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Shee M, Singh NDP. Chemical versatility of azide radical: journey from a transient species to synthetic accessibility in organic transformations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2255-2312. [PMID: 35229836 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of azide radical (N3˙) occurs from its precursors primarily via a single electron transfer (SET) process or homolytic cleavage by chemical methods or advanced photoredox/electrochemical methods. This in situ generated transient open-shell species has unique characteristic features that set its reactivity. In the past, the azide radical was widely used for various studies in radiation chemistry as a 1e- oxidant of biologically important molecules, but now it is being exploited for synthetic applications based on its addition and intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) abilities. Due to the significant role of nitrogen-containing molecules in synthesis, drug discovery, biological, and material sciences, the direct addition onto unsaturated bonds for the simultaneous construction of C-N bond with other (C-X) bonds are indeed worth highlighting. Moreover, the ability to generate O- or C-centered radicals by N3˙ via electron transfer (ET) and intermolecular HAT processes is also well documented. The purpose of controlling the reactivity of this short-lived intermediate in organic transformations drives us to survey: (i) the history of azide radical and its structural properties (thermodynamic, spectroscopic, etc.), (ii) chemical reactivities and kinetics, (iii) methods to produce N3˙ from various precursors, (iv) several significant azide radical-mediated transformations in the field of functionalization with unsaturated bonds, C-H functionalization via HAT, tandem, and multicomponent reaction with a critical analysis of underlying mechanistic approaches and outcomes, (v) concept of taming the reactivity of azide radicals for potential opportunities, in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniklal Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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2
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Jiang H, Tang X, Xu Z, Wang H, Han K, Yang X, Zhou Y, Feng YL, Yu XY, Gui Q. TBAI-catalyzed selective synthesis of sulfonamides and β-aryl sulfonyl enamines: coupling of arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium sulfinates with tert-amines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2715-2720. [PMID: 30775769 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple, practical and metal-free method has been developed for the synthesis of sulfonamides and β-arylsulfonyl enamines via the selective cleavage of C-N and C-H bonds through the iodine-catalyzed oxidation of arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium sulfinates with tert-amines. The method uses commercially available inexpensive catalysts and oxidants, and has a wide substrate scope and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Selective cleavage of the N-propargyl group from sulfonamides and amides under ruthenium catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Sarkar SK, Gatlin DM, Das A, Loftin B, Krause JA, Abe M, Gudmundsdottir AD. Laser flash photolysis of nanocrystalline α-azido-p-methoxy-acetophenone. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7380-7386. [PMID: 28848985 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of nanocrystals of azide 1 results in a solid-to-solid reaction that forms imine 2 in high chemical yield. In contrast, solution photolysis of azide 1 yields a mixture of products, with 7 as the major one. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of a nanocrystalline suspension of azide 1 in water shows selective formation of benzoyl radical 4 (λmax ∼ 400 nm), which is short-lived (τ = 833 ns) as it intersystem crosses to form imine 2. In comparison, LFP of azide 1 in methanol reveals the formation of triplet alkylnitrene 10 (λmax ∼ 340 nm). The selectivity observed in the solid-state is related to stabilization of the triplet ketone with (n,π*) configuration by the crystal lattice, which results in α-cleavage being favored over triplet energy transfer to the azido chromophore. Both the solid-state and solution reaction mechanisms are further supported by density functional theory calculations. Thus, laser flash photolysis has been used to effectively elucidate the medium dependent reaction mechanisms of azide 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan K Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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6
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Karthik S, Thenna‐Hewa KRS, Shields DJ, Liu J, Krause JA, Gudmundsdottir AD. Capturing Conformation‐Dependent Photoreactivity of Crystalline 3‐Azido‐1,3‐diphenylisobutyrophenone. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sambath Karthik
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA
| | | | - Dylan J. Shields
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jinhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA
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7
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Ranaweera RAAU, Weragoda GK, Bain J, Watanabe S, Abe M, Gudmundsdottir AD. Photolysis of acetophenone derivatives with α-cyclopropyl substituents. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Bain
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739 -8526 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739 -8526 Japan
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8
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Yuran S, Razvag Y, Das P, Reches M. Self-assembly of azide containing dipeptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:479-86. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Yuran
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 91904 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yair Razvag
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 91904 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Priyadip Das
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 91904 Jerusalem Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- The Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; 91904 Jerusalem Israel
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9
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Coronel C, Arce G, Iglesias C, Noguera CM, Bonnecarrère PR, Giordano SR, Gonzalez D. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of fluoxetine precursors. Reduction of β-substituted propiophenones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Zhang J, Jiang J, Li Y, Wan X. Iodide-Catalyzed Synthesis of N-Nitrosamines via C–N Cleavage of Nitromethane. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11366-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401915t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiewen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Perrotta RR, Falvey DE. The 3,5-dinitroanilide anion: a singlet anilide anion with evidence for a thermally accessible triplet state. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele R. Perrotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20740-2012 USA
