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Guevara-Vela JM, Gallegos M, Valentín-Rodríguez MA, Costales A, Rocha-Rinza T, Pendás ÁM. On the Relationship between Hydrogen Bond Strength and the Formation Energy in Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds. Molecules 2021; 26:4196. [PMID: 34299473 PMCID: PMC8303970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHB) are intramolecular contacts that are characterised by being particularly energetic. This fact is often attributed to the delocalisation of π electrons in the system. In the present article, we assess this thesis via the examination of the effect of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, namely -F, -Cl, -Br, -CF3, -N(CH3)2, -OCH3, -NHCOCH3 on the strength of the RAHB in malondialdehyde by using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and the Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) analyses. We show that the influence of the investigated substituents on the strength of the investigated RAHBs depends largely on its position within the π skeleton. We also examine the relationship between the formation energy of the RAHB and the hydrogen bond interaction energy as defined by the IQA method of wave function analysis. We demonstrate that these substituents can have different effects on the formation and interaction energies, casting doubts regarding the use of different parameters as indicators of the RAHB formation energies. Finally, we also demonstrate how the energy density can offer an estimation of the IQA interaction energy, and therefore of the HB strength, at a reduced computational cost for these important interactions. We expected that the results reported herein will provide a valuable understanding in the assessment of the energetics of RAHB and other intramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Guevara-Vela
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; (J.M.G.-V.); (T.R.-R.)
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Mónica A. Valentín-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IFF-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Aurora Costales
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Tomás Rocha-Rinza
- Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico; (J.M.G.-V.); (T.R.-R.)
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.G.); (A.C.)
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2
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Du J, Wang C, Yin S, Wang W, Mo Y. Resonance-assisted/impaired anion-π interaction: towards the design of novel anion receptors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36181-36191. [PMID: 35517107 PMCID: PMC9056982 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation. The change of the π electron density distribution subsequently impacts the interaction of substituted benzenes or other cyclic conjugated rings with anions. Currently the design and synthesis of conjugated cyclic receptors capable of binding anions is an active field due to their applications in the sensing and removal of environmental contaminants and molecular recognition. By using the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which is a variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and can derive the reference resonance-free state self-consistently, we quantified the resonance-assisted (RA) or resonance-impaired (RI) phenomena in anion–π interactions from both structural and energetic perspectives. The frozen interaction, in which the electrostatic attraction is involved, has been shown to be the governing factor for the RA or RI interactions with anions. Energy analyses based on the empirical point charge (EPC) model indicated that the anion–π interactions can be simplified as the attraction between a negative point charge (anion) and a group of local dipoles, affected by the enriched or diminished π-cloud due to the resonance between the substituents and the conjugated ring. Hence, two strategies for the design of novel anion receptors can be envisioned. One is the enhancement of the magnitudes and/or numbers of local dipoles (polarized σ bonds), and the other is the reduction of π electron density in conjugated rings. For cases with the RI characteristics, “curved” aromatic molecules are preferred to be anion receptors. Indeed, extremely strong binding was found in complexes formed with fluorinated corannulene (F-CDD) and fluorinated [5]cycloparaphenylene (F-[5]CPP). Inspired by the RA phenomenon, complexes of p-, o- and m-benzoquinones with halides were revisited. Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Rana A, Choudhury SS, Biswal HS. Non-conventional Hydrogen Bonding and Aromaticity: A Systematic Study on Model Nucleobases and Their Solvated Clusters. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1826-1835. [PMID: 32506748 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual development of aromaticity is essential to rationalize and understand the structure and behavior of aromatic heterocycles. This work addresses for the first time, the interconnection between aromaticity and sulfur/selenium centered hydrogen bonds (S/SeCHBs) involved in representative heterocycle models of canonical nucleobases (2-Pyridone; 2PY) and its sulfur (2-Thiopyridone; 2TPY) and selenium (2-Selenopyridone; 2SePY) analogs. The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) and gauge induced magnetic current density (GIMIC) values suggested significant reduction of aromaticity upon replacement of exocyclic carbonyl oxygen with sulfur and selenium. However, we observed two-fold (57 %) and three-fold (80 %) enhancement in the aromaticity for 2TPY dimer, and 2SePY dimer, respectively which are connected through S/SeCHBs. Aromaticity enhancement was also noticed in 1 : 1 H-bonded complexes (heterodimers), micro hydrated clusters and for bulk hydration. It is expected that exocyclic S and Se incorporation into heterocycles without compromising aromatic loss would definitely reinforce to design new supramolecular building blocks via S/SeCH-bonded complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, INDIA.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, INDIA
