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Xiong B, Yuan M, Shi C, Zhu L, Cao F, Xu W, Ren Y, Liu Y, Tang KW. Recent Advances in the Application of P(III)-Nucleophiles to Create New P-C Bonds through Michaelis-Arbuzov-Type Rearrangement. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:10. [PMID: 38457062 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds have long been considered valuable in both organic synthesis and life science. P(III)-nucleophiles, such as phosphites, phosphonites, and diaryl/alkyl phosphines, are particularly noteworthy as phosphorylation reagents for their ability to form new P-C bonds, producing more stable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective organophosphorus compounds. These nucleophiles follow similar phosphorylation routes as in the functionalization of P-H bonds and P-OH bonds. Activation can occur through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or thermo-driven reactions, often in coordination with a Michaelis-Arbuzov-trpe rearrangement process, to produce the desired products. As such, this review offers a thorough overview of the phosphorylated transformation and potential mechanisms of P(III)-nucleophiles, specifically focusing on developments since 2010. Notably, this review may provide researchers with valuable insights into designing and synthesizing functionalized organophosphorus compounds from P(III)-nucleophiles, guiding future advancements in both research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sharma H, Ganguly S, Sahana MH, Goswami RK. Stereoselective synthesis of thailandamide A methyl ester. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1409-1419. [PMID: 38285182 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A convergent strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of the methyl ester of the structurally challenging and highly labile antibacterial polyene polyketide natural product thailandamide A has been developed. The key steps include the Zincke aldehyde reaction, Stille cross coupling, Negishi reaction, Julia-Kocienski olefination, cross metathesis, and the less explored Pd(I)-based Heck coupling to access different unsaturation bonds. Additionally, Urpi acetal aldol, Evans methylation, and Crimmins acetate aldol reactions were employed to construct four out of six asymmetric centers of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Swapnamoy Ganguly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Moinul Haque Sahana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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3
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Serrano R, Boyko YD, Hernandez LW, Lotuzas A, Sarlah D. Total Syntheses of Scabrolide A and Yonarolide. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8805-8809. [PMID: 37067516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The concise total syntheses of oxidized norcembranoid terpenoids (-)-scabrolide A and (-)-yonarolide have been accomplished in 10 and 11 steps, respectively. The carbocyclic skeleton was efficiently constructed from two chiral-pool-derived fragments, including a [5,5]-bicyclic lactone accessed through a powerful Ni-catalyzed pentannulation of functionalized cyclopentenone with methylenecyclopropane and subsequent fragmentation. Additional features included a Liebeskind-Srogl coupling, induction of a cyclization/elimination cascade by a zinc-amido base, and installation of a sensitive enedione motif by late-stage γ-oxidation.
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Yamano Y, Tanabe M, Shimada A, Wada A. Total Synthesis of Loroxanthin. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:658. [PMID: 36354981 PMCID: PMC9699617 DOI: 10.3390/md20110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of loroxanthin (1) was accomplished by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of C25-apocarotenal 8 having a silyl-protected 19-hydroxy moiety with C15-phosphonate 25 bearing a silyl-protected 3-hydroxy-ε-end group. Preparation of apocarotenal 8 was achieved via Stille coupling reaction of alkenyl iodide 10 with alkenyl stananne 9, whereas phosphonate 25 was prepared through treatment of ally alcohol 23 with triethyl phosphite and ZnI2. The ally alcohol 23 was derived from the known (3R,6R)-3-hydroxy C15-aldehyde 20, which was obtained by direct optical resolution of racemate 20 using a semi-preparative chiral HPLC column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamano
- Comprehensive Education and Research Center, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Mari Tanabe
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Kostoudi S, Pampalakis G. Improvements, Variations and Biomedical Applications of the Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063395. [PMID: 35328816 PMCID: PMC8955222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds bearing the phosphorus–carbon (P–C) bond have important pharmacological, biochemical, and toxicological properties. Historically, the most notable reaction for the formation of the P–C bond is the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction, first described in 1898. The classical Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction entails a reaction between an alkyl halide and a trialkyl phosphite to yield a dialkylalkylphosphonate. Nonetheless, deviations from the classical mechanisms and new modifications have appeared that allowed the expansion of the library of reactants and consequently the chemical space of the yielded products. These involve the use of Lewis acid catalysts, green methods, ultrasound, microwave, photochemically-assisted reactions, aryne-based reactions, etc. Here, a detailed presentation of the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction and its developments and applications in the synthesis of biomedically important agents is provided. Certain examples of such applications include the development of alkylphosphonofluoridates as serine hydrolase inhibitors and activity-based probes, and the P–C containing antiviral and anticancer agents.
