1
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Zhang T, Cusumano AQ, Hafeman NJ, Loskot SA, Reimann CE, Virgil SC, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Investigations of an Unexpected [2+2] Photocycloaddition in the Synthesis of (-)-Scabrolide A from Quantum Mechanics Calculations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14115-14124. [PMID: 36269312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We utilize ab initio quantum mechanics calculations to evaluate a range of plausible mechanistic pathways for the unexpected formation of a [6-4-4] ring system from an enone-olefin photocycloaddition in the synthesis of (-)-scabrolide A, previously reported by our group. We present a mechanistic analysis that is consistent with all current experimental observations, including the photoexcitation, the C-C bond formation, and the associated chemo- and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicholas J Hafeman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Steven A Loskot
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christopher E Reimann
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott C Virgil
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Jayasekara GK, Antolini C, Smith MA, Jacoby DJ, Escolastico J, Girard N, Young BT, Hayes D. Mechanisms of the Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Photocycloaddition Reaction Revealed by Optical and X-ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopies. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19356-19364. [PMID: 34752703 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition provides a simple, single-step route to cyclobutane moieties that would otherwise be disfavored or impossible due to ring strain and/or steric interactions. We have used a combination of optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies to elucidate the mechanism of the Cu(I)-catalyzed intermolecular photocycloaddition reaction using norbornene and cyclohexene as model substrates. We find that for norbornene the reaction proceeds through an initial metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state that persists for 18 ns before the metal returns to the monovalent oxidation state. The Cu K-edge spectrum continues to evolve until ∼5 μs and then remains unchanged for the 50 μs duration of the measurement, reflecting product formation and ligand dissociation. We hypothesize that the MLCT transition and reverse electron transfer serve to sensitize the triplet excited state of one of the norbornene ligands, which then dimerizes with the other to give the product. For the case of cyclohexene, however, we do not observe a charge transfer state following photoexcitation and instead find evidence for an increase in the metal-ligand bond strength that persists for several ns before product formation occurs. This is consistent with a mechanism in which ligand photoisomerization is the initial step, which was first proposed by Salomon and Kochi in 1974 to explain the stereoselectivity of the reaction. Our investigation reveals how this photocatalytic reaction may be directed along strikingly disparate trajectories by only very minor changes to the structure of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethmini K Jayasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Cali Antolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Melissa A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Danielle J Jacoby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Jacqueline Escolastico
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, United States
| | - Nathan Girard
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, United States
| | - Benjamin T Young
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt Pleasant Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, United States
| | - Dugan Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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3
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Oderinde MS, Ramirez A, Dhar TGM, Cornelius LAM, Jorge C, Aulakh D, Sandhu B, Pawluczyk J, Sarjeant AA, Meanwell NA, Mathur A, Kempson J. Photocatalytic Dearomative Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Heterocycles for Building Molecular Complexity. J Org Chem 2020; 86:1730-1747. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martins S. Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical & Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lyndon A. M. Cornelius
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Christine Jorge
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Materials Science & Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Bhupinder Sandhu
- Materials Science & Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Materials Science & Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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4
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Tymann DC, Benedix L, Iovkova L, Pallach R, Henke S, Tymann D, Hiersemann M. Photochemical Approach to the Cyclohepta[b]indole Scaffold by Annulative Two-Carbon Ring-Expansion. Chemistry 2020; 26:11974-11978. [PMID: 32463529 PMCID: PMC7540574 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report on the implementation of the concept of a photochemically elicited two-carbon homologation of a π-donor-π-acceptor substituted chromophore by triple-bond insertion. Implementing a phenyl connector between the slide-in module and the chromophore enabled the synthesis of cylohepta[b]indole-type building blocks by a metal-free annulative one-pot two-carbon ring expansion of the five-membered chromophore. Post-irradiative structural elaboration provided founding members of the indolo[2,3-d]tropone family of compounds. Control experiments in combination with computational chemistry on this multibond reorganization process founded the basis for a mechanistic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Benedix
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Lyuba Iovkova
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Roman Pallach
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - David Tymann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieTU Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
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5
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Xin Y, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M, Álvarez-Larena A, Busqué F, Alibés R. Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of 2(5 H)-Furanones to Temporarily Tethered Terminal Alkenes as a Stereoselective Source of Enantiomerically Pure Polyfunctionalyzed Cyclobutanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3188-3199. [PMID: 29461058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Allyloxymethyloxymethyl and 4-pentenoyloxymethyl substituents have been used as tethering groups to study the intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of chiral 5-substituted 2(5 H)-furanones. The photoreactions proceed in good yield and provide the expected regio- and diastereoselective tricyclic compounds with complementary regioselectivity, which depends on whether the vinyl chain is attached to the furanone by an acetal or an ester linkage. Computational simulations agree with experimental observations and indicate that the origin of the different observed regioselectivity in the intramolecular photochemical reaction of lactones 5 and 6 arises from the relative stability of the initial conformers. The synthetic potential of the enantiomerically pure photoadducts is illustrated by preparing an all- cis 1,2,3-trisubstituted cyclobutane bearing fully orthogonally protected hydroxyl groups.
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6
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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7
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8
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How cyclobutanes are assembled in nature--insights from quantum chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:5042-50. [PMID: 24710596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic production of cyclobutanes leads to many complex natural products. Recently, theoretical work employing quantum chemical calculations has shed light on many of the details of cyclobutane-formation, in particular, for terpene natural products. Specific insights and general principles derived from these theoretical studies are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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9
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Jun He R, Chun Zhu B, Wang YG. Lewis base-catalyzed electrophilic lactonization of selenyl bromide resin and facile solid-phase synthesis of furan-2(5H)-one derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jun He
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chun Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310014 People's Republic of China
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10
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Bachollet S, Terao K, Aida S, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K, Oelgemöller M. Microflow photochemistry: UVC-induced [2 + 2]-photoadditions to furanone in a microcapillary reactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2015-21. [PMID: 24204412 PMCID: PMC3817530 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
[2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of cyclopentene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene to furanone were investigated under continuous-flow conditions. Irradiations were conducted in a FEP-microcapillary module which was placed in a Rayonet chamber photoreactor equipped with low wattage UVC-lamps. Conversion rates and isolated yields were compared to analogue batch reactions in a quartz test tube. In all cases examined, the microcapillary reactor furnished faster conversions and improved product qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bachollet
- James Cook University, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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11
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Petz S, Wanner KT. Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Derivatives as γ-Aminobutyric Acid Analogues through Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Pérez L, Alibés R, de March P, Busqué F, Figueredo M, Font J. Stereodivergent Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Isolineatin. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4483-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400487y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro de March
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Font
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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13
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Maturi MM, Wenninger M, Alonso R, Bauer A, Pöthig A, Riedle E, Bach T. Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition of 3- and 4-(But-3-enyl)oxyquinolones: Influence of the Alkene Substitution Pattern, Photophysical Studies, and Enantioselective Catalysis by a Chiral Sensitizer. Chemistry 2013; 19:7461-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Zhang JZ, Zhu RX, Li G, Wang LN, Sun B, Chen WF, Liu L, Lou HX. Interconversion of the Pallambins through Photoinduced Rearrangement. Org Lett 2012; 14:5624-7. [PMID: 23131044 DOI: 10.1021/ol302295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ning Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Fang Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250010, P. R. China
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15
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Synthesis of 5-alkoxy-4-amino-3-bromo-2(5H)-furanones containing benzene rings. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Mori Y, Takano K. Reaction mechanism of di-π-methane rearrangement of 4-phenyl-4H-pyran: A CASSCF/MRMP2 study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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