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, INDIA.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, INDIA
| | - Abhijit Rana
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, INDIA.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, INDIA
| | - Shubhranshu S Choudhury
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, INDIA.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, INDIA
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO-Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District-Khurda, PIN-752050, Bhubaneswar, INDIA.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, INDIA
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Using Chou’s 5-Step Rule to Evaluate the Stability of Tautomers: Susceptibility of 2-[(Phenylimino)-methyl]-cyclohexane-1,3-diones to Tautomerization Based on the Calculated Gibbs Free Energies. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gibbs free energies, based on DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations, prove that enaminone (2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-dione) and ketamine (2-[(phenylimino)-methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione) are the most and least stable tautomeric forms of the studied systems, respectively. 1H and 13C NMR spectra prove that 2-(anilinemethylidene)cyclohexane-1,3-diones are the only tautomeric species present in dimethylsulfoxide solution (a very weak signal can be seen only for the p-methoxy derivatives). The zwitterionic character of these enaminones is strengthened by naphthoannulation and by the insertion of the electron-withdrawing substituent into the benzene ring (the latter weakens the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the compound). Substituent and naphtoannulation have no effect on the stability of the studied tautomers. Slight twisting of the benzene ring, with respect to the CArNC plane (seen in the crystalline state), was proven to also take place in vacuum and in solution.
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Abstract
A review of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-hydroxyaryl Schiff bases, ortho-hydroxyaryl Mannich bases, dipyrrins, ortho-hydroxyaryl ketones, ortho-hydroxyaryl amides, and 4-Bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dyes with tautomeric sensors as substituents is presented in this paper. Ortho-hydroxy Schiff and Mannich base derivatives are known as model molecules for analysing the properties of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The compounds under discussion possess physicochemical features modulated by the presence of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The equilibrium between intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in BODIPY is discussed. Therefore, the summary can serve as a knowledge compendium of the influence of the hydrogen bond on the molecular properties of aromatic compounds.
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6
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Rocha M, Gil DM, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, Jios JL, Ulic SE. Enol-imino-Keto-enamine Tautomerism in a Diazepine Derivative: How Decisive Are the Intermolecular Interactions in the Equilibrium? J Org Chem 2019; 84:11042-11053. [PMID: 31419129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The strange tautomeric equilibrium behavior exhibited by a new o-hydroxyphenyl diazepine derivative when the compound is analyzed both in solution and solid state opens the structural study of the enol-imino-keto-enamine forms and the influence of the intermolecular interactions in their equilibrium. The expected enol-imino form, in which the enol is part of a phenyl system and a strong O-H···N intramolecular hydrogen bond is established, results the most stable tautomer in gas phase (theoretical calculations) and was detected by NMR spectroscopy when the compound was dissolved in aprotic solvents. Nevertheless, the keto-enamine form ,in which the keto group integrates a cyclohexadienone moiety and the aromaticity of the phenol is lost, was the only tautomer in the crystal lattice according to single-crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance results. The last form was also found as the main tautomer in UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy when a protic solvent was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rocha
- INQUINOA (CONICET - UNT). Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán , San Lorenzo 456 , T4000CAN San Miguel de Tucumán , Argentina
| | - Diego M Gil
- INQUINOA (CONICET - UNT). Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia , Universidad Nacional de Tucumán , San Lorenzo 456 , T4000CAN San Miguel de Tucumán , Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata e IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata) , C.C. 67 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | - Oscar E Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata e IFLP (CONICET, CCT-La Plata) , C.C. 67 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | - Jorge L Jios
- Unidad PLAPIMU-LASEISIC (UNLP-CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , 47 esq 115 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | - Sonia E Ulic
- CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Bv 120 No. 1465 , 1900 La Plata , Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Nacional de Luján , Rutas 5 y 7 , 6700 Luján , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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7
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Lin X, Jiang X, Wu W, Mo Y. Induction, Resonance, and Secondary Electrostatic Interaction on Hydrogen Bonding in the Association of Amides and Imides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:13446-13453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