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Abstract
The natural schweinfurthins are stilbenes with significant antiproliferative activity and an uncertain mechanism of action. To obtain a fluorescent analogue with minimal deviation from the natural structure, a coumarin ring system was annulated to the D-ring, creating a new analogue of schweinfurthin F. This stilbene was prepared through a convergent synthesis, with a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation employed to form the central stilbene olefin. After preparation of a tricyclic phosphonate via a recent and more efficient modification of the classic Arbuzov reaction, condensation was attempted with an appropriately substituted bicyclic aldehyde but the coumarin system did not survive the reaction conditions. When olefin formation preceded generation of the coumarin, the stilbene formation proceeded smoothly and ultimately allowed access to the targeted coumarin-based schweinfurthin analogue. This analogue displayed the desired fluorescence properties along with significant biological activity in the National Cancer Institute's 60-cell line bioassay, and the pattern of this biological activity mirrored that of the natural product schweinfurthin F. This approach gives facile access to new fluorescent analogues of the natural schweinfurthins and should be applicable to other natural stilbenes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Patrick N Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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Kajol K, Ramesh C. Sequential One‐pot Method for the Synthesis of 4‐(Hydroxymethyl)oxazoles and their Application in Phosphonates Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Km Kajol
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Chintakunta Ramesh
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi 110001 India
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Horký F, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis, Reactivity, and Coordination of Semihomologous dppf Congeners Bearing Primary Phosphine and Primary Phosphine Oxide Groups. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Horký
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
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Li C, Han LB. Palladium-Catalyzed Solvent-Free Preparation of Arylphosphonates ArP(O)(OAr) 2 from (ArO) 3P via the Michaelis–Arbuzov Rearrangement. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Li
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Li-Biao Han
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Głowińska A, Trochimczuk AW. Polymer-Supported Phosphoric, Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids-From Synthesis to Properties and Applications in Separation Processes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184236. [PMID: 32942756 PMCID: PMC7571143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient separation technologies are crucial to the environment and world economy. The challenge posed to scientists is how to engineer selectivity towards a targeted substrate, especially from multicomponent solutions. Polymer-supported reagents have gained a lot of attention in this context, as they eliminate a lot of inconveniences concerning widely used solvent extraction techniques. Nevertheless, the choice of an appropriate ligand for immobilization may be derived from the behavior of soluble compounds under solvent extraction conditions. Organophosphorus compounds play a significant role in separation science and technology. The features they possess, such as variable oxidation states, multivalence, asymmetry and metal-binding properties, highlight their status as a unique and versatile class of compounds, capable of selective separations proceeding through different mechanisms. This review provides a detailed survey of polymers containing phosphoric, phosphonic and phosphinic acid functionalities in the side chain and covers main advances in the preparation and application of these materials in separation science, including the most relevant synthesis routes (Arbuzov, Perkow, Mannich, Kabachnik-Fields reactions, etc.), as well as the main stages in the development of organophosphorus resins and the most important achievements in the field.
