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Ha NT, Lee CH. Roles of Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 in Tumour and Tumour Microenvironments. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112352. [PMID: 33113804 PMCID: PMC7693003 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1, squalene synthase), a membrane-associated enzyme, synthesizes squalene via condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Accumulating evidence has noted that FDFT1 plays a critical role in cancer, particularly in metabolic reprogramming, cell proliferation, and invasion. Based on these advances in our knowledge, FDFT1 could be a potential target for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the contribution of FDFT1 to the hallmarks of cancer, and further, we discuss the applicability of FDFT1 as a cancer prognostic marker and target for anticancer therapy.
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2
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Tao E, Inoue M, Jeong T, Kim IS, Yoshimitsu T. Total Synthesis of (±)-Liphagal via Organic-Redox-Driven Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroxybenzofuran Formation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9064-9070. [PMID: 32597646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route to liphagal, a natural PI3Kα inhibitor isolated from Aka coralliphaga, was established. The present route features an organic redox process where an alkynylquinone undergoes reductive cyclization in the presence of a hydroquinone derivative such as hydroxyquinol (1,2,4-benzenetriol) and catalytic PdCl2 to provide a substituted benzofuran suitable for accessing the natural product. The benzofuran formation takes place via the redox transformation between the alkynylquinone and the electron-rich hydroquinones followed by the concomitant Pd(II)-catalyzed oxycyclization of the resultant alkynylhydroquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Tao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Inoue
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taejoo Jeong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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3
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Gössinger E. Chemistry of the Secondary Metabolites of Termites. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 109:1-384. [PMID: 31637529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12858-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isolation, structure determination, synthesis, and biochemistry of the low-molecular-weight compounds of the secretion of exocrine glands of termites are described, with an emphasis on pheromones and defensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Gössinger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- , Mistelbach, Austria.
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4
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Abdelmagid WM, Adak T, Freeman JO, Tanner ME. Studies with Guanidinium- and Amidinium-Based Inhibitors Suggest Minimal Stabilization of Allylic Carbocation Intermediates by Dehydrosqualene and Squalene Synthases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5591-5601. [PMID: 30179505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrosqualene and squalene synthases catalyze the redox neutral and the reductive, head-to-head dimerization of farnesyl diphosphate, respectively. In each case, the reaction is thought to proceed via an initial dissociation of farnesyl diphosphate to form an allylic carbocation-pyrophosphate ion pair. This work describes the synthesis and testing of inhibitors in which a guanidinium or amidinium moiety is flanked by a phosphonylphosphinate group and a hydrocarbon tail. These functional groups bear a planar, delocalized, positive charge and therefore should act as excellent mimics of an allylic carbocation. An inhibitor bearing a neutral urea moiety was also prepared as a control. The positively charged inhibitors acted as competitive inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus dehydrosqualene synthase with Ki values in the low micromolar range. Surprisingly, the neutral urea inhibitor was the most potent of the three. Similar trends were seen with the first half reaction of human squalene synthase. One interpretation of these results is that the active sites of these enzymes do not directly stabilize the allylic carbocation via electrostatic or π-cation interactions. Instead, it is likely that the enzymes use tight binding to the pyrophosphate and lipid moieties to promote catalysis and that electrostatic stabilization of the carbocation is provided by the bound pyrophosphate product. An alternate possibility is that these inhibitors cannot bind to the "ionization FPP-binding site" of the enzyme and only bind to the "nonionizing FPP-binding site". In either case, all reported attempts to generate potent inhibitors with cationic FPP analogues have been unsuccessful to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Abdelmagid
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Taniya Adak
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Jon O Freeman
- Department of Chemistry , Pacific Lutheran University , Tacoma , Washington 98447 , United States
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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5
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Vicens L, Costas M. Biologically inspired oxidation catalysis using metallopeptides. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1755-1763. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03657d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes can catalyze the oxidation of hydrocarbons with high efficiency and selectivity. For this reason, they are taken as inspiration for the development of new catalyst. A promising strategy is the combination of metal coordination complexes and peptide chains. The use of metallopeptides in oxidation reactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Vicens
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- Girona E-17071
- Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- Girona E-17071
- Spain
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6