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8
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Nguyen YH, Lampkin BJ, Venkatesh A, Ellern A, Rossini AJ, VanVeller B. Open-Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds and Competing Quasiaromaticity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9850-9857. [PMID: 30024169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The delocalization of electron density upon tautomerization of a proton across a conjugated bridge can alter the strength of hydrogen bonds. This effect has been dubbed resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB) and plays a major role in the energetics of the tautomeric equilibrium. The goal of this work was to investigate the role that π-delocalization plays in the stability of RAHBs by engaging other isomerization processes. Similarly, acid-base chemistry has received little experimental attention in studies of RAHB, and we address the role that acid-base effects play in the tautomeric equilibrium. We find that π-delocalization and the disruption of adjacent aromatic rings is the dominant effect in determining the stability of a RAHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Bryan J Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Arkady Ellern
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ame , Iowa 50011 , United States
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9
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Sah C, Yadav AK, Venkataramani S. Deciphering Stability of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Radicals: Balancing Act Between Delocalization and Ring Strain. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5464-5476. [PMID: 29791155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies on five-membered heterocycles with single heteroatom and their isomeric dehydro-borole 1a-1c, cyclopentadiene 2a-2c, pyrrole 3a-3c, furan 4b-4c, phosphole 5a-5c, and thiophene 6b-6c radicals have been carried out. Geometrical aspects through ground state electronic structures and stability aspects using bond dissociation energies (BDE) and radical stabilization energies (RSE) have been envisaged in this regard. Spin densities, electrostatic potentials (ESP), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis unveiled the extent of spin delocalization. The estimated nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) values revealed the difference in aromaticity characteristics of radicals. Particularly the heteroatom centered radicals exhibit odd electron π-delocalized systems with a quasi-antiaromatic character. Various factors such as, the relative position of the radical center with respect to heteroatoms, resonance, ring strain and orbital interactions influence the stability that follows the order: heteroatom centered > β-centered > α-centered radicals. Among the influences of various factors, we confirmed the existence of a competition between delocalization and the ring strain, and the interplay of both decides the overall stability order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitranjan Sah
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Ajit Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
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10
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Lin X, Wu W, Mo Y. A Direct Proof of the Resonance-Impaired Hydrogen Bond (RIHB) Concept. Chemistry 2017; 24:1053-1056. [PMID: 29206309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept of resonance-enhanced hydrogen bond (RAHB) has been widely accepted and applied as it highlights the positive impact of π-conjugation on intramolecular H-bonds. However, electron delocalization is directional and there is a possibility that π-resonance goes from the H-bond acceptor to the H-bond donor, leading to a negative impact on H-bonds. Here we used the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method which is a variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and able to derive strictly electron-localized structures self-consistently, to quantify the interplay between H-bond and π-resonance in the terms of geometry, energetics and spectral properties. The comparison of geometrical optimizations with and without π-resonance shows that conjugation can indeed either enhance or weaken intramolecular H-bonds. We further experimented with various substituents attached to either the H-bond acceptor and/or H-bond donor side(s) to tune the H-bonding strength in both directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of, Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of, Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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11
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Sobczyk L, Chudoba D, Tolstoy PM, Filarowski A. Some Brief Notes on Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding. Molecules 2016; 21:E1657. [PMID: 27918442 PMCID: PMC6273268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of selected literature data related to intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-hydroxyaryl Schiff bases, ortho-hydroxyaryl ketones, ortho-hydroxyaryl amides, proton sponges and ortho-hydroxyaryl Mannich bases is presented. The paper reports on the application of experimental spectroscopic measurements (IR and NMR) and quantum-mechanical calculations for investigations of the proton transfer processes, the potential energy curves, tautomeric equilibrium, aromaticity etc. Finally, the equilibrium between the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in amides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucjan Sobczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Str., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Dorota Chudoba
- Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia.
| | - Peter M Tolstoy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia.
| | - Aleksander Filarowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Str., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia.
