valuable tools to combat biofilm formation. Here, halogenating enzyme models are briefly described, enzyme mimics are classified according to their catalytic functions, and current knowledge about the settlement chemistry and adhesion of fouling organisms is summarized. Enzyme mimics with the highest potential are showcased. They may find application in antifouling coatings, indoor and outdoor paints, polymer membranes for water desalination, or in aquacultures, but also on surfaces for food packaging, door handles, hand rails, push buttons, keyboards, and other elements made of plastic where biofilms are present. The use of natural compounds, formed in situ with nontoxic and abundant metal oxide enzyme mimics, represents a novel and efficient "green" strategy to emulate and utilize a natural defense system for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm growth.

Late stage iodination of biologically active agents using a one-pot process from aryl amines

A tandem process has been developed for the general preparation of aryl iodide compounds from anilines that is also applicable for the late-stage iodination of biologically active agents.

Recyclable ionic liquid iodinating reagent for solvent free, regioselective iodination of activated aromatic and heteroaromatic amines

This article describes a simple, efficient method for iodination of activated aromatic/heteroaromatic amines using BMPDCI as a recyclable ionic liquid iodinating reagent, in the absence of any solvent, base/toxic heavy metals, or oxidizing agents.

Transition-metal-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions: a remarkable advance from palladium to nickel catalysts

In the transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the use of the first row transition metals as catalysts is much more appealing than the precious metals owing to the apparent advantages such as cheapness and earth abundance. Within the last two decades, particularly the last five years, explosive interests have been focused on the nickel-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. This has greatly advanced the chemistry of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Most notably, a broad range of aryl electrophiles such as phenols, aryl ethers, esters, carbonates, carbamates, sulfamates, phosphates, phosphoramides, phosphonium salts, and fluorides, as well as various alkyl electrophiles, which are conventionally challenging, by applying palladium catalysts can now be coupled efficiently with boron reagents in the presence of nickel catalysts. In this review, we would like to summarize the progress in this reaction.

Palladium complexes derived from N,N-bidentate NH-iminophosphorane ligands: synthesis and use as catalysts in the Sonogashira reaction

The addition of primary amines to the C=C bond of diphenylalkenyl iminophosphoranes yielded a new subtype of N,N-bidentate ligands bearing N=P(V)-C-C-NH backbones. These donor ligands reacted with PdCl(2)(COD) to give the corresponding σN,σN-palladium complexes containing secondary amino groups, bearing an intrinsically chiral nitrogen atom, and iminophosphorane units. These new complexes have been fully characterized by the use of spectroscopic techniques and X-ray crystallography. The comparison of the data extracted from their solution NMR spectra with their solid state structures demonstrated the conformational stability of their six-membered chelate ring and also the configurational stability of the chiral nitrogen atom, thus ruling out an arm-off racemization process. The addition of the chiral, racemic α-methylbenzylamine to the prochiral P-alkenyl iminophosphoranes yielded mixtures of the two expected diasteroisomeric ligands in low diastereoisomeric ratios. One of these mixtures was resolved into their components, each one in turn giving rise to a pair of diasteromeric palladium complexes epimeric at the amino nitrogen atom. One selected example of the new complexes efficiently catalyzes the copper- and amine-free Sonogashira reaction of aryl halides with acetylenes.

Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis

This review article summarizes the applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis since 2002. Although there are an increasing number of reports on applications of bismuth(III) salts in polymerization reactions, and their importance is acknowledged, they are not included in this review. This review is largely organized by the reaction type although some reactions can clearly be placed in multiple sections. While every effort has been made to include all relevant reports in this field, any omission is inadvertent and we apologize in advance for the same (358 references).