1
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Boddy A, Sahay AK, Rivers EL, White AJP, Spivey AC, Bull JA. Enantioselective Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Synthesis of Spirocyclic Azetidine Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:2079-2084. [PMID: 38447584 PMCID: PMC10949229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Spiro-3,2'-azetidine oxindoles combine two independently important pharmacophores in an understudied spirocyclic motif that is attractive for medicinal chemistry. Here, the enantioselective synthesis of these structures is achieved in up to 2:98 er through intramolecular C-C bond formation, involving activation of the substrate with a novel SF5-containing chiral cation phase-transfer (PT) catalyst. The products are readily elaborated/deprotected to afford medicinally relevant enantioenriched compounds. Control experiments suggest an interfacial PT mechanism, whereby catalytic asymmetric induction is achieved through the activation of the chloride leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Boddy
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Aditya K. Sahay
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Emma L. Rivers
- Hit
Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Alan C. Spivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - James A. Bull
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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2
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Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Bifunctional Phase-Transfer Organocatalysts Based on Camphor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031515. [PMID: 36771181 PMCID: PMC9921693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten novel bifunctional quaternary ammonium salt phase-transfer organocatalysts were synthesized in four steps from (+)-camphor-derived 1,3-diamines. These quaternary ammonium salts contained either (thio)urea or squaramide hydrogen bond donor groups in combination with either trifluoroacetate or iodide as the counteranion. Their organocatalytic activity was evaluated in electrophilic heterofunctionalizations of β-keto esters and in the Michael addition of a glycine Schiff base with methyl acrylate. α-Fluorination and chlorination of β-keto esters proceeded with full conversion and low enantioselectivities (up to 29% ee). Similarly, the Michael addition of a glycine Schiff base with methyl acrylate proceeded with full conversion and up to 11% ee. The new catalysts have been fully characterized; the stereochemistry at the C-2 chiral center was unambiguously determined.
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3
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Metal-free selective acylation reaction of aliphatic alcohols in neutral condition. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Waser M, Winter M, Mairhofer C. (Thio)urea containing chiral ammonium salt catalysts. CHEM REC 2022:e202200198. [PMID: 36175162 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(Thio)-urea-containing bifunctional quaternary ammonium salts emerged as powerful non-covalently interacting organocatalysts over the course of the last decade. The most commonly employed catalysts in this field are either based on Cinchona alkaloids, α-amino acids, or trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine. Our group has been heavily engaged in the design and use of such catalysts, i. e. trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-based ones for around 10 years now, and it is therefore the intention of this short personal account to provide an overview of the, at least in our opinion, most significant and pioneering achievements in this field by looking on catalyst design and asymmetric method development, with a special focus on our own contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Winter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christopher Mairhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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5
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Maruoka K. Design of Maruoka Catalysts for Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Buttard F, Champagne PA. Binding Modes and Origins of Enantioselectivity in the Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Conjugate Cyanation of β-Trifluoromethylated Chalcones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floris Buttard
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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7
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Lexa KW, Belyk KM, Henle J, Xiang B, Sheridan RP, Denmark SE, Ruck RT, Sherer EC. Application of Machine Learning and Reaction Optimization for the Iterative Improvement of Enantioselectivity of Cinchona-Derived Phase Transfer Catalysts. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina W. Lexa
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Belyk
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeremy Henle
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bangping Xiang
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert P. Sheridan
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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8
