1
|
Krueger R, Feng E, Barzova P, Lieberman N, Lin S, Moeller KD. Anodic Cyclizations, Densely Functionalized Synthetic Building Blocks, and the Importance of Recent Mechanistic Observations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1927-1940. [PMID: 38231008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Anodic cyclization reactions can provide a versatile method for converting newly obtained chiral lactols to densely functionalized cyclic building blocks. The method works by first converting the lactol into an electron-rich olefin and then oxidatively generating a radical cation that is trapped by a nucleophile. Historically, such reactions have benefited from the use of less polar radical cations when the trapping nucleophile is a heteroatom and more polar radical cations when the reaction forms C-C bonds. This forced one to optimize underperforming reactions by resynthesizing the substrate. Here, we show that by taking advantage of methods that serve to drive a reversible initial cyclization reaction toward the product, this dichotomy and need to manipulate the substrate can be avoided. Two such methods were utilized: a faster second oxidation step and a mediated electrolysis. Both led to successful cyclizations using a polar radical cation and heteroatom nucleophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Polina Barzova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Noah Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chabuka BK, Alabugin IV. Hole Catalysis of Cycloaddition Reactions: How to Activate and Control Oxidant Upconversion in Radical-Cationic Diels-Alder Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19354-19367. [PMID: 37625247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to use holes as catalysts, the oxidized product should be able to transfer the hole to a fresh reactant. For that, the hole-catalyzed reaction must increase the oxidation potential along the reaction path, i.e., lead to "hole upconversion." If this thermodynamic requirement is satisfied, a hole injected via one-electron oxidation can persist through multiple propagation cycles and serve as a true catalyst. This work provides guidelines for the rational design of hole-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reactions, the prototypical cycloaddition. After revealing the crucial role of hyperconjugation in the absence of hole upconversion in the parent DA reaction, we show how upconversion can be reactivated by proper substitution. For this purpose, we computationally evaluate the contrasting effects of substituents at the three possible positions in the two reactants. The occurrence and magnitude of hole upconversion depend strongly on the placement and nature of substituents. For example, donors at C1 in 1,3-butadiene shift the reaction to the hole-upconverted regime with an increased oxidation potential of up to 1.0 V. In contrast, hole upconversion in C2-substituted 1,3-butadienes is activated by acceptors with the oxidation potential increase up to 0.54 V. Dienophile substitution results in complex trends because the radical cation can be formed at either the dienophile or the diene. Hole upconversion is always present in the former scenario (up to 0.65 V). Finally, we report interesting stereoelectronic effects that can activate or deactivate upconversion via a conformational change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beauty K Chabuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiao Y, Stoddart J. Electron / hole catalysis: A versatile strategy for promoting chemical transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
4
|
Hashimoto Y, Horiguchi G, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Design of a Photocatalytic [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction Using Redox‐Tag Strategy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho 184-8588 Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Genki Horiguchi
- Energy Catalyst Technology Group Energy Process Research Institute (EPRI) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 16-1 Onogawa 305-8559 Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho 184-8588 Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho 183-8509 Fuchu Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔE ox ): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206064. [PMID: 35610179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative biaryl coupling of aryls with different electronic features generally fails. However, this has not been systematically studied via theoretical analysis, and thus, the crucial factor governing coupling efficiency remains unclear. Herein, we propose that the "oxidation potential gap (ΔEox )" is a key parameter in predicting the efficiency of an intramolecular oxidative coupling reaction, with ΔEox defined as a difference in the oxidation potentials of the relevant aromatic rings. Our experimental and computational analyses revealed that the efficiency of an aromatic intramolecular coupling reaction correlates with the activation energy (ΔE≠ ) of C-C bond formation of the radical cation intermediates. Furthermore, ΔE≠ correlates with ΔEox . Therefore, we demonstrate the tuning of ΔEox by attaching cleavable extra electron-donating/-withdrawing groups, enabling the rational synthesis of a phenanthridone skeleton using aromatic rings with an electronic gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔEox): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Naoki Shida
- Yokohama National University: Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Department of Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Applied Biological Science 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Medcalf Z, Moeller KD. Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: Elucidating Radical Cation Mechanisms and the Interplay between Cyclization and Second Oxidation Steps. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2442-2452. [PMID: 34117713 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anodic olefin coupling reactions generate new bonds and ring skeletons through a net two electron process that reverses the polarity of a known, electron-rich functional group. While much of the early work on the mechanism of these reactions focused on the initial oxidation and cyclization steps of the process, the second oxidation step also plays a central role in determining the success of the reaction. Evidence supporting this observation is presented, along with evidence that optimization of this second oxidation step is not enough to pull a poor cyclization to the desired product. Successful cyclization reactions require optimization of both processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach Medcalf