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12
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Pairas GN, Tsoungas PG. H-Bond: Τhe Chemistry-Biology H-Bridge. ChemistrySelect 2016; 1:4520-4532. [PMID: 32328512 PMCID: PMC7169486 DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
H-bonding, as a non covalent stabilizing interaction of diverse nature, has a central role in the structure, function and dynamics of chemical and biological processes, pivotal to molecular recognition and eventually to drug design. Types of conventional and non conventional (H-H, dihydrogen, H- π, CH- π, anti- , proton coordination and H-S) H-bonding interactions are discussed as well as features emerging from their interplay, such as cooperativity (σ- and π-) effects and allostery. Its utility in many applications is described. Catalysis, proton and electron transfer processes in various materials or supramolecular architectures of preorganized hosts for guest binding, are front-line technology. The H-bond-related concept of proton transfer (PT) addresses energy issues or deciphering the mechanism of many natural and synthetic processes. PT is also of paramount importance in the functions of cells and is assisted by large complex proteins embedded in membranes. Both intermolecular and intramolecular PT in H-bonded systems has received attention, theoretically and experimentally, using prototype molecules. It is found in rearrangement reactions, protein functions, and enzyme reactions or across proton channels and pumps. Investigations on the competition between intra- and intermolecular H bonding are discussed. Of particular interest is the H-bond furcation, a common phenomenon in protein-ligand binding. Multiple H-bonding (H-bond furcation) is observed in supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N. Pairas
- Department of PharmacyLaboratory of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of PatrasGR-265 04PatrasGreece
| | - Petros G. Tsoungas
- Laboratory of BiochemistryHellenic Pasteur Institute127 Vas. Sofias Ave.GR-115 21AthensGreece
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13
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Mahmudov KT, Pombeiro AJL. Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonding as a Driving Force in Synthesis and a Synthon in the Design of Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:16356-16398. [PMID: 27492126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB), a concept introduced by Gilli and co-workers in 1989, concerns a kind of intramolecular H-bonding strengthened by a conjugated π-system, usually in 6-, 8-, or 10-membered rings. This Review highlights the involvement of RAHB as a driving force in the synthesis of organic, coordination, and organometallic compounds, as a handy tool in the activation of covalent bonds, and in starting moieties for synthetic transformations. The unique roles of RAHB in molecular recognition and switches, E/Z isomeric resolution, racemization and epimerization of amino acids and chiral amino alcohols, solvatochromism, liquid-crystalline compounds, and in synthons for crystal engineering and polymer materials are also discussed. The Review can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists that are interested in exploring and further developing RAHB-assisted synthesis and design of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran T Mahmudov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Department of Chemistry, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Caballero-García G, Reyes-Lezama M, Martínez-Otero D, Romero-Ortega M, Barroso-Flores J. Aromatization of pyridinylidenes into pyridines is inhibited by exocyclic delocalization. A theoretical mechanistic assessment. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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RAHB concept and σ-skeleton in some oximes of 3-hydroxy fulvene; DFT, AIM, ELF and NBO studies. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Wu JI, Jackson JE, Schleyer PVR. Reciprocal Hydrogen Bonding–Aromaticity Relationships. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13526-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507202f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy I. Wu
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - James E. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Paul von Ragué Schleyer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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17
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Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H, Stasyuk OA, Dominikowska J, Palusiak M. Aromaticity from the viewpoint of molecular geometry: application to planar systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6383-422. [PMID: 24779633 DOI: 10.1021/cr400252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz M Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Tabayashi K, Takahashi O. Substituent R-Effects on Intermolecular Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen (H) Bonds: Theoretical Analysis of Double H-Bonded Dimers of Carboxylic Acids. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Institute for Sustainable Sciences and Development, Hiroshima University
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19
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Nekoei AR, Vatanparast M. An intramolecular hydrogen bond study in some Schiff bases of fulvene: a challenge between the RAHB concept and the σ-skeleton influence. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT, NBO and AIM analyses have been employed to investigate which one, the resonance-assisted hydrogen bond concept or the σ-skeleton of the system, has more influence on making intramolecular hydrogen bonds stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reza Nekoei
- Department of Chemistry
- Shiraz University of Technology
- Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
| | - Morteza Vatanparast
- Department of Chemistry
- Shiraz University of Technology
- Shiraz 71555-313, Iran
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20