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Takahashi K, Kuwahara S, Enomoto M. Synthesis of aurachins B and H. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1466-1469. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1325711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of aurachin B, an antibiotic that features a C3-oxygen-substituted quinoline N-oxide nucleus bearing a farnesyl side chain at C4, was accomplished in 60% overall yield from o-nitrotoluene by a concise five-step sequence. An enantioselective synthesis of aurachin H was also achieved for the first time in only two steps from an optically active epoxy iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Puljula E, Vepsäläinen J, Turhanen PA. Synthesis of medronic acid monoesters and their purification by high-performance countercurrent chromatography or by hydroxyapatite. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2145-2149. [PMID: 27829921 PMCID: PMC5082484 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We achieved the synthesis of important medronic acid monoalkyl esters via the dealkylation of mixed trimethyl monoalkyl esters of medronic acid. Two methods were developed for the purification of medronic acid monoesters: 1) small scale (10–20 mg) purification by using hydroxyapatite and 2) large scale (tested up to 140 mg) purification by high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Puljula
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri A Turhanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Feng S, Du YQ, Zhang L, Zhang L, Feng RR, Liu SY. Analysis of serum metabolic profile by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for biomarkers discovery: application in a pilot study to discriminate patients with tuberculosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:159-68. [PMID: 25591556 PMCID: PMC4837832 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.149188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic wasting inflammatory disease characterized by multisystem involvement, which can cause metabolic derangements in afflicted patients. Metabolic signatures have been exploited in the study of several diseases. However, the serum that is successfully used in TB diagnosis on the basis of metabolic profiling is not by much. METHODS Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was capable of distinguishing TB patients from both healthy subjects and patients with conditions other than TB. Therefore, TB-specific metabolic profiling was established. Clusters of potential biomarkers for differentiating TB active from non-TB diseases were identified using Mann-Whitney U-test. Multiple logistic regression analysis of metabolites was calculated to determine the suitable biomarker group that allows the efficient differentiation of patients with TB active from the control subjects. RESULTS From among 271 participants, 12 metabolites were found to contribute to the distinction between the TB active group and the control groups. These metabolites were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of the following three biomolecules: Fatty acids, amino acids, and lipids. The receiver operating characteristic curves of 3D, 7D, and 11D-phytanic acid, behenic acid, and threoninyl-γ-glutamate exhibited excellent efficiency with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.904 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0863-0.944), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.893-0.966), and 0.964 (95% CI: 00.941-0.988), respectively. The largest and smallest resulting AUCs were 0.964 and 0.720, indicating that these biomarkers may be involved in the disease mechanisms. The combination of lysophosphatidylcholine (18:0), behenic acid, threoninyl-γ-glutamate, and presqualene diphosphate was used to represent the most suitable biomarker group for the differentiation of patients with TB active from the control subjects, with an AUC value of 0.991. CONCLUSION The metabolic analysis results identified new serum biomarkers that can distinguish TB from non-TB diseases. The metabolomics-based analysis provides specific insights into the biology of TB and may offer new avenues for TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Haihe Hospital, Respiratory Disease Research Institute, Tianjin 300350, China
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9
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Alcaide A, Trapero A, Pérez Y, Llebaria A. Galacto configured N-aminoaziridines: a new type of irreversible inhibitor of β-galactosidases. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5690-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Aminoaziridines are potent irreversible inhibitors of galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alcaide
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab)
- Departament de Química Biomèdica
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC–CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ana Trapero
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab)
- Departament de Química Biomèdica
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC–CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- NMR Unit
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC–CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (MedChemLab)
- Departament de Química Biomèdica
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC–CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
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10
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11
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Lichtor PA, Miller SJ. Combinatorial evolution of site- and enantioselective catalysts for polyene epoxidation. Nat Chem 2012; 4:990-5. [PMID: 23174978 PMCID: PMC3506257 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity in the catalytic functionalization of complex molecules is a major challenge in chemical synthesis. The problem is magnified when there are several possible stereochemical outcomes and when similar functional groups occur repeatedly within the same molecule. Selective polyene oxidation provides an archetypical example of this challenge. Historically, enzymatic catalysis has provided the only precedents. Although non-enzymatic catalysts that meet some of these challenges became known, a comprehensive solution has remained elusive. Here, we describe low molecular weight peptide-based catalysts, discovered through a combinatorial synthesis and screening protocol, that exhibit site- and enantioselective oxidation of certain positions of various isoprenols. This diversity-based approach, which exhibits features reminiscent of the directed evolution of enzymes, delivers catalysts that compare favourably to the state-of-the-art for the asymmetric oxidation of these compounds. Moreover, the approach culminated in catalysts that exhibit alternative-site selectivity in comparison to oxidation catalysts previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Lichtor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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12
