1
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Hou C, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Xu H, Wu Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Liu Y. Ni‐Catalyzed Regioselective Cyclotrimerization of Internal Esteryl Alkynes towards Polysubstituted Benzene Rings. Helv Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hou
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science CHINA
| | - Yan Ma
- Jilin Baojinng Carbon Materials Co. Production Department CHINA
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science CHINA
| | - Huiling Xu
- Jilin Baojing Carbon Materials Co. Production Department CHINA
| | - Yuanqi Wu
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science CHINA
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science CHINA
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science CHINA
| | - Yu Liu
- Changchun University of Technology College of Chemistry and Life Science Yan'an Road 2005 130012 Changchun CHINA
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2
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Chai J, Nie Y, Wang Z, Cheng L, Liu YG, Wu J. Metal Free Access to Polysubstituted Pyrimidines via Nitrile Activation and [2+2+2] Cycloaddition. Chemistry 2021; 27:17565-17569. [PMID: 34626013 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tf2 O mediated intermolecular / intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition between alkynes and nitriles has been developed for efficient construction of polysubstituted pyrimidines and bicyclopyrimidines. In presence of Tf2 O, aza-allene species were generated in situ through nitrile activation and subsequently participated in the [2+2+2] cycloaddition, which was fully supported by deuteration experiments. The reaction had good substrate extensibility with moderate to excellent yield including trimethylsilylalkynes. The method was utilized as a synthetic tool in the preparation of a luminescent metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Chai
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yu Nie
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Guo Liu
- Division of Molecular Catalysis & Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Wu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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3
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Planer S, Małecki P, Trzaskowski B, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Sterically Tuned N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for the Efficient Formation of Hindered Products in Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11394-11404. [PMID: 33123411 PMCID: PMC7587146 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formation of tetrasubstituted C-C double bonds via olefin metathesis is considered very challenging for classical Ru-based complexes. In the hope to improve this condition, three ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts bearing sterically reduced N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands with xylyl "arms" were synthesized, characterized using both computational and experimental techniques, and tested in a number of challenging reactions. The catalysts are predicted to initiate much faster than the analogue with mesityl N-substituents. We also foreboded the rotation of xylyl side groups at ambient temperature and the existence of all four atropoisomers in the solution, which was in agreement with experimental data. These catalysts exhibited high activity at relatively low temperatures (45-60 °C) and at reduced catalyst loadings in various reactions of sterically hindered alkenes, including complex polyfunctional substrates of pharmaceutical interest, such as yangonin precursors, chrysantemic acid derivatives, analogues of cannabinoid agonists, α-terpineol, and finally a thermally unstable peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Planer
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Tseng CC, Tsai SE, Li SM, Wong FF. One-Pot Acid-Promoted Synthesis of 6-Aminopyrazolopyrimidines from 1 H-Pyrazol-5-yl- N, N-dimethylformamidines or 5-Amino-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes with Cyanamide. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16157-16170. [PMID: 31736306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient one-pot acid-promoted synthesis of 6-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine has been developed by treatment of 1H-pyrazol-5-yl-N,N-dimethylformamidines or 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes with cyanamide (NH2C≡N) in an acid-mediated solution. This synthetic route involves four steps of deprotection, imination, the key acid-promoted heterocyclization, and aromatization. On the basis of optimized studies, methanesulfonylchloride is considered to be the best solvent. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted synthetic technique was also carried out to improve the major product 6-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines in this method. Moreover, our proposed mechanism was confirmed in this study, which demonstrates that N-[(5-amino-1,3-diaryl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene]cyanamide is the intermediate.
