1
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Sreenivas K, Rao CN, Khan FA. Intramolecular CH-Hydrogen Bonding During the Dissociation of the Oxaphosphetane Intermediate Facilitates Z/E-Selectivity in Wittig Olefination. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300171. [PMID: 38060831 PMCID: PMC10924042 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, DFT studies corroborating experimental results revealed that the shortest intramolecular hydrogen bonding distance of cis/trans-oxaphosphetane (OPA) oxygen with the CH-hydrogen of a triphenylphosphine phenyl ring provides good evidence for the attained olefin Z/E-selectivity in Wittig olefination of the studied examples. 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde, 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-nitro-3-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-nitro-5-bromobenzaldehyde and 2-nitro-5-arylbenzaldehydes provided Z-nitrostilbenes with (2-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl)benzyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride as the major products. However, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 2-nitro-6-bromobenzaldehydes furnished E-nitrostilbenes as the major products in high yields. Furthermore, the DFT computed intramolecular CH1/CH2-hydrogen bond distances with Cl/NO2 of selected stilbene derivatives were in good agreement with intramolecular hydrogen bond distances measured from single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukkamudi Sreenivas
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad KandiSangareddyTelangana502 285India
| | - Chintada Nageswara Rao
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC-29208USA
| | - Faiz Ahmed Khan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, KandiSangareddyTelangana502 285India
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2
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Vu V, Powell JN, Ford RL, Patel PJ, Driver TG. The Development and Mechanistic Study of an Iron-Catalyzed Intramolecular Nitroso Ene Reaction of Nitroarenes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15175-15181. [PMID: 38292415 PMCID: PMC10824534 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
An intramolecular iron-catalyzed nitroso ene reaction was developed to afford six- or seven-membered N-heterocycles from nitroarenes using an earth abundant iron catalyst and phenylsilane as the terminal reductant. The reaction can be triggered using as little as 3 mol % of iron(II) acetate and 3 mol % of 4,7-dimethoxyphenanthroline as the ligand. The scope of the reaction is broad tolerating a range of electron-releasing or electron-withdrawing substituents on the nitroarene, and the ortho-substituent can be modified to diastereoselectively construct benzoxazines, dihydrobenzothiazines, tetrahydroquinolines, tetrahydroquinoxalines, or tetrahydrobenzooxazepines. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the reaction proceeds via a nitrosoarene intermediate, and kinetic analysis of the reaction revealed a first-order rate dependence in catalyst-, nitroarene-, and silane concentration, and an inverse kinetic order in acetate was observed. The difference in rates between PhSiH3 and PhSiD3 was found to be 1.50 ± 0.09, and investigation of the temperature dependence of the reaction rate revealed that the activation parameters to be ΔH‡ = 13.5 kcal•mol-1 and ΔS‡ = -39.1 cal•mol-1•K-1. These data were interpreted to indicate that the turnover-limiting step to be hydride transfer from iron to the coordinated nitroarene, which occurs through an ordered transition state with little Fe-H bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Jair N. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Russell L. Ford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Pooja J. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607-7061, USA
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3
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Wang B, Ren H, Cao HJ, Lu C, Yan H. A switchable redox annulation of 2-nitroarylethanols affording N-heterocycles: photoexcited nitro as a multifunctional handle. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11074-11082. [PMID: 36320483 PMCID: PMC9516892 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient transformation of nitroaromatics to functional molecules such as N-heterocycles has been an attractive and significant topic in synthesis chemistry. Herein, a photoexcited nitro-induced strategy for switchable annulations of 2-nitroarylethanols was developed to construct N-heterocycles including indoles, N-hydroxyl oxindoles and N-H oxindoles. The metal- and photocatalyst-free reaction proceeds through intramolecular redox C-N coupling of branched hydroxyalkyl and nitro units, which is initiated by a double hydrogen atom abstraction (d-HAA) process. The key to the switchable reaction outcomes is the mediation of a diboron reagent by its favorable oxy-transfer reactivity to in situ generated nitroso species. The utility of this protocol was well demonstrated by broad substrate scope, excellent yields, functional group tolerance and wide applications. Finally, detailed mechanistic studies were performed, and kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments indicate that the homolysis of the C-H bond is involved in the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hongyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hou-Ji Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University XinXiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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4
