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Boydas EB, Tanriver G, D'hooghe M, Ha HJ, Van Speybroeck V, Catak S. Theoretical insight into the regioselective ring-expansions of bicyclic aziridinium ions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:796-806. [PMID: 29323389 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02253k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient bicyclic aziridinium ions are known to undergo ring-expansion reactions, paving the way to functionalized nitrogen-containing heterocycles. In this study, the regioselectivity observed in the ring-expansion reactions of 1-azoniabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes was investigated from a computational viewpoint to study the ring-expansion pathways of two bicyclic systems with different ring sizes. Moreover, several nucleophiles leading to different experimental results were investigated. The effect of solvation was taken into account using both explicit and implicit solvent models. This theoretical rationalization provides valuable insight into the observed regioselectivity and may be used as a predictive tool in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma B Boydas
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemistry, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Tabarki MA, Besbes R. Selective synthesis of imidazolidine-2-thiones via ring expansion of aziridine-2-carboxylates with isothiocyanates. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Moors SLC, Brigou B, Hertsen D, Pinter B, Geerlings P, Van Speybroeck V, Catak S, De Proft F. Influence of Solvation and Dynamics on the Mechanism and Kinetics of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions in Liquid Ammonia. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1635-44. [PMID: 26800020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of the solvent and the influence of dynamics on the kinetics and mechanism of the SNAr reaction of several halonitrobenzenes in liquid ammonia, using both static calculations and dynamic ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, are investigated. A combination of metadynamics and committor analysis methods reveals how this reaction can change from a concerted, one-step mechanism in gas phase to a stepwise pathway, involving a metastable Meisenheimer complex, in liquid ammonia. This clearly establishes, among others, the important role of the solvent and highlights the fact that accurately treating solvation is of crucial importance to correctly unravel the reaction mechanism. It is indeed shown that H-bond formation of the reacting NH3 with the solvent drastically reduces the barrier of NH3 addition. The halide elimination step, however, is greatly facilitated by proton transfer from the reacting NH3 to the solvent. Furthermore, the free energy surface strongly depends on the halide substituent and the number of electron-withdrawing nitro substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L C Moors
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Brigou
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Hertsen
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University , Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University , Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Saron Catak
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Slama S, Besbes R. Stereoselective synthesis of erythro-β-chloroamines and their conversion into functionalized trans-oxazolidin-2-ones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Ji MK, Hertsen D, Yoon DH, Eum H, Goossens H, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, D'hooghe M, De Kimpe N, Ha HJ. Nucleophile-dependent regio- and stereoselective ring opening of 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane tosylate. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1060-7. [PMID: 24488926 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
1-[(1R)-(1-Phenylethyl)]-1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane tosylate was generated as a stable bicyclic aziridinium salt from the corresponding 2-(3-hydroxypropyl)aziridine upon reaction with p-toluenesulfonyl anhydride. This bicyclic aziridinium ion was then treated with various nucleophiles including halides, azide, acetate, and cyanide in CH3CN to afford either piperidines or pyrrolidines through regio- and stereoselective ring opening, mediated by the characteristics of the applied nucleophile. On the basis of DFT calculations, ring-opening reactions under thermodynamic control yield piperidines, whereas reactions under kinetic control can yield both piperidines and pyrrolidines depending on the activation energies for both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 449-791 (Korea)
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6
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Vandekerckhove S, De Moor S, Segers D, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, De Kimpe N, D'hooghe M. Synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of aziridine–(iso)quinoline hybrids and their ring-opening products. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Lam YH, Houk KN, Cossy J, Prado DG, Cochi A. H12461. Fluorine as a Regiocontrol Element in the Ring Openings of Bicyclic Aziridiniums. Helv Chim Acta 2012; 95:2265-2277. [PMID: 23471532 PMCID: PMC3586746 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the variation in the regioselectivity of the nucleophilic ring-opening of a series of bicyclic aziridinium ions derived from N-alkylprolinols was investigated by quantum chemical computations (M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p)-SMD). These aziridiniums differ only in the degree and the stereochemistry of fluoro substitution at C(4). With the azide ion as nucleophile, the ratio of the piperidine to the pyrrolidine product was computed. An electrostatic gauche effect influences the conformation of the adjoining five-membered ring in the fluorinated bicyclic aziridinium. This controls the regioselectivity of the aziridinium ring-opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA, phone: +1-310-206-0515; fax: +1-310-206-1843