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5
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Gułajski Ł, Tracz A, Urbaniak K, Czarnocki SJ, Bieniek M, Olszewski TK. Ammonium-tagged ruthenium-based catalysts for olefin metathesis in aqueous media under ultrasound and microwave irradiation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:160-166. [PMID: 30745991 PMCID: PMC6350890 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of microwave and ultrasonic irradiation on the performance of ammonium-tagged Ru-based catalysts in olefin metathesis transformations in aqueous media was studied. Differences in the catalytic activity in correlation with the nature of the present counter ion and the size of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand were revealed. The presented methodology allows for preparation of a variety of polar and non-polar metathesis products under environmentally friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Tracz
- Apeiron Synthesis SA, Duńska 9, 54-427 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz K Olszewski
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 29, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Kappe CO. My Twenty Years in Microwave Chemistry: From Kitchen Ovens to Microwaves that aren't Microwaves. CHEM REC 2019; 19:15-39. [PMID: 29905399 PMCID: PMC6391988 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's involvement in the field of microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) from the late 1990's starting out with kitchen microwave ovens right through to the development of a reactor in 2016 that - although not using microwave technology - in many ways mimics the performance of a modern laboratory microwave. The reader is taken along a journey that has spanned two decades of intense research on various aspects of microwave chemistry, and, at the same time, was intimately linked to key innovations regarding equipment design and development. A "behind the scenes" approach is taken in this article to share - from a very personal point of view - how specific projects and research ideas were conceived and developed in my research group, and how in general the field of microwave chemistry has progressed in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 GrazAustria
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7
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Yang H, Zhang Q, Chen Y, He Y, Yang F, Lu Z. Microwave–Ultrasonic Synergistically Assisted Synthesis of ZnO Coated Cotton Fabrics with an Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Stability. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:340-346. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Guangzhou 510725, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuantao He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Sawada T, Tashima S, Saito K, Yamada T. Microwave Enhancement on Ring-closing Metathesis of Macrocyclic Bisazole. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Xue F, Loh YK, Song X, Teo WJ, Chua JYD, Zhao J, Hor TSA. Nickel-Catalyzed Facile [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerization of Unactivated Internal Alkynes to Polysubstituted Benzenes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:168-173. [PMID: 27863110 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of unactivated internal alkynes providing cyclotrimerization products in excellent yields with high regioselectivity is described. The transformation is accomplished by using a simple catalytic mixture comprising Ni(acac)2 , an imidazolium salt and a Grignard reagent at room temperature or 60 °C for 20 min or 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ying Kai Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaolu Song
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - J Y Darrence Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - T S Andy Hor
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Bana P, Greiner I. Investigation of Selective Microwave Heating Phenomena in the Reactions of 2-Substituted Pyridines. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Debated selective microwave heating effects were investigated in a rearrangement and a benzylation reaction involving 2-substituted pyridines. An accurate, reproducible comparison technique and simultaneous temperature measurement using both external infrared and internal fibre optic sensors were utilized. The experimental details of the benzylation reaction were thoroughly addressed to resolve the inconsistencies that have been discussed previously in the literature. Hidden inhomogeneities in temperature and concentration were revealed within the reaction mixtures during microwave heating, which could be prevented by the modification of the vessel wall using an inert fluoropolymer liner. Instead of the previously proposed microscopic thermal microwave effect, the enhanced reaction rate could be explained by macroscopic-scale localized heating in the boundary layers close to the vessel surface in the microwave-heated experiment.
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11
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Lau CC, Bayazit MK, Knowles JC, Tang J. Tailoring degree of esterification and branching of poly(glycerol sebacate) by energy efficient microwave irradiation. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A branched poly(glycerol sebacate) prepolymer has been successfully synthesised via single mode microwave irradiation with an improved reaction rate and controllable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ching Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| | | | - Jonathan Campbell Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- London
- UK
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
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12
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Obermayer D, Znidar D, Glotz G, Stadler A, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Design and Performance Validation of a Conductively Heated Sealed-Vessel Reactor for Organic Synthesis. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11788-11801. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Obermayer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Desiree Znidar
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Stadler
- Department
of Analytical and Synthetic Chemistry, Anton Paar GmbH, Anton-Paar-Strasse
20, 8054 Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Zhang J, Zhang Q, Xia B, Wu J, Wang XN, Chang J. Metal-Free [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ynamides with Nitriles to Construct 2,4-Diaminopyridines. Org Lett 2016; 18:3390-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Qingshuang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Biao Xia