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Bencivenni G, Salazar Illera D, Moccia M, Houk KN, Izzo JA, Novacek J, Grieco P, Vetticatt MJ, Waser M, Adamo MFA. Study of Ground State Interactions of Enantiopure Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Amides, Nitroalkanes, Nitroalkenes, Esters, Heterocycles, Ketones and Fluoroamides. Chemistry 2021; 27:11352-11366. [PMID: 33963788 PMCID: PMC8453964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral phase-transfer catalysis provides high level of enantiocontrol, however no experimental data showed the interaction of catalysts and substrates. 1 H NMR titration was carried out on Cinchona and Maruoka ammonium bromides vs. nitro, carbonyl, heterocycles, and N-F containing compounds. It was found that neutral organic species and quaternary ammonium salts interacted via an ensemble of catalyst + N-C-H and (sp2 )C-H, specific for each substrate studied. The correspondent BArF salts interacted with carbonyls via a diverse set of + N-C-H and (sp2 )C-H compared to bromides. This data suggests that BArF ammonium salts may display a different enantioselectivity profile. Although not providing quantitative data for the affinity constants, the data reported proofs that chiral ammonium salts coordinate with substrates, prior to transition state, through specific C-H positions in their structures, providing a new rational to rationalize the origin of enantioselectivity in their catalyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Bencivenni
- Department of ChemistryRCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health Science123 St Stephen's GreenDublin 2, DublinRepublic of Ireland
| | - Diana Salazar Illera
- Department of ChemistryRCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health Science123 St Stephen's GreenDublin 2, DublinRepublic of Ireland
| | - Maria Moccia
- CNR-ICCInstitute of CrystallographyVia G. Amendola 122/O70126BariItaly
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095-1569USA
| | - Joseph A. Izzo
- Department of ChemistryState University of NY BinghamtonBinghamton, NYUSA
| | - Johanna Novacek
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Naples Federico IICorso Umberto I, 4080138Napoli, NAItaly
| | | | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mauro F. A. Adamo
- Department of ChemistryRCSIUniversity of Medicine and Health Science123 St Stephen's GreenDublin 2, DublinRepublic of Ireland
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9
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Yang X, Gitter SR, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. An Ion-Pairing Approach to Stereoselective Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13952-13958. [PMID: 33723902 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemistry can have a profound impact on polymer and materials properties. Unfortunately, straightforward methods for realizing high levels of stereocontrolled polymerizations are often challenging to achieve. In a departure from traditional metal-mediated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), we discovered a remarkably simple method for controlling alkene stereochemistry in photoredox mediated metal-free ROMP. Ion-pairing, initiator sterics, and solvation effects each had profound impact on the stereochemistry of polynorbornene (PNB). Simple modifications to the reaction conditions produced PNB with trans alkene content of 25 to >98 %. High cis content was obtained from relatively larger counterions, toluene as solvent, low temperatures (-78 °C), and initiators with low Charton values. Conversely, smaller counterions, dichloromethane as solvent, and enol ethers with higher Charton values enabled production of PNB with high trans content. Data from a combined experimental and computational investigation are consistent with the stereocontrolling step of the radical cationic mechanism proceeding under thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sean R Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Allison G Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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10
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Yang X, Gitter SR, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. An Ion‐Pairing Approach to Stereoselective Metal‐Free Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Sean R. Gitter
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Allison G. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Oglethorpe University Atlanta GA 30319 USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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11
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Rinehart NI, Zahrt AF, Henle JJ, Denmark SE. Dreams, False Starts, Dead Ends, and Redemption: A Chronicle of the Evolution of a Chemoinformatic Workflow for the Optimization of Enantioselective Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2041-2054. [PMID: 33856771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst design in enantioselective catalysis has historically been driven by empiricism. In this endeavor, experimentalists attempt to qualitatively identify trends in structure that lead to a desired catalyst function. In this body of work, we lay the groundwork for an improved, alternative workflow that uses quantitative methods to inform decision making at every step of the process. At the outset, we define a library of synthetically accessible permutations of a catalyst scaffold with the philosophy that the library contains every potential catalyst we are willing to make. To represent these chiral molecules, we have developed general 3D representations, which can be calculated for tens of thousands of structures. This defines the total chemical space of a given catalyst scaffold; it is constructed on the basis of catalyst structure only without regard to a specific reaction or mechanism. As such, any algorithmic subset selection method, which is unsupervised (i.e., only considers catalyst structure), should provide an ideal initial screening set for any new reaction that can be catalyzed by that scaffold. Notably, because this design strategy, the same set of catalysts can be used for any reaction that can be catalyzed with that parent catalyst scaffold. These are tested experimentally, and statistical learning tools can be used to create a model relating catalyst structure to catalyst function. Further, this model can be used to