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA, phone: +1-310-206-0515; fax: +1-310-206-1843
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
| | - Domingo Gomez Prado
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
| | - Anne Cochi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 704), 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, fax: +33-1-40794660
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8
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Stanković S, Goossens H, Catak S, Tezcan M, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, D’hooghe M, De Kimpe N. Solvent-Controlled Selective Transformation of 2-Bromomethyl-2-methylaziridines to Functionalized Aziridines and Azetidines. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3181-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stanković
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Hannelore Goossens
- Center for Molecular
Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark
903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular
Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark
903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Meniz Tezcan
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular
Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark
903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular
Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark
903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Matthias D’hooghe
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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10
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Stanković S, D'hooghe M, Catak S, Eum H, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, De Kimpe N, Ha HJ. Regioselectivity in the ring opening of non-activated aziridines. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:643-65. [PMID: 21894345 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this critical review, the ring opening of non-activated 2-substituted aziridines via intermediate aziridinium salts will be dealt with. Emphasis will be put on the relationship between the observed regioselectivity and inherent structural features such as the nature of the C2 aziridine substituent and the nature of the electrophile and the nucleophile. This overview should allow chemists to gain insight into the factors governing the regioselectivity in aziridinium ring openings (81 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stanković
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Kim J, Yoo E, Chang S, Lee YS. Electronic and chelation effects on the unusual C2-methylation of N-(para-substituted)phenylaziridines with lithium organocuprates. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:1859-68. [PMID: 21455961 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations with the B3LYP functional were performed for the title ring-opening reaction to understand the intrinsic activating and directing effects of the N-substituents, as well as the electron donating effect of the para-substituted (Y = Cl, H, Me) phenyl group at the more hindered benzylic C2 atom. The N-tosyl group (i.e., N-Tos) or the N-(2-pyridyl)sulfonyl group (i.e., N-Py) was introduced to activate the ring nitrogen atom (N1) and the para-substituted (Y = Cl, H, Me) phenyl group for the activation of the C2 atom. Conformational searches and geometry optimizations were performed for the N-(para-substituted)phenylaziridines (1∼6). Calculations indicate that the aziridine 6 (i.e., Py/Me) has the most elongated C2-N1 bond intrinsically due to the electronic activating effects, implying the aziridine 6 to be the most potent candidate for the more-hindered C2 opening. Transition states (TSs) were investigated for the prospective ring-opening paths (I∼IV), considering the types of intermolecular push-pull interactions between the N-activated phenylaziridines and the cuprate. The N-Py group provides an unique C2-favored TS along the path IV, which the N-Tos group cannot afford, due to the less charge transfer from the nucleophilic CH 3δ- of the cuprate into the electrophilic C2 atom. Furthermore, the e-donating effect of the para-substituents (Y = Cl, H, Me) enhances the C2 opening for the path IV. This study enables us to understand the unusual ring-opening phenomena in terms of electronic and directing effects and hence may serve as a tool to design substrates for highly regioselective ring openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongtaek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jaccob M, Venuvanalingam P. Computational Insights into the Roles of Steric and Electrostatic Interactions in Arsenic Ylide Mediated Aziridination Reactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of new functionalized aziridine-2- and azetidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives of potential interest for biological and foldameric applications. Amino Acids 2011; 41:541-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Stanković S, Catak S, D’hooghe M, Goossens H, Abbaspour Tehrani K, Bogaert P, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 3-Methoxyazetidines via an Aziridine to Azetidine Rearrangement and Theoretical Rationalization of the Reaction Mechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2157-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102555r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stanković