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Assem N, Hili R, He Z, Kasahara T, Inman BL, Decker S, Yudin AK. Role of Reversible Dimerization in Reactions of Amphoteric Aziridine Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5613-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3007418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naila Assem
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ryan Hili
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Zhi He
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Takahito Kasahara
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Brittany L. Inman
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Shannon Decker
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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13
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Faraldos JA, Miller DJ, González V, Yoosuf-Aly Z, Cascón O, Li A, Allemann RK. A 1,6-ring closure mechanism for (+)-δ-cadinene synthase? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5900-8. [PMID: 22397618 DOI: 10.1021/ja211820p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (DCS) from Gossypium arboreum catalyzes the metal-dependent cyclization of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) to the cadinane sesquiterpene δ-cadinene, the parent hydrocarbon of cotton phytoalexins such as gossypol. In contrast to some other sesquiterpene cyclases, DCS carries out this transformation with >98% fidelity but, as a consequence, leaves no mechanistic traces of its mode of action. The formation of (+)-δ-cadinene has been shown to occur via the enzyme-bound intermediate (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), which in turn has been postulated to be converted to cis-germacradienyl cation after a 1,10-cyclization. A subsequent 1,3-hydride shift would then relocate the carbocation within the transient macrocycle to expedite a second cyclization that yields the cadinenyl cation with the correct cis stereochemistry found in (+)-δ-cadinene. An elegant 1,10-mechanistic pathway that avoids the formation of (3R)-NDP has also been suggested. In this alternative scenario, the final cadinenyl cation is proposed to be formed through the intermediacy of trans, trans-germacradienyl cation and germacrene D. In addition, an alternative 1,6-ring closure mechanism via the bisabolyl cation has previously been envisioned. We report here a detailed investigation of the catalytic mechanism of DCS using a variety of mechanistic probes including, among others, deuterated and fluorinated FDPs. Farnesyl diphosphate analogues with fluorine at C2 and C10 acted as inhibitors of DCS, but intriguingly, after prolonged overnight incubations, they yielded 2F-germacrene(s) and a 10F-humulene, respectively. The observed 1,10-, and to a lesser extent, 1,11-cyclization activity of DCS with these fluorinated substrates is consistent with the postulated macrocyclization mechanism(s) en route to (+)-δ-cadinene. On the other hand, mechanistic results from incubations of DCS with 6F-FPP, (2Z,6E)-FDP, neryl diphosphate, 6,7-dihydro-FDP, and NDP seem to be in better agreement with the potential involvement of the alternative biosynthetic 1,6-ring closure pathway. In particular, the strong inhibition of DCS by 6F-FDP, coupled to the exclusive bisabolyl- and terpinyl-derived product profiles observed for the DCS-catalyzed turnover of (2Z,6E)-farnesyl and neryl diphosphates, suggested the intermediacy of α-bisabolyl cation. DCS incubations with enantiomerically pure [1-(2)H(1)](1R)-FDP revealed that the putative bisabolyl-derived 1,6-pathway proceeds through (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (NDP), is consistent with previous deuterium-labeling studies, and accounts for the cis stereochemistry characteristic of cadinenyl-derived sesquiterpenes. While the results reported here do not unambiguously rule in favor of 1,6- or 1,10-cyclization, they demonstrate the mechanistic versatility inherent to DCS and highlight the possible existence of multiple mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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Faraldos JA, Antonczak AK, González V, Fullerton R, Tippmann EM, Allemann RK. Probing eudesmane cation-π interactions in catalysis by aristolochene synthase with non-canonical amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13906-9. [PMID: 21815676 DOI: 10.1021/ja205927u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization of the reaction intermediate eudesmane cation (3) through interaction with Trp 334 during catalysis by aristolochene synthase from Penicillium roqueforti was investigated by site-directed incorporation of proteinogenic and non-canonical aromatic amino acids. The amount of germacrene A (2) generated by the mutant enzymes served as a measure of the stabilization of 3. 2 is a neutral intermediate, from which 3 is formed during PR-AS catalysis by protonation of the C6,C7 double bond. The replacement of Trp 334 with para-substituted phenylalanines of increasing electron-withdrawing properties led to a progressive accumulation of 2 that showed a good correlation with the interaction energies of simple cations such as Na(+) with substituted benzenes. These results provide compelling evidence for the stabilizing role played by Trp 334 in aristolochene synthase catalysis for the energetically demanding transformation of 2 to 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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15
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Faraldos JA, Allemann RK. Inhibition of (+)-aristolochene synthase with iminium salts resembling eudesmane cation. Org Lett 2011; 13:1202-5. [PMID: 21271717 DOI: 10.1021/ol2000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trigonal iminium halides of (4aS,7S)-1,4a-dimethyl- and (4aS,7S)-4a-methyl-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydroquinolinium ions, aimed to mimic transition states associated with the aristolochene synthase-catalyzed cyclization of (-)-germacrene A to eudesmane cation, were evaluated under standard kinetic steady-state conditions. In the presence of inorganic diphosphate, these analogues were shown to competitively inhibit the enzyme, suggesting a stabilizing role for the diphosphate leaving group in this apparently endothermic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Banks HD. Substituent effects on the rate of formation of azomethine ylides. A computational investigation. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6335-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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