predict the performance of each catalyst candidate in the greater database of virtual catalyst candidates. In this way, it is possible estimate the performance of tens of thousands of catalysts by experimentally testing a smaller subset. Using error assessment metrics, it is possible to understand the confidence in new predictions. An experimentalist using this tool can balance the predicted results (reward) with the prediction confidence (risk) when deciding which catalysts to synthesize next in an optimization campaign. These catalysts are synthesized and tested experimentally. At this stage, either the optimization is a success or the predicted values were incorrect and further optimization is required. In the case of the latter, the information can be fed back into the statistical learning model to refine the model, and this iterative process can be used to determine the optimal catalyst. In this body of work, we not only establish this workflow but quantitatively establish how best to execute each step. Herein, we evaluate several 3D molecular representations to determine how best to represent molecules. Several selection protocols are examined to best decide which set of molecules can be used to represent the library of interest. In addition, the number of reactions needed to make accurate, statistical learning models is evaluated. Taken together these components establish a tool ready to progress from the development stage to the utility stage. As such, current research endeavors focus on applying these tools to optimize new reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ian Rinehart
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Henle
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Washington JB, Assante M, Yan C, McKinney D, Juba V, Leach AG, Baillie SE, Reid M. Trialkylammonium salt degradation: implications for methylation and cross-coupling. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6949-6963. [PMID: 34123322 PMCID: PMC8153232 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trialkylammonium (most notably N,N,N-trimethylanilinium) salts are known to display dual reactivity through both the aryl group and the N-methyl groups. These salts have thus been widely applied in cross-coupling, aryl etherification, fluorine radiolabelling, phase-transfer catalysis, supramolecular recognition, polymer design, and (more recently) methylation. However, their application as electrophilic methylating reagents remains somewhat underexplored, and an understanding of their arylation versus methylation reactivities is lacking. This study presents a mechanistic degradation analysis of N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts and highlights the implications for synthetic applications of this important class of salts. Kinetic degradation studies, in both solid and solution phases, have delivered insights into the physical and chemical parameters affecting anilinium salt stability. 1H NMR kinetic analysis of salt degradation has evidenced thermal degradation to methyl iodide and the parent aniline, consistent with a closed-shell SN2-centred degradative pathway, and methyl iodide being the key reactive species in applied methylation procedures. Furthermore, the effect of halide and non-nucleophilic counterions on salt degradation has been investigated, along with deuterium isotope and solvent effects. New mechanistic insights have enabled the investigation of the use of trimethylanilinium salts in O-methylation and in improved cross-coupling strategies. Finally, detailed computational studies have helped highlight limitations in the current state-of-the-art of solvation modelling of reaction in which the bulk medium undergoes experimentally observable changes over the reaction timecourse. The dual reactivity of N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts towards arylation and methylation is decoupled in this mechanistic investigation to enable more strategic application of these salts in either reaction class.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B Washington
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK
| | - Michele Assante
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool UK
| | - Chunhui Yan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK
| | - David McKinney
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK
| | - Vanessa Juba
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester UK
| | | | - Marc Reid
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow UK
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13
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Inukai T, Kano T, Maruoka K. Asymmetric α-Hydroxylation of α-Aryl-δ-lactams with Molecular Oxygen under Phase-Transfer Conditions. Org Lett 2021; 23:792-796. [PMID: 33476160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of α-aryl-α-hydroxy-δ-lactams via phase-transfer-catalyzed hydroxylation with molecular oxygen is described. High yields and high enantioselectivities were achieved using 2,2-diarylvinyl group as an achiral auxiliary. This strategy allows facile access to α-aryl-α-hydroxy-δ-lactam derivatives containing a chiral quaternary center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Inukai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Zahrt AF, Rose BT, Darrow WT, Henle JJ, Denmark SE. Computational methods for training set selection and error assessment applied to catalyst design: guidelines for deciding which reactions to run first and which to run next. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Different subset selection methods are examined to guide catalyst selection in optimization campaigns. Error assessment methods are used to quantitatively inform selection of new catalyst candidates from in silico libraries of catalyst structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Zahrt