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Matthias D’hooghe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Goossens
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Kourosch Abbaspour Tehrani
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Bogaert
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, Member of QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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D’hooghe M, Kenis S, Vervisch K, Lategan C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 2-(aminomethyl)aziridines and their microwave-assisted ring opening to 1,2,3-triaminopropanes as novel antimalarial pharmacophores. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:579-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Catak S, D'hooghe M, Verstraelen T, Hemelsoet K, Van Nieuwenhove A, Ha HJ, Waroquier M, De Kimpe N, Van Speybroeck V. Opposite regiospecific ring opening of 2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines by hydrogen bromide and benzyl bromide: experimental study and theoretical rationalization. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4530-41. [PMID: 20507166 DOI: 10.1021/jo100687q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ring opening of 1-arylmethyl-2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines with HBr afforded 3-(arylmethyl)amino-4-bromobutyronitriles via regiospecific ring opening at the unsubstituted aziridine carbon. Previous experimental and theoretical reports show treatment of the same compounds with benzyl bromide to furnish 4-amino-3-bromobutanenitriles through ring opening at the substituted aziridine carbon. To gain insights into the regioselective preference with HBr, reaction paths have been analyzed with computational methods. The effect of solvation was taken into account by the use of explicit solvent molecules. Geometries were determined at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, and a Grimme-type correction term was included for long-range dispersion interactions; relative energies were refined with the meta-hybrid MPW1B95 functional. Activation barriers confirm preference for ring opening at the unsubstituted ring carbon for HBr. HBr versus benzyl bromide ring opening was analyzed through comparison of the electronic structure of corresponding aziridinium intermediates. Although the electrostatic picture fails to explain the opposite regiospecific nature of the reaction, frontier molecular orbital analysis of LUMOs and nucleophilic Fukui functions show a clear preference of attack for the substituted aziridine carbon in the benzyl bromide case and for the unsubstituted aziridine carbon in the HBr case, successfully rationalizing the experimentally observed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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17
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D'hooghe M, Catak S, Stanković S, Waroquier M, Kim Y, Ha HJ, Van Speybroeck V, De Kimpe N. Systematic Study of Halide-Induced Ring Opening of 2-Substituted Aziridinium Salts and Theoretical Rationalization of the Reaction Pathways. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Hermosilla L, Catak S, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M, Vandenbergh J, Motmans F, Adriaensens P, Lutsen L, Cleij T, Vanderzande D. Kinetic and Mechanistic Study on p-Quinodimethane Formation in the Sulfinyl Precursor Route for the Polymerization of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV). Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1013012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hermosilla
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joke Vandenbergh
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Filip Motmans
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Cleij
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC-IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Stanković S, D'hooghe M, De Kimpe N. Microwave-assisted regioselective ring opening of non-activated aziridines by lithium aluminium hydride. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4266-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c004960c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Catak S, D’hooghe M, De Kimpe N, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V. Intramolecular π−π Stacking Interactions in 2-Substituted N,N-Dibenzylaziridinium Ions and Their Regioselectivity in Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reactions. J Org Chem 2009; 75:885-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902493w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’hooghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- QCMM-Alliance Ghent-Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Chong HS, Song HA, Dadwal M, Sun X, Sin I, Chen Y. Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Aziridinium Salts. J Org Chem 2009; 75:219-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901893n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soon Chong
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Hyun A. Song
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Mamta Dadwal
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Xiang Sun
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Inseok Sin
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
| | - Yunwei Chen
- Chemistry Division, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