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and College of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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14
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Chen YL, Sharma P, Liu RS. Sulfonamide-directed gold-catalyzed [2+2+2]-cycloadditions of nitriles with two discrete ynamides to construct 2,4-diaminopyridine cores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3187-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09688j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gold-catalyzed [2+2+2]-cycloadditions of two discrete ynamides and one nitrile afford 2,4-diaminopyridine derivatives; our mechanistic analysis reveals that the reaction chemoselectivity is affected by the types of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing-Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
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15
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Kashima K, Ishii M, Tanaka K. Synthesis of Pyridylphosphonates by Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of 1,6- and 1,7-Diynes with Diethyl Phosphorocyanidate. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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17
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Rosana MR, Hunt J, Ferrari A, Southworth TA, Tao Y, Stiegman AE, Dudley GB. Microwave-Specific Acceleration of a Friedel–Crafts Reaction: Evidence for Selective Heating in Homogeneous Solution. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7437-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501153r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Rosana
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Jacob Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Anthony Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Taylor A. Southworth
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Yuchuan Tao
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Albert E. Stiegman
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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18
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Chen PK, Rosana MR, Dudley GB, Stiegman AE. Parameters Affecting the Microwave-Specific Acceleration of a Chemical Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7425-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5011526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32312, United States
| | - Michael R. Rosana
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32312, United States
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32312, United States
| | - A. E. Stiegman
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32312, United States
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19
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Karad SN, Liu RS. Regiocontrolled Gold-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Ynamides with Two Discrete Nitriles to Construct 4-Aminopyrimidine Cores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9072-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Karad SN, Liu RS. Regiocontrolled Gold-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of Ynamides with Two Discrete Nitriles to Construct 4-Aminopyrimidine Cores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Large accelerations from small thermal differences: case studies and conventional reproduction of microwave effects on palladium couplings. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-014-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Nairoukh Z, Fanun M, Schwarze M, Schomäcker R, Blum J. Cyclotrimerization of alkynes vs. ketone formation in aqueous microemulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Moghaddam MM, Kappe CO. A Critical Investigation on the Existence of Selective Microwave Absorption in the Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The existence of selective microwave absorption phenomena in the synthesis of CdSe quantum dots has been investigated. These types of microwave effects involving selective microwave absorption by specific reagents have recently been proposed in the microwave-assisted synthesis of various nanoparticles. In the present study, the microwave synthesis of CdSe quantum dots was investigated according to a protocol published by Washington and Strouse to clarify the presence of selective microwave heating. Importantly, control experiments involving conventional conductive heating were executed under otherwise (except for the heating mode) identical conditions, ensuring the same heating and cooling profiles, stirring rates, and reactor geometries. Comparison of powder X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, photoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy data of the obtained CdSe quantum dots reveals that identical types of nanoparticles are obtained independently of the heating mode. Therefore, no evidence for a selective microwave absorption phenomenon could be obtained.
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24
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Kappe CO. Unraveling the mysteries of microwave chemistry using silicon carbide reactor technology. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1579-87. [PMID: 23463987 DOI: 10.1021/ar300318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, the use of microwave energy to heat chemical reactions has become an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique has slowly progressed from a laboratory curiosity to an established method commonly used both in academia and in industry. Because of its efficiency, microwave heating dramatically reduces reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) and improves product purities or material properties among other advantages. Since the early days of microwave chemistry, researchers have observed rate-accelerations and, in some cases, altered product distributions as compared with reactions carried out using classical oil-bath heating. As a result, researchers have speculated that so-called specific or nonthermal microwave effects could be responsible for these differences. Much of the debate has centered on the question of whether the electromagnetic field can exert a direct influence on a chemical transformation outside of the simple macroscopic change in bulk reaction temperature. In 2009, our group developed a relatively simple "trick" that allows us to rapidly evaluate whether an observed effect seen