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Tian J, Yuan H, Zhang J. Mechanistic details of metal-free cyclization reaction of organophosphorus oxide with alkynes mediated by 2,6-lutidine and Tf 2 O. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1709-1717. [PMID: 32323872 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical investigations have elucidated the mechanism of metal-free electrophilic phosphinative cyclization of alkynes reaction reported by Miura and coworkers. Two competitive mechanisms I and II were explored without or with 2,6-lutidine. Both of I and II involve transformation of P(V) to P(III), electrophilic addition, ring opening and cyclization/cyclization, hydrogen-transfer, and oxidation. The rate-determining step of mechanism I and competitive less-step II is electrophilic [2 + 1] cycloaddition and electrophilic addition via single CP bond formation with activation barrier of 13.5 and 10.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Our calculation results suggested that the cumulative effect of the isomer of 2,6-lutidine and Tf2 O as well as TfO- affects the title reaction to some extent, and simultaneously activates key reaction sites and reverses the polarities of them via the formation of abundant noncovalent interactions to decrease activation barriers of TSs. In addition, the effects of two series substituents on reactivity of phosphine oxide were investigated. Therefore, our study will serve as useful guidance for more efficient metal-free synthesis of organophosphorus compounds mediated by pyridine reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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12
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Rivas A, Pérez-Revenga V, Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Bidirectional Hiyama-Denmark Cross-Coupling Reactions of Bissilyldeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaenes for the Synthesis of Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Carotenoids. Chemistry 2019; 25:14399-14407. [PMID: 31456273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of the carotenoid skeleton by Pd-catalyzed Csp2 -Csp2 cross-coupling reactions of symmetrical and non-symmetrical 1,10-bissilyldeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaenes and the corresponding complementary alkenyl iodides has been developed. Reaction conditions for these bidirectional and orthogonal Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling reactions of bisfunctionalized pentaenes are mild and the carotenoid products preserve the stereochemical information of the corresponding oligoene partners. The carotenoids synthesized in this manner include β,β-carotene and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (symmetrical) as well as 9-cis-β,β-carotene, 7,8-dihydro-β,β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin (non-symmetrical).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Rivas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez-Revenga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Li C, Yuan JM, Chen W, He Y, Huang J, Huang Y, Xiao Q, Sheng J, Huang C. Defluorinative C(sp 3 )-P Bond Construction for the Synthesis of Phosphorylation gem-Difluoroalkenes under Catalyst- and Oxidant-Free Conditions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2584-2587. [PMID: 31152631 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Defluorinative C(sp3 )-P bond formation of α-trifluoromethyl alkenes with phosphine oxides or phosphonates have been achieved under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions, giving phosphorylation gem-difluoroalkenes as products. α-Trifluoromethyl alkenes bearing various of aryl substituents such as halogen, cyano, ester and heterocyclic groups are available in this transformation. The results of control experiments demonstrated that the mechanism of dehydrogenative/defluorinative cross-coupling reactions was not a radical route, but might be an SN 2' process involving phosphine oxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Jing-Mei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, No. 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Yimiao He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Yanmin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Jiarong Sheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
| | - Chusheng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, No. 175 East Mingxiu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
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Bhoyate S, Ionescu M, Kahol PK, Gupta RK. Castor-oil derived nonhalogenated reactive flame-retardant-based polyurethane foams with significant reduced heat release rate. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Mihail Ionescu
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Pawan K. Kahol
- Department of Physics; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Chen T, Liu L, Zhang JS, Han LB. Direct C-OH/P(O)-H dehydration coupling forming phosphine oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5090-5093. [PMID: 30020296 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A t-BuONa-mediated C-OH/P(O)-H cross dehydration coupling to produce alkylphosphine oxides is developed. This reaction employed readily available alcohols and P(O)-H compounds as the starting materials, providing an efficient alternative method for constructing sp3 C-P bonds. A reasonable reaction path involving dehydration and subsequent regio-selective hydrophosphorylation of the resulting alkenes was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Makida Y, Usui K, Ueno S, Kuwano R. Palladium-catalyzed Benzylic Substitution of Benzyl Carbonates with Phosphorus Nucleophiles. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Makida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Kazumi Usui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982
| | - Ryoichi Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
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Ayadi M, Elleuch H, Vrancken E, Rezgui F. First DMAP-mediated direct conversion of Morita-Baylis-Hillman alcohols into γ-ketoallylphosphonates: Synthesis of γ-aminoallylphosphonates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2906-2915. [PMID: 28144364 PMCID: PMC5238584 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a series of γ-ketoallylphosphonates through a direct conversion of both primary and secondary Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohols by trialkyl phosphites with or without DMAP, used as additive, and under solvent-free conditions, is described herein for the first time. Subsequently, a highly regioselective Luche reduction of the primary phosphonate 2a (R = H) gave the corresponding γ-hydroxyallylphosphonate 5 that further reacted with tosylamines in the presence of diiodine (15 mol %) as a catalyst, affording the corresponding SN2-type products 6a–d in 63 to 70% isolated yields. Alternatively, the alcohol 5 produced the corresponding acetate 7 which, mediated by Ce(III), was successfully converted into the corresponding γ-aminoallylphosphonates 8a–d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ayadi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie; Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Haitham Elleuch
