Manifestations of the Alder−Rickert Reaction in the Structures of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene and Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Derivatives

Cyclic Anhydrides as Powerful Tools for Bioconjugation and Smart Delivery

Cyclic anhydrides are potent tools for bioconjugation; therefore, they are broadly used in the functionalization of biomolecules and carriers. The pH-dependent stability and reactivity, as well as the physical properties, can be tuned by the structure of the cyclic anhydride used; thus, their application in smart delivery systems has become very important. This review intends to cover the last updates in the use of cyclic anhydrides as pH-sensitive linkers, their differences in reactivity, and the latest applications found in bioconjugation chemistry or chemical biology, and when possible, in drug delivery.

A tetrabromo-1,4-ethanonaphthalene and related dibromo-1,4-ethenonaphthalene

(1RS,3RS,4RS,10SR)-2,2,3,10-Tetrabromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-ethanonaphthalene, C12H10Br4, (I), is the first structure to be reported with four Br atoms bound to a 1,4-ethanonaphthalene framework and also the first which possesses three Br atoms inexopositions. Interactions between the Br atoms [three short intramolecular Br...Br distances of 3.1094 (4), 3.2669 (4) and 3.4415 (5) Å] have little effect on the C—C bond lengths but lead to significant twisting of the cage structure compared with the parent hydrocarbon, which is expected to be fully eclipsed at the two saturated C2H4bridge positions. Chemically related (1SR,4RS)-2,3-dibromo-1,4-ethenonaphthalene, C12H8Br2, (II), obtained by double dehydrobromination of (I), represents the first structure of any halogen-substituted benzobarrelene. Thiscis-dibromide shows little evidence of steric congestion at the double bond [Br...Br = 3.5276 (8) Å] as a consequence of the large C—C—Br angles [average C=C—Br angle = 126.15 (10)°].

Hyperconjugation involving strained carbon-carbon bonds. structural analysis of ester and ether derivatives and one-bond 13C-13C coupling constants of α- and β-nopinol

σ(C-C)-σ*(C-O) interactions involving the strained carbon-carbon bonds of α- and β-nopinol, and their ester and ether derivatives have been demonstrated in the solid state using the variable oxygen probe. These hyperconjugative interactions are manifested as a strong response of the C-OR bond distance to the electron demand of the OR substituent. Although the effects upon the donor C-C bond distances are not large enough to be measurable by X-ray crystallography, they do result in systematic and measurable effects on the (13)C-(13)C one-bond coupling constants. For the donor C-C bond, coupling constants decrease, consistent with weakening of this bond, while the intervening C-C bond coupling constants increase, consistent with bond strengthening, as the electron demand of OR increases.

Structure Correlation Study of Some Diels–Alder Cycloadducts of Anthracene

Crystal structures of some Diels–Alder cycloadducts of anthracene and a variety of dienophiles reveal structural effects consistent with the manifestation of the early stages of the retro Diels–Alder reaction in the ground state structure. The symmetrical cycloadducts 3 and 4 reveal a qualitative relationship between structure and reactivity, whereas the cycloadducts of 9-methoxyanthracene show structural effects suggestive of the early stages of an asynchronous retro Diels–Alder reaction.

X-ray Structural Analysis for the Prediction on the Nature of the Retro Diels - Alder Pathway: Concerted or Stepwise. Structural Studies on Nitrosobenzene Cycloadducts

Crystal structures of nitrosobenzene cycloadducts 5–7 reveal structural effects consistent with the early stages of the retro Diels–Alder fragmentation. There is a clear differentiation between the structure parameters of cycloadduct 5, which reacts by a concerted synchronous pathway and that of cycloadduct 6, which must react by a two-step pathway. Based on these data, cycloadduct 7 is predicted to react by a highly asynchronous or two-step pathway.

Structures of oxygenated cyclohexa-1,3-diene–maleic anyhydride cycloadducts. Structural evidence suggests a stepwise retro-Diels–Alder reaction

The structures of a series of cyclohexadiene-maleic anhydride cycloadducts show structural parameters consistent with the early stages of the retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction in the ground state structure. The symmetrical adduct shows effects consistent with a synchronous rDA reaction. An asynchronous rDA reaction is suggested in the structure of 8, and the first evidence suggesting a two-step retro-Diels-Alder mechanism is provided by the deoxygenated adduct 9.