in a microwave-assisted reaction results from a purely thermal phenomenon, or involves specific or nonthermal microwave effects. We use a microwave reaction vessel made from silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic. Because of its high microwave absorptivity, the vessel shields its contents from the electromagnetic field. As a result, we can easily mimic a conventionally heated autoclave experiment inside a microwave reactor under carefully controlled reaction conditions. The switch from an almost microwave transparent glass (Pyrex) to a strongly microwave absorbing SiC reaction vial under otherwise identical reaction conditions (temperature profiles, pressure, stirring speed) then allows us to carefully evaluate the influence of the electromagnetic field on the particular chemical transformation. Over the past five years we have subjected a wide variety of chemical transformations, including organic reactions, preparations of inorganic nanoparticles, and the hydrolysis of proteins, to the "SiC test." In nearly all of the studied examples, we obtained identical results from reactions carried out in Pyrex vials and those carried out in SiC vials. The data obtained from these investigations confirm that in the overwhelming majority of cases a bulk temperature phenomenon drives the enhancements in microwave chemistry and that the electromagnetic field has no direct influence on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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In situ preparation of silver nanocomposites on cellulosic fibers – Microwave vs. conventional heating. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bonne D, Constantieux T, Coquerel Y, Rodriguez J. Stereoselective Multiple Bond-Forming Transformations (MBFTs): The Power of 1,2- and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. Chemistry 2013; 19:2218-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kappe CO, Pieber B, Dallinger D. Microwave Effects in Organic Synthesis: Myth or Reality? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1088-94. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kappe CO, Pieber B, Dallinger D. Mikrowelleneffekte in der organischen Synthese - Mythos oder Wirklichkeit? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Goh SS, Baars H, Gockel B, Anderson EA. Metal-Catalyzed Syntheses of Abridged CDE Rings of Rubriflordilactones A and B. Org Lett 2012; 14:6278-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shermin S. Goh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K., and Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Baars
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K., and Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Birgit Gockel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K., and Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K., and Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xia F, Zhao ZL, Liu PN. Sulfuric acid catalyzed addition of β-dicarbonyl compounds to alcohols under conventional heating and microwave-assisted conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Literature Survey Part A: Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. MICROWAVES IN ORGANIC AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527647828.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Rodriguez AM, Cebrián C, Prieto P, García JI, de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz Á. DFT Studies on Cobalt-Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization Reactions: The Mechanism and Origin of Reaction Improvement under Microwave Irradiation. Chemistry 2012; 18:6217-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Baghbanzadeh M, Škapin SD, Orel ZC, Kappe CO. A Critical Assessment of the Specific Role of Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of ZnO Micro- and Nanostructured Materials. Chemistry 2012; 18:5724-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mikrowellen-unterstützte Synthese von kolloidalen anorganischen Nanokristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Baghbanzadeh M, Carbone L, Cozzoli PD, Kappe CO. Microwave-assisted synthesis of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11312-59. [PMID: 22058070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal inorganic nanocrystals stand out as an important class of advanced nanomaterials owing to the flexibility with which their physical-chemical properties can be controlled through size, shape, and compositional engineering in the synthesis stage and the versatility with which they can be implemented into technological applications in fields as diverse as optoelectronics, energy conversion/production, catalysis, and biomedicine. The use of microwave irradiation as a non-classical energy source has become increasingly popular in the preparation of nanocrystals (which generally involves complex and time-consuming processing of molecular precursors in the presence of solvents, ligands and/or surfactants at elevated temperatures). Similar to its now widespread use in organic chemistry, the efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing overall processing times is one of the main advantages associated with this technique. This Review illustrates microwave-assisted methods that have been developed to synthesize colloidal inorganic nanocrystals and critically evaluates the specific roles that microwave irradiation may play in the formation of these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Dushing MP, Ramana C. Target cum flexibility: synthesis of C(3′)-spiroannulated nucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chanda K, Maiti B, Chung WS, Sun CM. Novel approach towards 2-substituted aminobenzimidazoles on imidazolium ion tag under focused microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Boddaert T, Coquerel Y, Rodriguez J. Combination of Rearrangement with Metallic and Organic Catalyses - a Step- and Atom-Economical Approach to α-Spiroactones and -lactams. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Boddaert T, Coquerel Y, Rodriguez J. Expeditious Divergent Synthetic Approach to Polycyclic Terpene-Like Molecules. Chemistry 2011; 17:2048-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Recent advances in [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3430-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gutmann B, Obermayer D, Reichart B, Prekodravac B, Irfan M, Kremsner JM, Kappe CO. Sintered Silicon Carbide: A New Ceramic Vessel Material for Microwave Chemistry in Single-Mode Reactors. Chemistry 2010; 16:12182-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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