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Khanal HD, Perumal M, Lee YR. Annulation strategies for diverse heterocycles via the reductive transformation of 2-nitrostyrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7675-7693. [PMID: 35971908 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the stable nitro group is a fundamental and widely used transformation for the construction of complex and functionalized heterocyclic architectures. The unfolding of the reactivity of the nitro group in the 2-nitrostyrene moiety not only triggers the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds, but also offers the opportunity for annulation and heteroannulation, thereby providing a cascade process for the synthesis of highly conjugated natural and unnatural molecules. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the use of 2-nitrostyrene motifs in the synthesis of various N-heterocycles. We offer readers an overview of the synthetic achievements achieved to date, highlighting their important features, reactivities, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Datta Khanal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muthuraja Perumal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Kang Y, Lu JL, Zhang Z, Liang YK, Ma AJ, Peng JB. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Heck/Aminocarbonylation of Alkene-Tethered Iodobenzenes with Nitro Compounds: Synthesis of Carbamoyl-Substituted Benzoheterocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5097-5107. [PMID: 35877191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Heck/aminocarbonylation of alkene-tethered iodobenzenes with nitro compounds has been developed for the synthesis of carbamoyl-substituted benzoheterocycles. Using Mo(CO)6 as a solid CO source, no external reductant or additives were needed in this procedure. Both nitroarenes and nitroalkanes were well tolerated. A range of carbamoyl-substituted dihydrobenzofurans and indolines were prepared in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Liang Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Kang Liang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bao Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, People's Republic of China
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6
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Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides in SPPS with Npb-OH Photolabile Protecting Group. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072231. [PMID: 35408630 PMCID: PMC9000773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made in recent years to identify more environmentally benign and safe alternatives to side-chain protection and deprotection in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Several protecting groups have been endorsed as suitable candidates, but finding a greener protecting group in SPPS has been challenging. Here, based on the 2-(o-nitrophenyl) propan-1-ol (Npp-OH) photolabile protecting group, a structural modification was carried out to synthesize a series of derivatives. Through experimental verification, we found that 3-(o-Nitrophenyl) butan-2-ol (Npb-OH) had a high photo-release rate, high tolerance to the key conditions of Fmoc-SPPS (20% piperidine DMF alkaline solution, and pure TFA acidic solution), and applicability as a carboxyl-protective group in aliphatic and aromatic carboxyl groups. Finally, Npb-OH was successfully applied to the synthesis of head–tail cyclic peptides and side-chain–tail cyclic peptides. Moreover, we found that Npb-OH could effectively resist diketopiperazines (DKP). The α-H of Npb-OH was found to be necessary for its photosensitivity in comparison to 3-(o-Nitrophenyl)but-3-en-2-ol (Npbe-OH) during photolysis-rate verification.
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7
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Synthesis of Indoles by Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of β-Nitrostyrenes with Phenyl Formate as a CO Surrogate. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The reductive cyclization of suitably substituted organic nitro compounds by carbon monoxide is a very appealing technique for the synthesis of heterocycles because of its atom efficiency and easiness of separation of the only stoichiometric byproduct CO2, but the need for pressurized CO has hampered its diffusion. We have recently reported on the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of o-nitrostyrenes using phenyl formate as a CO surrogate, using a palladium/1,10-phenanthroline complex as catalyst. However, depending on the desired substituents on the structure, the use of β-nitrostyrenes as alternative reagents may be advantageous. We report here the results of our study on the possibility to use phenyl formate as a CO surrogate in the synthesis of indoles by reductive cyclization of β-nitrostyrenes, using PdCl2(CH3CN)2 + phenanthroline as the catalyst. It turned out that good results can be obtained when the starting nitrostyrene bears an aryl substituent in the alpha position. However, when no such substituent is present, only fair yield of indole can be obtained because the base required to decompose the formate also catalyzes an oligo-polymerization of the starting styrene. The reaction can be performed in a single glass pressure tube, a cheap and easily available piece of equipment.
