1
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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2
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Plumet J. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrile Oxides under "Non-Conventional" Conditions: Green Solvents, Irradiation, and Continuous Flow. Chempluschem 2021; 85:2252-2271. [PMID: 33044044 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions (DCs) of nitrile oxides (NOs) to alkenes and alkynes are useful methods for the synthesis of 2-isoxazolines and isoxazoles respectively, which are important classes of heterocyclic compounds in organic and medicinal chemistry. Most of these reactions are carried out in organic solvents and under thermal activation. Nevertheless the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2 ) and ionic liquids (Ils) as alternative solvents and the application of microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) as alternative activation procedures have evident advantages from the "Green Chemistry" point of view. The critical discussion on the applications of these "unconventional" activation methods and reaction conditions in the 1,3-DCs of NOs is the objective of the present Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Plumet
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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3
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Koo H, Kim HY, Oh K. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Isoxazoles via Vinyl Azides from Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Alkynes: A Modulated Troubleshooting Optimization Approach. Org Lett 2019; 21:10063-10068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmo Koo
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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5
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Zhang MX, DeHope AJ, Pagoria PF. Environmentally Benign and Scalable Preparation of Diethyl Furoxan-3,4-dicarboxylate Using Silver Carbonate as a Nitrile Oxide Generator. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Xi Zhang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-282, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alan J. DeHope
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-282, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Philip. F. Pagoria
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-282, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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6
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Zheng R, Feng F, Zhang Z, Fu J, Su Q, Zhang Y, Gu Q. Microwave-assisted efficient synthesis of 3-substituted bis-isoxazole ether bearing 2-chloro-3-pyridyl via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Mol Divers 2019; 24:423-435. [PMID: 31309395 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy for synthesizing of 3-substituted bis-isoxazole ether bearing 2-chloro-3-pyridyl under microwave radiation was reported. The reactive regioselectivity was improved by changing mainly the solvent and acid-binding agent. 3-(2-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-(((3-substituted phenyl isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)methyl)isoxazoles were synthesized in 31-92% yields and were characterized by FT-IR, HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal of 3-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-(((3-(p-tolyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)methyl)isoxazole was obtained, and the structure of compound has also been determined by X-ray diffraction technique. Weak intra- and intermolecular C-H∙∙∙O interactions and a C-H∙∙∙π interaction link molecules into a three-dimensional network. The results showed that the synthesized compounds belonged to triclinic system, and their regioselectivity depended on the solvent and acid-binding agent. The merits of this method include the environmentally friendly, efficient, simple operation, and higher regional selectivity. An efficient synthesis of 3-substituted bis-isoxazole ethers was developed via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction starting from 3-substituted phenyl-5-((prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))methyl)isoxazoles and (Z)-2-chloro-N-hydroxynicotinimidoyl chloride using NaHCO3 as an acid-binding agent in THF solvent-dissolved trace water under catalyst-free microwave-assisted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Su
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Bucci R, Giofré S, Clerici F, Contini A, Pinto A, Erba E, Soave R, Pellegrino S, Gelmi ML. Tetrahydro-4H-(pyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazol-3-yl)methanamine: A Bicyclic Diamino Scaffold Stabilizing Parallel Turn Conformations. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11493-11501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bucci
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giofré
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Clerici
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- DeFENS, Sezione di Scienze Chimiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Erba
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Raffaella Soave
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Gelmi
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi Milano Via Venezian 21, Milano 20133, Italy
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8
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Korgavkar NN, Samant SD. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of aryl nitrile oxides with alkenes using imidazole and pyridine containing reusable polymeric base catalysts. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1399207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh N. Korgavkar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Shriniwas D. Samant
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
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9
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Roscales S, Plumet J. Metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8446-8461. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02072h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review recent advances in the metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides are highlighted, covering references from the period 2000 until August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Roscales
- Universidad Complutense
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Universidad Complutense
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Madrid
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10
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Tamborini L, Mastronardi F, Lo Presti L, Nielsen B, De Micheli C, Conti P, Pinto A. Synthesis of l-Tricholomic Acid Analogues and Pharmacological Characterization at Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mastronardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Milan; Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen OE Denmark
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
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11
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Korgavkar NN, Samant SD. Development of hydrogelator-based gel-entrapped base catalysts (GEBCs) as heterogeneous basic catalysts for the synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New gel entrapped base catalysts (GEBCs) have been prepared by entrapping some organic and inorganic bases into a solid aqueous gel matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh N. Korgavkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- N.M. Parekh Road
- Matunga
- India
| | - Shriniwas D. Samant
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- N.M. Parekh Road
- Matunga
- India
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12
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Tamborini L, Cullia G, Nielsen B, De Micheli C, Conti P, Pinto A. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of conformationally constrained glutamic acid higher homologues. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5741-5747. [PMID: 27658797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Homologation of glutamic acid chain together with conformational constraint is a commonly used strategy to achieve selectivity towards different types of glutamate receptors. In the present work, starting from two potent and selective unnatural amino acids previously developed by us, we investigated the effects on the activity/selectivity profile produced by a further increase in the distance between the amino acidic moiety and the distal carboxylate group. Interestingly, the insertion of an aromatic ring as a spacer produced a low micromolar affinity NMDA ligand that might represent a lead for the development of a new class of NMDA antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Cullia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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13