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Emmanuel Vrancken
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Farhat Rezgui
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
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Gardner KD, Wiemer DF. Selective Prenylation of Protected Phenols for Synthesis of Pawhuskin A Analogues. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1585-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevyn D. Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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19
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Salamończyk GM. Efficient synthesis of water-soluble, phosphonate-terminated polyester dendrimers. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Herrera A, Fernández-Valle E, Martínez-Álvarez R, Molero-Vílchez D, Pardo-Botero ZD, Sáez-Barajas E. Monitoring organic reactions by UF-NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:952-970. [PMID: 25998506 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Standard 2D NMR experiments suffer from the many t1 increments needed for spectra with sufficient digital resolution in the indirect dimension. Despite the different methodological approaches to overcome this problem, these increments have prevented studies of fast reactions. The development of ultrafast NMR (UF-NMR) has decisively speeded up the time scale of standard NMR to allow the study of organic reactions as they happen in real time to reveal mechanistic details. This mini-review summarizes the results achieved in monitoring organic reactions through this exciting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herrera
- CAI-RMN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zulay D Pardo-Botero
- CAI-RMN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Iranpoor N, Firouzabadi H, Rajabi Moghadam K, Etemadi-Davan E. Triphenylphosphine/2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (PPh3/DDQ) System for Conversion of Alcohols and Thiols into Trialkyl Phosphonates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Iranpoor
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - Habib Firouzabadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | | | - Elham Etemadi-Davan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences; Shiraz University; Shiraz 71454 Iran
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22
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Liao WT, Yang XJ, Tseng YY, Wu CC, Liu LJ, Tsai FY. Mizoroki-Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides and Dialkyl Allylphosphonates in Water Catalyzed by Reusable Palladium Nanoparticles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liao
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Xin-Jing Yang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yi Tseng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Wu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Ling-Jun Liu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials; National Taipei University of Technology; 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106 Taiwan
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23
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Ali SA, Al-Muallem HA, Al-Hamouz OCS, Estaitie MK. Synthesis of a novel zwitterionic bisphosphonate cyclopolymer containing residues of alendronic acid. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Vaz B, Fontán N, Castiñeira M, Álvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Synthesis of labile all-trans-7,8,7′,8′-bis-acetylenic carotenoids by bi-directional Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3024-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two symmetrical C7,C8-acetylenic carotenoids have been stereoselectively prepared using a bi-directional Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation of the C10-dialdehyde and C15-phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO)
- IBIV
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - Noelia Fontán
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO)
- IBIV
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - Marta Castiñeira
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO)
- IBIV
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO)
- IBIV
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO)
- IBIV
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
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25
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Kerr WJ, Lindsay DM, Patel VK, Rajamanickam M. Efficient methods for enol phosphate synthesis using carbon-centred magnesium bases. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10131-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient conversion of ketones into enol phosphates under mild and accessible conditions has been realised using the developed methods with di-tert-butylmagnesium and bismesitylmagnesium. Optimisation of the quench protocol resulted in high yields of enol phosphates from a range of cyclohexanones and aryl methyl ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow
- UK
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26
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Fernández-Valle ME, Martínez-Álvarez R, Molero-Vílchez D, Pardo ZD, Sáez-Barajas E, Herrera A. 2D Ultrafast HMBC 1H,31P: Obtaining Mechanistic Details on the Michaelis–Arbuzov Reaction. J Org Chem 2014; 80:799-805. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502253p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zulay D. Pardo
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sáez-Barajas
- CAI
de RMN y RSE, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- CAI