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8
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Lokolkar MS, Mane PA, Dey S, Bhanage BM. Synthesis of 2‐substituted indoles by Pd‐Catalyzed reductive cyclization of 1‐halo‐2‐nitrobenzene with alkynes. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath S. Lokolkar
- Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Chemistry Chemistry 400019 Mumbai INDIA
| | - Pravin A. Mane
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Chemistry Division 400085 Mumbai INDIA
| | - Sandip Dey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Chemistry Division 400085 Mumbai INDIA
| | - Bhalchandra M. Bhanage
- Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Chemistry Nathalal Parekh MargMatunga (East)MumbaiMaharashtra 400019 Mumbai INDIA
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9
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Ahmed Fouad M, Ferretti F, Formenti D, Milani F, Ragaini F. Synthesis of Indoles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitro Compounds Using Formate Esters as CO Surrogates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Alexandria University P.O. Box 426 Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Dario Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie – RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1a 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Fabio Milani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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10
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of
t
‐BuO‐Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct
N
‐Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
- College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University, Xiamen 668 Jimei Boulevard Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Donald J. Wink
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Joseph M. Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of t-BuO-Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct N-Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19207-19213. [PMID: 34129257 PMCID: PMC8380450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butoxide unlocks new reactivity patterns embedded in nitroarenes. Exposure of nitrostilbenes to sodium tert-butoxide was found to produce N-hydroxyindoles at room temperature without an additive. Changing the counterion to potassium changed the reaction outcome to yield solely oxindoles through an unprecedented dioxygen-transfer reaction followed by a 1,2-phenyl migration. Mechanistic experiments established that these reactions proceed via radical intermediates and suggest that counterion coordination controls whether an oxindole or N-hydroxyindole product is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Donald J Wink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Joseph M Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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12
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Jiang TS, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X. Palladium-catalyzed tandem oxidative annulation of α-amino ketones leading to 2-aroylindoles. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Guan X, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Driver TG. Pd‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of Nitroarenes with CO
2
as the CO Source. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607‐7061 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607‐7061 Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607‐7061 Chicago Illinois USA
- College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University, Xiamen 668 Jimei Boulevard 361021 Xiamen Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 West Taylor Street 60607‐7061 Chicago Illinois USA
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14
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Ding Y, Luo S, Ma L, An J. Reductive Cleavage of Unactivated Carbon-Cyano Bonds under Ammonia-Free Birch Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15827-15833. [PMID: 31686518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general protocol for the reductive cleavage of unactivated carbon-cyano bonds in aliphatic nitriles has been achieved under single-electron-transfer conditions using Na/15-crown-5/H2O. Electron is supplied by the electride derived from bench-stable sodium dispersions and recoverable 15-crown-5. H2O provides the proton source and suppresses the reduction of aromatic moieties. Compared with the Na/NH3 electride system generated under traditional Birch conditions, this ammonia-free electride system is more practical and features better reactivity and chemoselectivity for the decyanations of a broad range of aliphatic nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Shihui Luo
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Lifu Ma
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Jie An
- College of Science , China Agricultural University , No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , China
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15
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Ferretti F, Ramadan DR, Ragaini F. Transition Metal Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization Reactions of Nitroarenes and Nitroalkenes. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Doaa R. Ramadan
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi 19 Milano 20133 Italy
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16
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Tamargo RJI, Kim SH, Lee YR. Domino C−S/C−N Bond Formation Using Well‐Defined Copper‐Phosphine Complex Catalyst: Divergent Approach to 3‐Sulfenylated Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division, Daegu Center Korea Basic Science Institute Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
