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A general highly efficient synthesis of biocompatible rhodamine dyes and probes for live-cell multicolor nanoscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1306. [PMID: 36894547 PMCID: PMC9998615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of live-cell fluorescence nanoscopy is powered by the availability of suitable fluorescent probes. Rhodamines are among the best fluorophores for labeling intracellular structures. Isomeric tuning is a powerful method for optimizing the biocompatibility of rhodamine-containing probes without affecting their spectral properties. An efficient synthesis pathway for 4-carboxyrhodamines is still lacking. We present a facile protecting-group-free 4-carboxyrhodamines' synthesis based on the nucleophilic addition of lithium dicarboxybenzenide to the corresponding xanthone. This approach drastically reduces the number of synthesis steps, expands the achievable structural diversity, increases overall yields and permits gram-scale synthesis of the dyes. We synthesize a wide range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 4-carboxyrhodamines covering the whole visible spectrum and target them to multiple structures in living cells - microtubules, DNA, actin, mitochondria, lysosomes, Halo-tagged and SNAP-tagged proteins. The enhanced permeability fluorescent probes operate at submicromolar concentrations, allowing high-contrast STED and confocal microscopy of living cells and tissues.
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2
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Fischer C, Sparr C. Direct Transformation of Esters into Heterocyclic Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2436-2440. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fischer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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3
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Fischer C, Sparr C. Direkte Umwandlung von Estern in heterocyclische Fluorophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fischer
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
| | - Christof Sparr
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Schweiz
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Sabatini RP, Mark MF, Mark DJ, Kryman MW, Hill JE, Brennessel WW, Detty MR, Eisenberg R, McCamant DW. A comparative study of the photophysics of phenyl, thienyl, and chalcogen substituted rhodamine dyes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1417-1432. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the ultrafast photophysics and electrochemistry of a collection of rhodamine-style dyes and show that different dyes exhibit various directions of charge-transfer in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel J. Mark
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Rochester
- Rochester
- USA
| | - Mark W. Kryman
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Hill
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
| | | | - Michael R. Detty
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- Buffalo
- USA
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5
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Sabatini RP, Eckenhoff WT, Orchard A, Liwosz KR, Detty MR, Watson DF, McCamant DW, Eisenberg R. From Seconds to Femtoseconds: Solar Hydrogen Production and Transient Absorption of Chalcogenorhodamine Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7740-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503053s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Pat Sabatini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William T. Eckenhoff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Alexandra Orchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Kacie R. Liwosz
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - David F. Watson
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - David W. McCamant
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Richard Eisenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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6
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Piola L, Fernández-Salas JA, Manzini S, Nolan SP. Regioselective ruthenium catalysed H–D exchange using D2O as the deuterium source. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8683-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient ruthenium catalysed method for a regiospecific H/D exchange using D2O is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Piola
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Simone Manzini
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews, UK
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews, UK
- Chemistry Department
- College of Science
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7
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Effects of surface-anchoring mode and aggregation state on electron injection from chalcogenorhodamine dyes to titanium dioxide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Slocum DW, Reinscheld TK, White CB, Timmons MD, Shelton PA, Slocum MG, Sandlin RD, Holland EG, Kusmic D, Jennings JA, Tekin KC, Nguyen Q, Bush SJ, Keller JM, Whitley PE. ortho-Lithiations Reassessed: the Advantages of Deficiency Catalysis in Hydrocarbon Media. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Slocum
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Thomas K. Reinscheld
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Christopher B. White
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Michael D. Timmons
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Philip A. Shelton
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Matthew G. Slocum
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Sandlin
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Erica G. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Damir Kusmic
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - John A. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Kristen C. Tekin
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Quang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Steven J. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Julia M. Keller
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
| | - Paul E. Whitley
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard,
Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, United States
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10
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Ebert SP, Wetzel B, Myette RL, Conseil G, Cole SPC, Sawada GA, Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Clarke DM, Detty MR. Chalcogenopyrylium Compounds as Modulators of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters P-Glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) and Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1). J Med Chem 2012; 55:4683-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3004398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Ebert
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,
Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Bryan Wetzel
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,
Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Robert L. Myette
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gwenaëlle Conseil
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Susan P. C. Cole
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Geri A. Sawada
- Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285,
United States
| | - Tip W. Loo
- Department
of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - M. Claire Bartlett
- Department
of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David M. Clarke
- Department
of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,
Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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11
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Mulhern KR, Orchard A, Watson DF, Detty MR. Influence of surface-attachment functionality on the aggregation, persistence, and electron-transfer reactivity of chalcogenorhodamine dyes on TiO2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7071-7082. [PMID: 22475038 DOI: 10.1021/la300668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chalcogenorhodamine dyes bearing phosphonic acids and carboxylic acids were compared as sensitizers of nanocrystalline TiO(2) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The dyes were constructed around a 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)chalcogenoxanthylium core and varied in the 9 substituent: 5-carboxythien-2-yl in dyes 1-E (E = O, Se), 4-carboxyphenyl in dyes 2-E (E = O, S), 5-phosphonothien-2-yl in dyes 3-E (E = O, Se), and 4-phosphonophenyl in dyes 4-E (E = O, Se). All dyes adsorbed to TiO(2) as mixtures of H aggregates and monomers, which exhibited broadened absorption spectra relative to those of purely amorphous monolayers. Surface coverages of dyes and the extent of H aggregation varied minimally with the surface-attachment functionality, the structure of the 9-aryl group, and the identity of the chalcogen heteroatom. Carboxylic acid-functionalized dyes 1-E and 2-E desorbed rapidly and completely from TiO(2) into acidified CH(3)CN, but phosphonic acid-functionalized dyes 3-E and 4-E persisted on TiO(2) for days. Short-circuit photocurrent action spectra of DSSCs corresponded closely to the absorptance spectra of dye-functionalized films; thus, H aggregation did not decrease the electron-injection yield or charge-collection efficiency. Maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current efficiencies (IPCEs) of DSSCs ranged from 53 to 95% and were slightly higher for carboxylic acid-functionalized dyes 1-E and 2-E. Power-conversion efficiencies of DSSCs under white-light illumination were low (<1%), suggesting that dye regeneration was inefficient at high light intensities. The photoelectrochemical performance (under monochromatic or white-light illumination) of 1-E and 2-E decayed significantly within 20-80 min of the assembly of DSSCs, primarily because of the desorption of the dyes. In contrast, the performance of phosphonic acid-functionalized dyes remained stable or improved slightly on similar timescales. Thus, replacing carboxylic acids with phosphonic acids increased the inertness of chalcogenorhodamine-TiO(2) interfaces without greatly impacting the aggregation of dyes or the interfacial electron-transfer reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie R Mulhern
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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12
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Woydziak ZR, Fu L, Peterson BR. Synthesis of fluorinated benzophenones, xanthones, acridones, and thioxanthones by iterative nucleophilic aromatic substitution. J Org Chem 2011; 77:473-81. [PMID: 22111869 DOI: 10.1021/jo202062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of fluorophores can substantially enhance their photostability and improve spectroscopic properties. To facilitate access to fluorinated fluorophores, bis(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)methanone was synthesized by treatment of 2,4,5-trifluorobenzaldehyde with a Grignard reagent derived from 1-bromo-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene, followed by oxidation of the resulting benzyl alcohol. This hexafluorobenzophenone was subjected to sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, first at one or both of the more reactive 4,4'-fluorines, and second by cyclization through substitution of the less reactive 2,2'-fluorines, using a variety of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur nucleophiles, including hydroxide, methoxide, amines, and sulfide. This method yields symmetrical and asymmetrical fluorinated benzophenones, xanthones, acridones, and thioxanthones and provides scalable access to known and novel precursors to fluorinated analogues of fluorescein, rhodamine, and other derivatives. Spectroscopic studies revealed that several of these precursors are highly fluorescent, with tunable absorption and emission spectra, depending on the substituents. This approach should allow access to a wide variety of novel fluorinated fluorophores and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Woydziak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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13
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Gannon MK, Holt JJ, Bennett SM, Wetzel BR, Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Clarke DM, Sawada GA, Higgins JW, Tombline G, Raub TJ, Detty MR. Rhodamine inhibitors of P-glycoprotein: an amide/thioamide "switch" for ATPase activity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3328-41. [PMID: 19402665 DOI: 10.1021/jm900253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have examined 46 tetramethylrosamine/rhodamine derivatives with structural diversity in the heteroatom of the xanthylium core, the amino substituents of the 3- and 6-positions, and the alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at the 9-substituent. These compounds were examined for affinity and ATPase stimulation in isolated MDR3 CL P-gp and human P-gp-His(10), for their ability to promote uptake of calcein AM and vinblastine in multidrug-resistant MDCKII-MDR1 cells, and for transport in monolayers of MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Thioamide 31-S gave K(M) of 0.087 microM in human P-gp. Small changes in structure among this set of compounds affected affinity as well as transport rate (or flux) even though all derivatives examined were substrates for P-gp. With isolated protein, tertiary amide groups dictate high affinity and high stimulation while tertiary thioamide groups give high affinity and inhibition of ATPase activity. In MDCKII-MDR1 cells, the tertiary thioamide-containing derivatives promote uptake of calcein AM and have very slow passive, absorptive, and secretory rates of transport relative to transport rates for tertiary amide-containing derivatives. Thioamide 31-S promoted uptake of calcein AM and inhibited efflux of vinblastine with IC(50)'s of approximately 2 microM in MDCKII-MDR1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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14
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Wu L, Burgess K. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Rosamines with Cyclic Amine Substituents. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8711-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800902j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangxing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841
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15
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Calitree B, Donnelly DJ, Holt JJ, Gannon MK, Nygren CL, Sukumaran DK, Autschbach J, Detty MR. Tellurium Analogues of Rosamine and Rhodamine Dyes: Synthesis, Structure, 125Te NMR, and Heteroatom Contributions to Excitation Energies. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700846m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Calitree
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - David J. Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Jason J. Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Michael K. Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Cara L. Nygren
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Dinesh K. Sukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Michael R. Detty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
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