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, One Brookings Drive, 63130-4899, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, One Brookings Drive, 63130-4899, St Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okada Y. Synthetic Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2223-2238. [PMID: 33769685 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of synthetic organic chemistry, photochemical and electrochemical approaches are often considered to be competing technologies that induce single electron transfer (SET). Recently, their fusion, i. e., the "photoelectrochemical" approach, has become the focus of attention. In this approach, both solar and electrical energy are used in creative combinations. Historically, the term "photoelectrochemistry" has been used in more inorganic fields, where a photovoltaic effect exhibited by semiconducting materials is employed. Semiconductors have also been studied intensively as photocatalysts; however, they recently have taken a back seat to molecular photocatalysts. In this account, we would like to revisit semiconductor photocatalysts in the field of synthetic organic chemistry to demonstrate that semiconductor "photoelectrochemical" approaches are more than mere alternatives to molecular photochemical and/or electrochemical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiang JC, Wang Q, Zhu J. Radical-Cation Cascade to Aryltetralin Cyclic Ether Lignans Under Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21195-21202. [PMID: 32744786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of concise, sustainable, and cost-effective synthesis of aryltetralin lignans, bearing either a fused lactone or cyclic ether, is of significant medicinal importance. Reported is that in the presence of Fukuzumi's acridinium salt under blue LED irradiation, functionalized dicinnamyl ether derivatives are converted into aryltetralin cyclic ether lignans with concurrent generation of three stereocenters in good to high yields with up to 20:1 diastereoselectivity. Oxidation of an alkene to the radical cation is key to the success of this formal Diels-Alder reaction of electronically mismatched diene and dienophile. Applying this methodology, six natural products, aglacin B, aglacin C, sulabiroin A, sulabiroin B, gaultherin C, and isoshonanin, are synthesized in only two to three steps from readily available biomass-derived monolignols. A revised structure is proposed for gaultherin C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Xiang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Mohamed YM, Pacheco C, Zheng N, Zare RN, Chen H. Electrocatalytic redox neutral [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:969-975. [PMID: 34163863 PMCID: PMC8179209 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic organic electrochemistry (EC) has advanced significantly, net redox neutral electrosynthesis is quite rare. Two approaches have been employed to achieve this type of electrosynthesis. One relies on turnover of the product by the reactant in a chain mechanism. The other involves both oxidation on the anode and reduction on the cathode in which the radical cation or the radical anion of the product has to migrate between two electrodes. Herein, a home-built electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) platform was used to generate an N-cyclopropylaniline radical cation electrochemically and to monitor its reactivity toward alkenes by mass spectrometry (MS), which led to the discovery of a new redox neutral reaction of intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes to provide an aniline-substituted 5-membered carbocycle via direct electrolysis (yield up to 81%). A chain mechanism, involving the regeneration of the substrate radical cation and the formation of the neutral product, is shown to be responsible for promoting such a redox neutral annulation reaction, as supported by experimental evidence of EC/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Qile Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Yuexiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Yasmine M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Carlos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford California 94305-5080 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
OKADA Y. Redox-Neutral Radical-Cation Reactions: Multiple Carbon–Carbon Bond Formations Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei OKADA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiang J, Wang Q, Zhu J. Radical‐Cation Cascade to Aryltetralin Cyclic Ether Lignans Under Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Chen Xiang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH 5304 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Opatz T, Geske L, Sato E. Anodic Oxidation as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Natural Products. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a valuable toolbox for organic synthesis and offers an appealing, environmentally benign alternative to the use of stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants or reductants. Its potential to control current efficiency along with providing alternative reaction conditions in a classical sense makes electrochemistry a suitable method for large-scale industrial transformations as well as for laboratory applications in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Even though research in this field has intensified over the recent decades, many synthetic chemists still hesitate to add electroorganic reactions to their standard repertoire, and hence, the full potential of preparative organic electrochemistry has not yet been unleashed. This short review highlights the versatility of anodic transformations by summarizing their application in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Shono-Type Oxidation3 C–N/N–N Bond Formation4 Aryl–Alkene/Aryl–Aryl Coupling5 Cycloadditions Triggered by Oxidation of Electron-Rich Arenes6 Spirocycles7 Miscellaneous Transformations8 Future Prospects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu X, Nie L, Zhang G, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative [4+2] Annulation for the π‐Extension of Unfunctionalized Heterobiaryl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15238-15243. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu X, Nie L, Zhang G, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative [4+2] Annulation for the π‐Extension of Unfunctionalized Heterobiaryl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maeta N, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Radical-Cation Vinylcyclopropane Rearrangements by TiO2 Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6551-6566. [PMID: 32233367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shida N, Imada Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Mechanistic Insights on Concentrated Lithium Salt/Nitroalkane Electrolyte Based on Analogy with Fluorinated Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Horibe T, Katagiri K, Ishihara K. Radical‐Cation‐Induced Crossed [2+2] Cycloaddition of Electron‐Deficient Anetholes Initiated by Iron(III) Salt. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kei Katagiri