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17
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Benitez-Medina GE, Ortiz-Soto S, Cabrera A, Amézquita-Valencia M. Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Arylindoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization of Phenylglyoxal and 2-Anilinoacetophenones with Anilines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Eliad Benitez-Medina
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria; Circuito Exterior Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Sofía Ortiz-Soto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria; Circuito Exterior Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Armando Cabrera
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria; Circuito Exterior Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Manuel Amézquita-Valencia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria; Circuito Exterior Ciudad de México 04510 México
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18
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Chirkova ZV, Kabanova MV, Filimonov SI. Synthesis of Functional Derivatives of 3-Acyl-1-hydroxyindole-5,6-dicarboxylic Acids. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Lu C, Su Z, Jing D, Jin S, Xie L, Li L, Zheng K. Intramolecular Reductive Cyclization of o-Nitroarenes via Biradical Recombination. Org Lett 2019; 21:1438-1443. [PMID: 30767542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced/thiourea-mediated intramolecular cyclization of o-nitroarenes under mild conditions is realized for the first time, which provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way to access pharmaceutical relevant quinazolinone derivatives. The reaction can be easily extended to gram level by using a continuous-flow setup with high efficiency. Mechanistic investigation including control experiments, transient fluorescence, UV-vis spectra, and DFT calculations suggests that the formation of active biradical intermediates via intramolecular single electron transfer (SET) is key stage in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Dong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Songyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Liangrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
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20
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A microwave-assisted approach to N-(2-nitrophenyl)benzenesulfonamides that enhanced peroxidase activity in response to excess cadmium. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Yang L, Shi L, Xing Q, Huang KW, Xia C, Li F. Enabling CO Insertion into o-Nitrostyrenes beyond Reduction for Selective Access to Indolin-2-one and Dihydroquinolin-2-one Derivatives. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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22
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Rode ND, Abdalghani I, Arcadi A, Aschi M, Chiarini M, Marinelli F. Synthesis of 2-Acylindoles via Ag- and Cu-Catalyzed anti-Michael Hydroamination of β-(2-Aminophenyl)-α,β-ynones: Experimental Results and DFT Calculations. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6354-6362. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navnath D. Rode
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
| | - Issam Abdalghani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
| | - Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Facoltà di Bioscienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università di Teramo, via R. Balzarini, 1, Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Fabio Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università di L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
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23
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Metallate Complexes of the Late Transition Metals: Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Formenti D, Ferretti F, Ragaini F. Synthesis of N-Heterocycles by Reductive Cyclization of Nitro Compounds using Formate Esters as Carbon Monoxide Surrogates. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Formenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Current address: Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Current address: Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fabio Ragaini
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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25
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Chang MY, Chen HY, Wang HS. Regiocontrolled Synthesis of α-Sulfonylmethyl o-Nitrostyrenes via ZnI 2-Mediated Sulfonylation and AgNO 2/Pd(PPh 3) 4-Promoted o-Nitration. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10601-10610. [PMID: 28926711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the AgNO2/Pd(PPh3)4-promoted regiocontrolled o-nitration of α-sulfonylmethylstyrenes in MeNO2 with good yields. The o-nitration process provides a series of sulfonyl o-nitrostyrenes. Substituted α-sulfonylmethylstyrenes were synthesized from ZnI2-mediated sulfonylation of substituted α-methylstyrenes and sodium sulfinates (RSO2Na) in MeCN with good to excellent yields. The structures of the key products were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A plausible mechanism has been proposed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Heui-Sin Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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26
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Neuhaus JD, Willis MC. Homogeneous rhodium(i)-catalysis in de novo heterocycle syntheses. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4986-5000. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh(i)-catalysed reactions often employ mild reaction conditions and offer excellent functional group tolerance, making them ideal transformations for the preparation of complex molecules. This review surveys examples of these synthetically useful transformations as applied to the synthesis of various heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Neuhaus