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Jiménez-Osés G, Avenoza A, Busto J, Rodríguez F, Peregrina J. A Novel Multistep Mechanism for the Stereocontrolled Ring Opening of Hindered Sulfamidates: Mild, Green, and Efficient Reactivity with Alcohols. Chemistry 2009; 15:9810-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yun SY, Catak S, Lee WK, D'hooghe M, De Kimpe N, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M, Kim Y, Ha HJ. Nucleophile-dependent regioselective ring opening of 2-substituted N,N-dibenzylaziridinium ions: bromide versus hydride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2508-10. [PMID: 19532872 DOI: 10.1039/b822763b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ring opening of 2-substituted N,N-dibenzylaziridinium ions by bromide exclusively occurs at the substituted aziridine carbon atom in a stereospecific way, whereas the opposite regioselectivity was observed for hydride-induced ring opening at the unsubstituted position; furthermore, this unprecedented hydride-promoted reactivity was validated by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Young Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Song H, Dadwal M, Lee Y, Mick E, Chong HS. Stable Aziridinium Salts as Versatile Intermediates: Isolation and Regio- and Stereoselective Ring-Opening and Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1328-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Song H, Dadwal M, Lee Y, Mick E, Chong HS. Stable Aziridinium Salts as Versatile Intermediates: Isolation and Regio- and Stereoselective Ring-Opening and Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Banks HD. Dramatic effects of halogen substitution and solvent on the rates and mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of aziridines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2510-7. [PMID: 18331051 DOI: 10.1021/jo7023224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we reported that fluorine substitution at the carbon positions of aziridine results in profound enhancements of the rate of reaction with ammonia, a typical nucleophile, in the gas phase. In this study the investigation is extended to include chloro- and bromoaziridines. Because syntheses are largely performed in the condensed phase, the present computational investigation [(MP2(Full)/6-311++G(d,p)//MP2(Full)/6-31+G(d) level] was conducted with three typical solvents that cover a wide range of polarity: THF, CH3CN, and H2O. Nucleophiles can react with haloaziridines 1 by displacing a substituted amide ion by means of an SN2 mechanism (pathway a), producing 1,2-diaminohaloethanes (from the initially formed dipolar species 2). Alternatively, a rearrangement mechanism involving rate-determining departure of a halide ion (pathway b) to form an imidoyl halide, 3, is possible. Transition-state theory was used to compute relative reaction rates of these mechanistic possibilities and to assess the role of the halogen substituents and the reaction solvent. Gas-phase results provided the basis of mechanistic insights that were more apparent in the absence of intermolecular interactions. Fluoroaziridines were found to react at accelerated rates relative to aziridine exclusively by means of the a Menshutkin-type mechanism (SN2) in each solvent tested, while the reactions of the chloro- and bromoaziridines could be directed toward 2 in the highly nonpolar solvent, cyclohexane, or toward 3 in the more polar solvents. An assessment is made of the feasibility of using this chemistry of the haloazirdines in the synthetic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Banks
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, APG, MD 21010-5424, USA.
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27
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D'hooghe M, Dekeukeleire S, De Kimpe N. Reactivity of N-(omega-haloalkyl)-beta-lactams with regard to lithium aluminium hydride: novel synthesis of 1-(1-aryl-3-hydroxypropyl)aziridines and 3-aryl-3-(N-propylamino)propan-1-ols. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1190-6. [PMID: 18362957 DOI: 10.1039/b719686e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of 4-aryl-1-(2-chloroethyl)azetidin-2-ones and 4-aryl-1-(3-bromopropyl)azetidin-2-ones with regard to lithium aluminium hydride has been evaluated for the first time. 4-Aryl-1-(2-chloroethyl)azetidin-2-ones were transformed into novel 1-(1-aryl-3-hydroxypropyl)aziridines through an unprecedented conversion of beta-lactams into 2,3-unsubstituted aziridine derivatives. Unexpectedly, 4-aryl-1-(3-bromopropyl)azetidin-2-ones underwent dehalogenation towards 3-aryl-3-(N-propylamino)propan-1-ols upon treatment with LiAlH(4). 1-(1-Aryl-3-hydroxypropyl)aziridines were further elaborated by means of ring opening reactions using benzyl bromide in acetonitrile towards 3-aryl-3-[N-benzyl-N-(2-bromoethyl)amino]propan-1-ols and using aluminium(iii) chloride in diethyl ether, affording 3-aryl-3-[N-(2-chloroethyl)amino]propan-1-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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D'hooghe M, Vervisch K, Kimpe ND. Synthesis of 1-Arylmethyl-2-(2-cyanoethyl)aziridines and Their Rearrangement into Novel 2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarbonitriles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7329-32. [PMID: 17705433 DOI: 10.1021/jo701302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Arylmethyl-2-(bromomethyl)aziridines were transformed into novel 2-(2-cyanoethyl)aziridines upon treatment with alpha-lithiated trimethylsilylacetonitrile in THF in an efficient and straightforward approach. The latter aziridines underwent ring opening by reaction with benzyl bromide in acetonitrile, affording 5-amino-4-bromopentanenitriles through a regiospecific ring opening of intermediate aziridinium salts by bromide. Further elaboration of these gamma-bromonitriles resulted in the synthesis of novel 2-[N,N-bis(arylmethyl)aminomethyl]cyclopropanecarbonitriles in high yields by means of a 1,3-cyclization protocol upon treatment with KOtBu in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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