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Tamborini L, Mastronardi F, Dall'Oglio F, De Micheli C, Nielsen B, Lo Presti L, Conti P, Pinto A. Synthesis of unusual isoxazoline containing β and γ-dipeptides as potential glutamate receptor ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional beta and gamma dipeptides as tools to investigate the iGluR binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Tamborini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Federica Mastronardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Federica Dall'Oglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- Universitetsparken 2
- 2100 Copenhagen OE
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche DISFARM
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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14
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Viviano M, Milite C, Rescigno D, Castellano S, Sbardella G. A continuous-flow synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepin-5-ones, privileged scaffolds for drug discovery. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow strategy to achieve the benzodiazepine privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Donatella Rescigno
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
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15
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Plouffe P, Macchi A, Roberge DM. From Batch to Continuous Chemical Synthesis—A Toolbox Approach. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Plouffe
- Centre
for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Arturo Macchi
- Centre
for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N6N5, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The rapid generation of isothiocyanates in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1613-9. [PMID: 24062820 PMCID: PMC3778409 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile starting materials for a wide range of chemical reactions. However, their high nucleophilic susceptibility means they are best prepared and used immediately. We report here on a flow platform for the fast and efficient formation of isothiocyanates by the direct conversion of easily prepared chloroximes. To expedite this chemistry a flow insert cartridge containing two immobilised reagents is used to affect the chemical transformation which typically eliminates the requirements for any conventional work-up or purification of the reaction stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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17
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Karney MJ, Porter KA, Barnhardt EK, Vanier GS. Meso-scale microwave-assisted continuous flow reactions utilizing a selective heating matrix. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Wilson NS, Osuma AT, Camp JA, Xu X. A scalable approach to diaminopyrazoles using flow chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Malet-Sanz
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Flavien Susanne
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
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20
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Badru R, Anand P, Singh B. Synthesis and evaluation of hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazole-4,6-diones as anti-stress agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 48:81-91. [PMID: 22178092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,3-diphenyl-5-(naphthalen-1-yl)-4H-2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazole-4,6-dione derivatives were synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine N-oxides with N-(α-naphthyl)maleimide. The pyrrolo-isoxazole derivatives were assigned cis- and trans- configurations (3-A and 3-B) with respect to proton C(3)-H on azomethinic carbon on the basis of their (1)H NMR. The reaction proceeds through cis- endo addition rule indicating the predominance of cis isomer. The cis- and trans- isomers of a prototype compound 3ai.e., compound 3a-A and compound 3a-B were evaluated for anti-stress activity in immobilization-induced acute stress. Compound 3a-A (5 and 10 mg/kg) and compound 3a-B (10 mg/kg) attenuated immobilization stress-induced behavioral alterations in Swiss albino mice suggesting that pyrrolo-isoxazole may serve as lead molecule for the development of anti-stress agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Badru
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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21
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Small molecule library synthesis using segmented flow. Molecules 2011; 16:9161-77. [PMID: 22048699 PMCID: PMC6264587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has gained considerable recognition as a simple, efficient, and safe technology for the synthesis of many types of organic and inorganic molecules ranging in scope from large complex natural products to silicon nanoparticles. In this paper we describe a method that adapts flow chemistry to the synthesis of libraries of compounds using a fluorous immiscible solvent as a spacer between reactions. The methodology was validated in the synthesis of two small heterocycle containing libraries. The reactions were performed on a 0.2 mmol scale, enabling tens of milligrams of material to be generated in a single 200 μL reaction plug. The methodology allowed library synthesis in half the time of conventional microwave synthesis while maintaining similar yields. The ability to perform multiple, potentially unrelated reactions in a single run is ideal for making small quantities of many different compounds quickly and efficiently.
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22
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Castellano S, Kuck D, Viviano M, Yoo J, López-Vallejo F, Conti P, Tamborini L, Pinto A, Medina-Franco JL, Sbardella G. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Δ2-Isoxazoline Derivatives as DNA Methyltransferase 1 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7663-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Dirk Kuck
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Jakyung Yoo
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Fabian López-Vallejo
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Paola Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “Pietro Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “Pietro Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche “Pietro Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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23
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The Microwave-to-Flow Paradigm: Translating High-Temperature Batch Microwave Chemistry to Scalable Continuous-Flow Processes. Chemistry 2011; 17:11956-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Kuratli C, Ley SV, Martin RE, Schneider J. Synthesis of a drug-like focused library of trisubstituted pyrrolidines using integrated flow chemistry and batch methods. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:405-13. [PMID: 21528880 DOI: 10.1021/co2000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A combination of flow and batch chemistries has been successfully applied to the assembly of a series of trisubstituted drug-like pyrrolidines. This study demonstrates the efficient preparation of a focused library of these pharmaceutically important structures using microreactor technologies, as well as classical parallel synthesis techniques, and thus exemplifies the impact of integrating innovative enabling tools within the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Christoph Kuratli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Rainer E. Martin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Schneider
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Brasholz M, Saubern S, Savage GP. Nitrile Oxide 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition by Dehydration of Nitromethane Derivatives Under Continuous Flow Conditions. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic nitrile oxides were generated in situ, by dehydration of terminal nitro compounds, and reacted with dipolarophiles using continuous flow techniques to afford substituted isoxazolines. The yields of cycloadducts were comparable with traditional flask-based reactions but reaction times were much shorter. In-line scavenger cartridges conveniently removed by-products and unreacted reagents to give almost pure crude products. The process was demonstrated up to gram scale.
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