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Michael C. Willis
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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27
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Gupta A, Khajuria R, Kapoor KK. Reaction of 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones with triethylphosphite in microwave revisited: One-pot synthesis of 2-aroylindoles and 2-arylquinolines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1116582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annah Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Rajni Khajuria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
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28
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Tong S, Xu Z, Mamboury M, Wang Q, Zhu J. Aqueous Titanium Trichloride Promoted Reductive Cyclization ofo-Nitrostyrenes to Indoles: Development and Application to the Synthesis of Rizatriptan and Aspidospermidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Tong S, Xu Z, Mamboury M, Wang Q, Zhu J. Aqueous Titanium Trichloride Promoted Reductive Cyclization of
o
‐Nitrostyrenes to Indoles: Development and Application to the Synthesis of Rizatriptan and Aspidospermidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11809-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tong
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Mathias Mamboury
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL‐SB‐ISIC‐LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland) http://lspn.epfl.ch
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30
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Chirkova ZV, Kabanova MV, Sergeev SS, Filimonov SI, Abramov IG, Samet AV, Suponitsky KY. Synthesis of 3-acyl-1-hydroxy-1H-indole-5,6-dicarbonitriles. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Rayar A, Veitía MSI, Ferroud C. An efficient and selective microwave-assisted Claisen-Schmidt reaction for the synthesis of functionalized benzalacetones. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:221. [PMID: 26069871 PMCID: PMC4456587 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple and direct method for the Claisen-Schmidt reaction to prepare functionalized α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed. Microwave irradiation of aldehydes with acetone produces benzalacetones selectively without self-condensation product in very short reaction times and good yields. Graphical AbstractGraphics for use in the Table of Contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rayar
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Maité Sylla-Iyarreta Veitía
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Ferroud
- Laboratoire Chimie Moléculaire, génie des procédés chimiques et énergétiques (CMGPCE), EA 7341- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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32
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Umeda R, Kouno H, Kitagawa T, Okamoto T, Kawashima K, Mashino T, Nishiyama Y. Selective Synthesis of Quinolines and Indoles: Sulfur-Assisted or Selenium-Catalyzed Reaction of β-(2-Nitrophenyl)-α,β-unsaturated Ketones with Carbon Monoxide. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Umeda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouno
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Mashino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Yutaka Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering; Faculty of Chemistry; Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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33
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Kothandaraman P, Lauw SJL, Chan PWH. Metal-free synthesis of 1H-indole-2-carbaldehydes by N-iodosuccinimide-mediated cyclization of 1-(2′-anilinyl)prop-2-yn-1-ols in water. A formal synthesis of (R)-calindol. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Li B, Williams JD, Peet NP. Two concise total syntheses of the wasabi phytoalexin methyl 1-methoxyindole-3-carboxylate. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Nishiyama Y, Umeda R, Nishimoto Y, Mashino T. Synthesis of Indoles: Sulfur-Assisted Reaction of 2-Nitrostilbenes with Carbon Monoxide. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Gao WC, Jiang S, Wang RL, Zhang C. Iodine-mediated intramolecular amination of ketones: the synthesis of 2-acylindoles and 2-acylindolines by tuning N-protecting groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4890-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Zhang J, Meng LG, Li P, Wang L. The sequential reactions of tetrazoles with bromoalkynes for the synthesis of (Z)-N-(2-bromo-1-vinyl)-N-arylcyanamides and 2-arylindoles. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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38
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Synthesis of Indoles through Highly Efficient Cascade Reactions of Sulfur Ylides and N-(ortho-Chloromethyl)aryl Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Yang QQ, Xiao C, Lu LQ, An J, Tan F, Li BJ, Xiao WJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Highly Efficient Cascade Reactions of Sulfur Ylides and N-(ortho-Chloromethyl)aryl Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9137-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Ionic diamine rhodium complex catalyzed reductive N-heterocyclization of N-(2-nitroarylidene)amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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