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20740-2012 USA
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12
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Chen J, Ni H, Chen W, Zhang G, Yu Y. A new strategy for facile synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyridine derivatives. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Ueda M, Uenoyama Y, Terasoma N, Doi S, Kobayashi S, Ryu I, Murphy JA. A construction of 4,4-spirocyclic γ-lactams by tandem radical cyclization with carbon monoxide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1340-5. [PMID: 23946829 PMCID: PMC3740707 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of 4,4-spirocyclic indol γ-lactams by tandem radical cyclization of iodoaryl allyl azides with CO was achieved. The reaction of iodoaryl allyl azides, TTMSS and AIBN under CO pressure (80 atm) in THF at 80 °C gave the desired 4,4-spirocyclic indoline, benzofuran, and oxindole γ-lactams in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Shen H, Lu X, Jiang KZ, Yang KF, Lu Y, Zheng ZJ, Lai GQ, Xu LW. Dimethylbut-2-ynedioate mediated esterification of acids via sp3 C–N bond cleavage of benzylic tertiary amines. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Upul Ranaweera RAA, Sankaranarayanan J, Casey L, Ault BS, Gudmundsdottir AD. Triplet-Sensitized Photoreactivity of a Geminal Diazidoalkane. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8177-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lydia Casey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Bruce S. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Anna D. Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Ranaweera RAAU, Zhao Y, Muthukrishnan S, Keller C, Gudmundsdottir AD. Competition Between Azido Cleavage and Triplet Nitrene Formation in Azidomethylacetophenones. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of p- and m-azidomethylacetophenone (1a, 1b) in argon-saturated solutions yields predominantly imine 2a, 2b, whereas irradiation of 1a, 1b in oxygen-saturated solutions results in heterocycles 3a, 3b, aldehydes 4a, 4b and nitriles 5a, 5b. Density functional theory calculations place the energy of the first and second excited state of the triplet ketones (T1K and T2K) in 1a, 1b in close proximity to each other. The triplet transition state for cleaving the C–N bond in 1a, 1b to form azido and benzyl radicals 1aB, 1bB is located only 3 kcal mol–1 (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) above T1K, indicating that azido cleavage is feasible. The calculations place the energy of the triplet azido group (TA) in 1a, 1b ∼25 kcal mol–1 below T1K; thus, this process is also easily accessible via energy transfer. Further, the transition state barrier for TA to expel N2 and form triplet nitrenes is less than 1 kcal mol–1 above TA in 1a, 1b. Laser flash photolysis of 1a, 1b reveals the formation of the triplet excited ketones of 1a, 1b, which decay to form benzyl radicals 1aB, 1bB and triplet alkylnitrenes. The triplet ketones and the benzyl radicals are quenched with molecular oxygen at rates close to diffusion, whereas the triplet nitrenes react more slowly with oxygen (∼5 × 105 M–1 s–1). We conclude that the triplet alkylnitrenes intercept the benzyl radicals to form 2 in argon-saturated solution, whereas the benzyl radicals are trapped to form 4 in oxygen-saturated solution; thus, the triplet nitrenes react with oxygen to form 3.
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Muthukrishnan S, Sankaranarayanan J, Klima RF, Pace TCS, Bohne C, Gudmundsdottir AD. Intramolecular H-Atom Abstraction in γ-Azido-Butyrophenones: Formation of 1,5 Ketyl Iminyl Radicals. Org Lett 2009; 11:2345-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivaramakrishnan Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Jagadis Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Rodney F. Klima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Tamara C. S. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
| | - Anna D. Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada V8W 3V6
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Photoremovable protecting groups based on photoenolization. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bucher G. Addition of the Carbonyl Oxygen to the ipso- or ortho-Carbon Atoms of the β-Phenyl Ring Followed by Intersystem Crossing and Rapid Relaxation to the Ground-State Ketones: A Mechanism for β-Phenyl Quenching of the First Triplet Excited States of Derivatives of β-Phenylpropiophenone. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5411-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711266z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Götz Bucher
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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Seever K, Hardeland R. Novel pathway for N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine: UVB-induced liberation of carbon monoxide from precursor N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:450-5. [PMID: 18194200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of the melatonin metabolite N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) with UV light of 254 nm causes the release of carbon monoxide (CO) and, thus, deformylation to N(1)-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK). Liberation of CO was demonstrated by reduction of PdCl(2) to metallic palladium, under avoidance of actions by other reductants. Photochemical AMK formation was not due to UV-induced hydroxyl radicals, because the reaction also took place with high efficiency in ethanol and 2-propanol. Moreover, AMK was generated from AFMK by UVB on a dry thin layer chromatographic plate. Although AMK seems to be the major primary product generated by UVB radiation, prolonged exposure of AFMK led to various other products, especially formed by destruction of AMK, as shown by irradiation of this latter compound. With regard to the demonstration of melatonin in skin and substantial amounts of AFMK in keratinocytes, these findings may be of dermatologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Seever
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Singh PND, Mandel SM, Sankaranarayanan J, Muthukrishnan S, Chang M, Robinson RM, Lahti PM, Ault BS, Gudmundsdóttir AD. Selective Formation of Triplet Alkyl Nitrenes from Photolysis of β-Azido-Propiophenone and Their Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:16263-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja077523s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep N. D. Singh
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Sarah M. Mandel
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jagadis Sankaranarayanan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Muthukrishnan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Mingxin Chang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Rachel M. Robinson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Paul M. Lahti
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Bruce S. Ault
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Anna D. Gudmundsdóttir
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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