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Jones RC, Herasymchuk K, Mahdi T, Petrov A, Resanović S, Vaughan DG, Lough AJ, Quail JW, Koivisto BD, Wylie RS, Gossage RA. Tautomerism and metal complexation of 2-acylmethyl-2-oxazolines: a combined synthetic, spectroscopic, crystallographic and theoretical treatment. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3484-93. [PMID: 23591452 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob25867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic, structural and theoretical investigation into the solid-state, solution and gas phase structure(s) of six 2-acylmethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolines is reported. Four of these materials, viz.α-[(4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)methylene]benzenemethanol (3a), α-[(4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)methylene]-(4-nitrobenzene)methanol (3b), 1-(4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-buten-2-ol (3d) and (E)-1-phenyl-2-((3aR)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]oxazol-2-ylidene)ethanone (3f) have been characterised in the solid-state by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. These data represent the first solid-state structural studies of this class of compounds and details the first synthesis and full characterisation of chiral derivative 3f. All four of these materials are shown to exist in the solid phase in the enamine tautomeric form (e.g., 3a is best described as 2-[4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinylidene]-1-phenylethanone) and it is suggested (NMR, IR) that this isomeric form is likely also retained in solution (e.g., CDCl3) as the more stable isomer. An investigation of the relative gas phase stabilities of the three possible (i.e., the (Z)-enol, keto and enamine) isomers of all five compounds by DFT at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory confirms the latter as the most stable form. The energy differences between the enamine and keto tautomers have been calculated to be the lowest for derivative 3d. These results are compared and contrasted with the previously reported NMR studies of such compounds which have identified the keto form as being a minor (albeit solution) tautomer. Equilibrium solution tautomer distributions for 3d are found to be solvent dependent. The protonated form of 3a, isolated as the HSO4(-) salt (i.e.4a), has been further characterised in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. These data represent the first example of a protonated oxazoline to be structurally elucidated and confirms that upon protonation, the keto (oxazoline) tautomer is the energetically favoured form in the solid-state. This observation is further supported by DFT studies for the gas phase protonated forms of such materials. Further DFT (B3LYP/6-311G(d)) calculations employing the SM8 or SMD solvation models were then applied to address the observed solution isomeric distribution for 3d; these results corroborate the gas phase theoretical treatment and also yield values that predict the higher solution stability of the enamine form as observed, although they fail to account for the existence of the keto form as a minor solution state tautomer. To access the availability of an enol-form, via hypothetical de-protonation to the enolate, compound 3a was treated with hydrated Cu(NO3)2 in EtOH solution. The resulting isolated green-coloured product (5), the first metal derivative of this entire class of ligands, is best described (IR, X-ray diffraction) as a coordinated enolate complex, i.e., Cu(3a-H)2. Complex 5 crystallizes in the P21/c space group with four molecules in the unit cell. The coordination geometry around the formal Cu(2+) metal centre is determined to be highly distorted square planar in nature (τ4 = 0.442). TD-DFT is used to give a reasonable explanation for the intensity of the absorbance band observed in the visible region for solutions of 5. These latter experiments strongly suggest that the title class of compounds may have considerable potential as ligands in coordination chemistry and/or metal-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick C Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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21
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Durlak P, Mierzwicki K, Latajka Z. Investigations of the Very Short Hydrogen Bond in the Crystal of Nitromalonamide via Car–Parrinello and Path Integral Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:5430-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312473b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Durlak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław,
14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mierzwicki
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław,
14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Latajka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław,
14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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22
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Giribet CG, Ruiz de Azúa MC. CLOPPA Analysis of the Molecular Polarizability and the Energy of Strong Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds: Resonance Assisted? J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:12175-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G. Giribet
- Department
of Physics, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, IFIBA-CONICET,
Pab. I, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín C. Ruiz de Azúa
- Department
of Physics, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, IFIBA-CONICET,
Pab. I, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Design of molecular switching and signaling based on proton transfer in 2-hydroxy Schiff bases: a computational study. J Mol Model 2012; 19:559-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Martyniak A, Majerz I, Filarowski A. Peculiarities of quasi-aromatic hydrogen bonding. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20846f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Martyniak A, Lipkowski P, Boens N, Filarowski A. Electron-topological, energetic and π-electron delocalization analysis of ketoenamine-enolimine tautomeric equilibrium. J Mol Model 2012; 18:257-63. [PMID: 21523531 PMCID: PMC3249559 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ketoenamine-enolimine tautometic equilibrium has been studied by the analysis of aromaticity and electron-topological parameters. The influence of substituents on the energy of the transition state and of the tautomeric forms has been investigated for different positions of chelate chain. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules method (QTAIM) has been applied to study changes in the electron-topological parameters of the molecule with respect to the tautomeric equilibrium in intramolecular hydrogen bond. Dependencies of the HOMA aromaticity index and electron density at the critical points defining aromaticity and electronic state of the chelate chain on the transition state (TS), OH and HN tautomeric forms have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Martyniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50–383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Pawel Lipkowski
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50–370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Noel Boens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f – bus 02404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksander Filarowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50–383 Wrocław, Poland
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26
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Ośmiałowski B, Krygowski TM, Dominikowska J, Palusiak M. The effect of benzoannulation on the transition state and the proton transfer equilibrium in di(2-pyridyl)methane derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Zborowski KK, Solà M, Poater J, Proniewicz LM. Theoretical studies on aromaticity of selected hydroxypyrones. Part 3#. Chelatoaromaticity phenomenon in metalcomplexes of hydroxypyrones. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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29