de RMN y RSE, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Iranpoor N, Firouzabadi H, Moghadam KR, Motavalli S. First reusable ligand-free palladium catalyzed C–P bond formation of aryl halides with trialkylphosphites in neat water. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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El Bkassiny S, N'Go I, Sevrain CM, Tikad A, Vincent SP. Synthesis of a novel UDP-carbasugar as UDP-galactopyranose mutase inhibitor. Org Lett 2014; 16:2462-5. [PMID: 24746099 DOI: 10.1021/ol500848q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The multistep synthesis of a novel UDP-C-cyclohexene, designed as a high energy intermediate analogue of the UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzed isomerization reaction, is reported. The synthesis of the central carbasugar involved the preparation of a galactitol derivative bearing two olefins necessary for the construction of the cyclohexene ring by a ring-closing metathesis as a key step. Further successive phosphonylation, deprotection, and UMP coupling provided the target molecule. The final molecule was assayed against UGM and compared with UDP-C-Galf, the C-glycosidic UGM substrate analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy El Bkassiny
- University of Namur , Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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29
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Garofalo A, Parat A, Bordeianu C, Ghobril C, Kueny-Stotz M, Walter A, Jouhannaud J, Begin-Colin S, Felder-Flesch D. Efficient synthesis of small-sized phosphonated dendrons: potential organic coatings of iron oxide nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Meng X, Kim S. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Ortho-Arylation of Benzylic Phosphonic Monoesters Using Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11247-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401716p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Meng
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Sunggak Kim
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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31
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Vaz B, Otero L, Álvarez R, de Lera ÁR. Total Synthesis of Enantiopure Pyrrhoxanthin: Alternative Methods for the Stereoselective Preparation of 4-Alkylidenebutenolides. Chemistry 2013; 19:13065-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Zhao Z, Xue W, Gao Y, Tang G, Zhao Y. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Phosphonates fromH-Phosphonates and Alcohols or Ethers. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:713-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Pallikonda G, Chakravarty M. FeCl3-Mediated Arylation of α-Hydroxyphosphonates with Unactivated Arenes: Pseudo-Umpolung in Allylic Phosphonates. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Ramanathan N, Kar BP, Sundararajan K, Viswanathan KS. Matrix Isolation Infrared and DFT Study of the Trimethyl Phosphite–Hydrogen Chloride Interaction: Hydrogen Bonding versus Nucleophilic Substitution. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:12014-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306961m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Ramanathan
- Chemistry Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu,
India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Kar
- Chemistry Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu,
India
| | - K. Sundararajan
- Chemistry Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu,
India
| | - K. S. Viswanathan
- Chemistry Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu,
India
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35
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36
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Synthesis of Aryl and Arylmethyl Phosphonates by Cross-Coupling of Aryl or Arylmethyl Halides (X = I, Br and Cl) with Diisopropyl H-Phosphonate. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Miao W, Gao Y, Li X, Gao Y, Tang G, Zhao Y. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkylphosphonates fromH-Phosphonates andN-Tosylhydrazones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Queffélec C, Petit M, Janvier P, Knight DA, Bujoli B. Surface modification using phosphonic acids and esters. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3777-807. [PMID: 22530923 DOI: 10.1021/cr2004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Queffélec
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, UMR, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse Analyse Modélisation, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Nantes, France
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39
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Wu L, Zhang X, Chen QQ, Zhou AK. A novel copper-catalyzed reductive coupling of N-tosylhydrazones with H-phosphorus oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7859-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Rout L, Regati S, Zhao CG. Synthesis of α-Arylphosphonates Using Copper-Catalyzed α-Arylation and Deacylative α-Arylation of β-Ketophosphonates. Adv Synth Catal 2011; 353:3340-3346. [PMID: 22505878 PMCID: PMC3324819 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efficient methods for the direct arylation and deacylative arylation of β-ketophosphonates with iodoarenes in presence of a copper(I) or a copper(II) salt as the catalysts were developed. The corresponding α-arylphosphonates were obtained in high yields. A tentative mechanism for the deacylative arylation reaction was proposed on the basis of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmidhar Rout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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41
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Smits JP, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and reactivity of alkyl-1,1,1-trisphosphonate esters. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8807-13. [PMID: 21916407 DOI: 10.1021/jo201523w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The α-trisphosphonic acid esters provide a unique spatial arrangement of three phosphonate groups and may represent an attractive motif for inhibitors of enzymes that utilize di- or triphosphate substrates. To advance studies of this unique functionality, a general route to alkyl derivatives of the parent system (R = H) has been developed. A set of new α-alkyl-1,1,1-trisphosphonate esters has been prepared through phosphinylation and subsequent oxidation of tetraethyl alkylbisphosphonates, and the reactivity of these new compounds has been studied in representative reactions that afford additional examples of this functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Smits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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42
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Yang G, Shen C, Zhang L, Zhang W. Nickel-catalyzed Arbuzov reactions of aryl triflates with triethyl phosphite. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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