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of EngineeringNagoya University B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horibe T, Ishihara K. Initiators for Radical Cation-induced [2 + 2]- and [4 + 2]-Cycloadditions of Electron-rich Alkenes. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horibe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611), Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Maeta N, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Probing Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Redox Tag Processes. Org Lett 2019; 21:8519-8522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Kouhestanian E, AlimadadiJani B. Electrochemically Induced Diels-Alder Reaction: An Overview. CHEM REC 2019; 20:273-331. [PMID: 31423739 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important name reactions in organic chemistry, is the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. It is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile to construct a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the stereotypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. In synthesis, the use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidant or reducing agents is definitely appealing for economic, ecological and selective, reasons. In this review, we try to underscore the combination of the electrosynthesis with Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction to establish of a powerful synthetic tool which may encourage synthetic organic chemists to use it in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kouhestanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoush AlimadadiJani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Taniguchi D, Handa A, Kodama R, Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox Denaturation of Proteins: Electrochemical Treatment of Egg Plasma. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Akihiro Handa
- Institute of Technology SolutionR&D Division Kewpie Corporation 2-5-7 Sengawa, Chofu Tokyo 182-0002 Japan
| | - Risa Kodama
- Institute of Technology SolutionR&D Division Kewpie Corporation 2-5-7 Sengawa, Chofu Tokyo 182-0002 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Imada Y, Shida N, Okada Y, Chiba K. A Novel Thermomorphic System for Electrocatalytic Diels‐Alder Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox Tag-Guided Radical Cation Cycloadditions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ozaki A, Yamaguchi Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Radical Cation Diels‐Alder Reactions of Non‐Conjugated Alkenes as Dienophiles by Electrocatalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ozaki
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nakayama K, Maeta N, Horiguchi G, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Radical Cation Diels-Alder Reactions by TiO 2 Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:2246-2250. [PMID: 30916982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical cation Diels-Alder reactions by titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis in lithium perchlorate/nitromethane solution are described. TiO2 photocatalysis promotes reactions between electron-rich dienes and dienophiles, which would otherwise be difficult to accomplish due to electronic mismatching. The reactions are triggered by hole oxidation of the dienophile and are completed by the excited electron reduction of the radical cation intermediate at the dispersed surface in the absence of any sacrificial substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Genki Horiguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Okada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Chiba K. Substitution Pattern‐Selective Olefin Cross‐Couplings. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Okada Y. “Snapshots” of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Redox Tag-Guided [2 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2018; 84:1882-1886. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nagahara S, Wakamatsu H, Okada Y, Chiba K. Photocatalytic Cycloadditions Enabled by a Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagahara
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakamatsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okada Y, Maeta N, Nakayama K, Kamiya H. TiO 2 Photocatalysis in Aromatic "Redox Tag"-Guided Intermolecular Formal [2 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4948-4962. [PMID: 29656651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work by Macmillan, Yoon, and Stephenson, homogeneous photoredox catalysis has occupied a central place in new reaction development in the field of organic chemistry. While heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysis has also been studied extensively, it has generally been recognized as a redox option in inorganic chemistry where such "photocatalysis" is most often used to catalyze carbon-carbon bond cleavage and not in organic chemistry where bond formation is usually the focal point. Herein, we demonstrate that titanium dioxide photocatalysis is a powerful redox option to construct carbon-carbon bonds by using intermolecular formal [2 + 2] cycloadditions as models. Synergy between excited electrons and holes generated upon irradiation is expected to promote the overall net redox neutral process. Key for the successful application is the use of a lithium perchlorate/nitromethane electrolyte solution, which exhibits remarkable Lewis acidity to facilitate the reactions of carbon-centered radical cations with carbon nucleophiles. The reaction mechanism is reasonably understood based on both intermolecular and intramolecular single electron transfer regulated by an aromatic "redox tag". Most of the reactions were completed in less than 30 min even in aqueous and/or aerobic conditions without the need for sacrificial reducing or oxidizing substrates generally required for homogeneous photoredox catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shimizu R, Okada Y, Chiba K. Stepwise radical cation Diels-Alder reaction via multiple pathways. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:704-708. [PMID: 29719568 PMCID: PMC5905251 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we disclose the radical cation Diels–Alder reaction of aryl vinyl ethers by electrocatalysis, which is triggered by an oxidative SET process. The reaction clearly proceeds in a stepwise fashion, which is a rare mechanism in this class. We also found that two distinctive pathways, including “direct” and “indirect”, are possible to construct the Diels–Alder adduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Imada Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Investigating radical cation chain processes in the electrocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:642-647. [PMID: 29623126 PMCID: PMC5870144 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET)-triggered radical ion-based reactions have proven to be powerful options in synthetic organic chemistry. Although unique chain processes have been proposed in various photo- and electrochemical radical ion-based transformations, the turnover number, also referred to as catalytic efficiency, remains unclear in most cases. Herein, we disclose our investigations of radical cation chain processes in the electrocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction, leading to a scalable synthesis. A gram-scale synthesis was achieved with high current efficiency of up to 8000%. The reaction monitoring profiles showed sigmoidal curves with induction periods, suggesting the involvement of intermediate(s) in the rate determining step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moeller KD. Using Physical Organic Chemistry To Shape the Course of Electrochemical Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4817-4833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Moeller