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Takagi K, Sugihara K, Isomura T. Synthesis of imidazole-containing conjugated polymers bearing phenol unit as side group and excited state intramolecular proton transfer-mediated fluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Zubatyuk RI, Shishkin OV, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. Homonuclear versus Heteronuclear Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds: Tautomerism, Aromaticity, and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Heterocyclic Systems with Different Exocyclic Proton Donor/Acceptor. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2943-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman I. Zubatyuk
- STC “Institute for Single Crystals”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenina Avenue, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine, Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 17910, 1325 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Oleg V. Shishkin
- STC “Institute for Single Crystals”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenina Avenue, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine, Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 17910, 1325 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Leonid Gorb
- STC “Institute for Single Crystals”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenina Avenue, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine, Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 17910, 1325 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- STC “Institute for Single Crystals”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenina Avenue, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine, Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 17910, 1325 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, and Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
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31
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. How Aromaticity Affects the Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Heterocycles: A Computational Approach. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68343-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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X-ray, FT-IR, ESI MS and PM5 studies of Schiff base of gossypol with allylamine and its complexes with alkali metal cations and perchlorate anion. Struct Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-008-9385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Filarowski A, Kochel A, Kluba M, Kamounah FS. Structural and aromatic aspects of tautomeric equilibrium in hydroxy aryl Schiff bases. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Barbasiewicz M, Szadkowska A, Makal A, Jarzembska K, Woźniak K, Grela K. Is the Hoveyda-Grubbs Complex a Vinylogous Fischer-Type Carbene? Aromaticity-Controlled Activity of Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts. Chemistry 2008; 14:9330-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Kluba M, Lipkowski P, Filarowski A. Theoretical investigation of tautomeric equilibrium in ortho-hydroxy phenyl Schiff bases. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Han F, Zhao J. Colorimetric Fluoride-Anion Sensor Based on Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding and Enol–Keto Tautomerization of a Phenothiazine Derivative. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Filarowski A, Majerz I. AIM Analysis of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in O-Hydroxy Aryl Schiff Bases. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3119-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076253x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Filarowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - I. Majerz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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38
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Wieczorek R, Dannenberg JJ. Amide I Vibrational Frequencies of α-Helical Peptides Based upon ONIOM and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Studies. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:1320-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieczorek
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New YorkHunter College and the Graduate School, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J. J. Dannenberg
- Department of Chemistry, City University of New YorkHunter College and the Graduate School, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw, Poland
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39
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Gawinecki R, Kuczek A, Kolehmainen E, Ośmiałowski B, Krygowski TM, Kauppinen R. Influence of bond fixation in benzo-annulated N-salicylideneanilines and their ortho-C(=O)X derivatives (X = CH3, NH2, OCH3) on tautomeric equilibria in solution. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5598-607. [PMID: 17590046 DOI: 10.1021/jo070454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra show that an ortho-C(=O)X group present in the molecules of N-salicylideneanthranilamide (X = NH2), methyl N-salicylideneanthranilate (X = OCH3), N-salicylidene-o-aminoacetophenone (X = CH3), and their benzo analogues have only a minor effect on the tautomeric OH/NH-equilibrium in solution. Only two of three possible tautomers were detected. Lability of the absent form was proved by theoretical calculations. Calculated energies show that the enolimino form (OH) is less stable than the enaminone (NH) form only for dibenzo-annulated N-salicylideneanilines. The population of each species in the tautomeric mixture was found to be inversely proportional to its energy. Application of the geometry-based aromaticity index HOMA shows that the effectiveness of the pi-electron delocalization in different rings in the molecule depends mostly on the position of benzo-annulation. Both the NH...O and N...HO hydrogen bonds present in the NH and OH tautomers, respectively, increase the aromaticity of the quasirings H-O-C=C-C=N and O=C-C=C-N-H and decrease the aromatic character of the fused benzene ring. These results seem to be reliable when N-salicylideneanilines studied are compared with naphthalene and their benzo-annulated derivatives, i.e., phenanthrene, anthracene, and triphenylene. An analysis of the effectiveness of pi-electron delocalization confirms that in all cases studied, the OH form is more stable. Although the HOMA values and calculated energies are not a criterion that allows determination of the dominating tautomer, both of these parameters correctly show the effect of changes in the molecular topology on tautomeric preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Gawinecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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