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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Hénault J, Quellier P, Mock-Joubert M, Le Narvor C, Alix A, Bonnaffé D. Regioselective Reductive Opening of Benzylidene Acetals with Dichlorophenylborane/Triethylsilane: Previously Unreported Side Reactions and How to Prevent Them. J Org Chem 2022; 87:963-973. [PMID: 35015527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arylidene acetals are widely used protecting groups, because of not only the high regioselectivity of their introduction but also the possibility of performing further regioselective reductive opening in the presence of a hydride donor and an acid catalyst. In this context, the Et3SiH/PhBCl2 system presents several advantages: silanes are efficient, environmentally benign, and user-friendly hydride donors, while PhBCl2 opens the way to unique regioselectivity with regard to all other Brønsted or Lewis acids used with silanes. This system has been extensively used by several groups, and we have demonstrated its high regioselectivity in the reductive opening of 4,6- and 2,4-O-p-methoxybenzylidene moieties in protected disaccharides. Surprisingly, its use on 4,6-O-benzylidene-containing substrates 1 and 2 led to unreproducible yields due to the unexpected formation of several side products. Their characterizations allowed us to identify different pitfalls potentially affecting the outcome of reductive opening of arylidenes with the Et3SiH/PhBCl2 reagent system: alkene hydroboration, azide reduction, and/or Lewis acid-promoted cleavage of the arylidene. With this knowledge, we optimized reproducible and high-yielding reaction conditions that secure and extend the scope of the Et3SiH/PhBCl2 system as a reagent for the regioselective opening of arylidenes in complex and multifunctional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Hénault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pauline Quellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maxime Mock-Joubert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christine Le Narvor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien Alix
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Bonnaffé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
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3
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Zhang M, Wang N, Liu J, Wang C, Xu Y, Ma L. A review on biomass-derived levulinic acid for application in drug synthesis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:220-253. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1939261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Williams AH, Wheeler R, Deghmane AE, Santecchia I, Schaub RE, Hicham S, Moya Nilges M, Malosse C, Chamot-Rooke J, Haouz A, Dillard JP, Robins WP, Taha MK, Gomperts Boneca I. Defective lytic transglycosylase disrupts cell morphogenesis by hindering cell wall de- O-acetylation in Neisseria meningitidis. eLife 2020; 9:51247. [PMID: 32022687 PMCID: PMC7083599 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic transglycosylases (LT) are enzymes involved in peptidoglycan (PG) remodeling. However, their contribution to cell-wall-modifying complexes and their potential as antimicrobial drug targets remains unclear. Here, we determined a high-resolution structure of the LT, an outer membrane lipoprotein from Neisseria species with a disordered active site helix (alpha helix 30). We show that deletion of the conserved alpha-helix 30 interferes with the integrity of the cell wall, disrupts cell division, cell separation, and impairs the fitness of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis during infection. Additionally, deletion of alpha-helix 30 results in hyperacetylated PG, suggesting this LtgA variant affects the function of the PG de-O-acetylase (Ape 1). Our study revealed that Ape 1 requires LtgA for optimal function, demonstrating that LTs can modulate the activity of their protein-binding partner. We show that targeting specific domains in LTs can be lethal, which opens the possibility that LTs are useful drug-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hillary Williams
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur; Groupe Avenir, INSERM 75015, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur; Groupe Avenir, INSERM 75015, Paris, France.,Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur; Groupe Avenir, INSERM 75015, Paris, France.,Universté Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ryan E Schaub
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Samia Hicham
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur; Groupe Avenir, INSERM 75015, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Moya Nilges
- Unité Technologie et Service BioImagerie Ultrastructural, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Christian Malosse
- Unité Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur; UMR 3528, CNRS 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Unité Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur; UMR 3528, CNRS 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Plate-forme de Cristallographie-C2RT, Institut Pasteur; UMR3528, CNRS 75015, Paris, France
| | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - William P Robins
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Muhamed-Kheir Taha
- Unité des Infection Bactériennes Invasives, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur; Groupe Avenir, INSERM 75015, Paris, France
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Sychantha D, Brott AS, Jones CS, Clarke AJ. Mechanistic Pathways for Peptidoglycan O-Acetylation and De-O-Acetylation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2332. [PMID: 30327644 PMCID: PMC6174289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-synthetic O-acetylation of the essential component of bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycan (PG), is performed by many pathogenic bacteria to help them evade the lytic action of innate immunity responses. Occurring at the C-6 hydroxyl of N-acetylmuramoyl residues, this modification to the glycan backbone of PG sterically blocks the activity of lysozymes. As such, the enzyme responsible for this modification in Gram-positive bacteria is recognized as a virulence factor. With Gram-negative bacteria, the O-acetylation of PG provides a means of control of their autolysins at the substrate level. In this review, we discuss the pathways for PG O-acetylation and de-O-acetylation and the structure and function relationship of the O-acetyltransferases and O-acetylesterases that catalyze these reactions. The current understanding of their mechanisms of action is presented and the prospects of targeting these systems for the development of novel therapeutics are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony J. Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Pertel SS, Seryi SA, Kakayan ES. A new approach to the synthesis of lactams of muramic, isomuramic and normuramic acids via intramolecular O-alkylation: Stereochemical features of the intramolecular nucleophilic substitution. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Synthesis of the NAG–NAM disaccharide via a versatile intermediate. Carbohydr Res 2014; 384:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fortifying the wall: synthesis, regulation and degradation of bacterial peptidoglycan. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:695-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria recycle a significant proportion of the peptidoglycan components of their cell walls during their growth and septation. In many--and quite possibly all--bacteria, the peptidoglycan fragments are recovered and recycled. Although cell-wall recycling is beneficial for the recovery of resources, it also serves as a mechanism to detect cell-wall-targeting antibiotics and to regulate resistance mechanisms. In several Gram-negative pathogens, anhydro-MurNAc-peptide cell-wall fragments regulate AmpC β-lactamase induction. In some Gram-positive organisms, short peptides derived from the cell wall regulate the induction of both β-lactamase and β-lactam-resistant penicillin-binding proteins. The involvement of peptidoglycan recycling with resistance regulation suggests that inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the recycling might synergize with cell-wall-targeted antibiotics. Indeed, such inhibitors improve the potency of β-lactams in vitro against inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. We describe the key steps of cell-wall remodeling and recycling, the regulation of resistance mechanisms by cell-wall recycling, and recent advances toward the discovery of cell-wall-recycling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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