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hu X, Zhang G, Bu F, Lei A. Selective Oxidative [4+2] Imine/Alkene Annulation with H2
Liberation Induced by Photo-Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu X, Zhang G, Bu F, Lei A. Selective Oxidative [4+2] Imine/Alkene Annulation with H2
Liberation Induced by Photo-Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1286-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, IAS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fan Q, Tan H, Li P, Yan H. Hetero-intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyridines: a combined experimental and DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A detailed DFT mechanistic study of hetero-intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-DHPs was carried out for investigating the regioselectivity of such transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Fan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Hongbo Tan
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox-Tag Processes: Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Its Broad Relationship to Redox Reactions in General. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4592-4630. [PMID: 29218989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulated by a structural motif that we call a "redox tag." In order to describe modern radical-driven reactions involving SET processes, we focus on a classical formalism in which electrons are treated as particles rather than waves, which offers a practical yet powerful approach to explain and/or predict synthetic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1892] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ozaki A, Yamaguchi Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Bidirectional Access to Radical Cation Diels-Alder Reactions by Electrocatalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bahamonde A, Murphy JJ, Savarese M, Brémond É, Cavalli A, Melchiorre P. Studies on the Enantioselective Iminium Ion Trapping of Radicals Triggered by an Electron-Relay Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4559-4567. [PMID: 28281754 PMCID: PMC5374491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A combination of
electrochemical, spectroscopic, computational,
and kinetic studies has been used to elucidate the key mechanistic
aspects of the previously reported enantioselective iminium ion trapping
of photochemically generated carbon-centered radicals. The process,
which provides a direct way to forge quaternary stereocenters with
high fidelity, relies on the interplay of two distinct catalytic cycles:
the aminocatalytic electron-relay system, which triggers the stereoselective
radical trap upon iminium ion formation, and the photoredox cycle,
which generates radicals under mild conditions. Critical to reaction
development was the use of a chiral amine catalyst, bearing a redox-active
carbazole unit, which could rapidly reduce the highly reactive and
unstable intermediate generated upon radical interception. The carbazole
unit, however, is also involved in another step of the electron-relay
mechanism: the transiently generated carbazole radical cation acts
as an oxidant to return the photocatalyst into the original state.
By means of kinetic and spectroscopic studies, we have identified
the last redox event as being the turnover-limiting step of the overall
process. This mechanistic framework is corroborated by the linear
correlation between the reaction rate and the reduction potential
of the carbazole unit tethered to the aminocatalyst. The redox properties
of the carbazole unit can thus be rationally tuned to improve catalytic
activity. This knowledge may open a path for the mechanistically driven
design of the next generation of electron-relay catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bahamonde
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - John J Murphy
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marika Savarese
- D3 CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Éric Brémond
- D3 CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- D3 CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ - Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Imada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Shida N, Okada Y, Chiba K. Entropic electrolytes for anodic cycloadditions of unactivated alkene nucleophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3960-3963. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00664k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unactivated alkenes were previously found to be effective carbon nucleophiles for anodic cycloadditions in lithium perchlorate/nitromethane electrolyte solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Okada Y, Sugai M, Chiba K. Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced Fluorescence: Water-Soluble and Polarity-Independent Solvatochromic Fluorophores. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10922-10929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masae Sugai
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Okada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Ozaki A, Chiba K. Aromatic "Redox Tag"-assisted Diels-Alder reactions by electrocatalysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6387-6393. [PMID: 28451094 PMCID: PMC5363793 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions have been designed and demonstrated based on the aromatic “redox tag” concept.
Electrocatalysis was employed to promote Diels–Alder reactions between electronically mismatched substrates. A catalytic amount of electricity was enough to complete the overall reactions and GC-MS monitoring and CV measurements clearly illustrated the electrocatalytic nature of the reactions, which involve an EC-backward-E mechanism. The electrocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions were rationally designed based on the concept of redox tags. The results were supported by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
| | - Atsushi Ozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Asymmetric catalytic formation of quaternary carbons by iminium ion trapping of radicals. Nature 2016; 532:218-22. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|