- 245 Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Brennan T. Rose
- 245 Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - William T. Darrow
- 245 Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Jeremy J. Henle
- 245 Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- 245 Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
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15
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A flexible strategy for the synthesis of bifunctional 6′-(thio)-urea containing Cinchona alkaloid ammonium salts. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Henle JJ, Zahrt AF, Rose BT, Darrow WT, Wang Y, Denmark SE. Development of a Computer-Guided Workflow for Catalyst Optimization. Descriptor Validation, Subset Selection, and Training Set Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11578-11592. [PMID: 32568531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern, enantioselective catalyst development is driven largely by empiricism. Although this approach has fostered the introduction of most of the existing synthetic methods, it is inherently limited by the skill, creativity, and chemical intuition of the practitioner. Herein, we present a complementary approach to catalyst optimization in which statistical methods are used at each stage to streamline development. To construct the optimization informatics workflow, a number of critical components had to be subjected to rigorous validation. First, the critically important molecular descriptors were validated in two case studies to establish the importance of conformation-dependent molecular representations. Next, with a large data set available, it was possible to investigate the amount of data necessary to make predictive models with different modeling methods. Given the commercial availability of many catalyst structures, it was possible to compare models generated with algorithmically selected training sets and commercially available training sets. Finally, the augmentation of limited data sets is demonstrated in a method informed by unsupervised learning to restore the accuracy of the generated models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Henle
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew F Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brennan T Rose
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William T Darrow
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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17
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Zahrt AF, Athavale SV, Denmark SE. Quantitative Structure-Selectivity Relationships in Enantioselective Catalysis: Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1620-1689. [PMID: 31886649 PMCID: PMC7018559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dawn of the 21st century has brought with it a surge of research related to computer-guided approaches to catalyst design. In the past two decades, chemoinformatics, the application of informatics to solve problems in chemistry, has increasingly influenced prediction of activity and mechanistic investigations of organic reactions. The advent of advanced statistical and machine learning methods, as well as dramatic increases in computational speed and memory, has contributed to this emerging field of study. This review summarizes strategies to employ quantitative structure-selectivity relationships (QSSR) in asymmetric catalytic reactions. The coverage is structured by initially introducing the basic features of these methods. Subsequent topics are discussed according to increasing complexity of molecular representations. As the most applied subfield of QSSR in enantioselective catalysis, the application of local parametrization approaches and linear free energy relationships (LFERs) along with multivariate modeling techniques is described first. This section is followed by a description of global parametrization methods, the first of which is continuous chirality measures (CCM) because it is a single parameter derived from the global structure of a molecule. Chirality codes, global, multivariate descriptors, are then introduced followed by molecular interaction fields (MIFs), a global descriptor class that typically has the highest dimensionality. To highlight the current reach of QSSR in enantioselective transformations, a comprehensive collection of examples is presented. When combined with traditional experimental approaches, chemoinformatics holds great promise to predict new catalyst structures, rationalize mechanistic behavior, and profoundly change the way chemists discover and optimize reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Soumitra V. Athavale
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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18
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Thiol-based chemistry as versatile routes for the effective functionalization of cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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O'Donnell MJ. Benzophenone Schiff bases of glycine derivatives: Versatile starting materials for the synthesis of amino acids and their derivatives. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Wang L, Xu G, Xiao J, Tao M, Zhang W. Quaternary Ammonium-Based Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fibers with Polarity Tunable Inner Surface Microenvironment for C–C Bond Forming Reactions under Continuous Flow Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Minli Tao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Wenqin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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21
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Ahn S, Hong M, Sundararajan M, Ess DH, Baik MH. Design and Optimization of Catalysts Based on Mechanistic Insights Derived from Quantum Chemical Reaction Modeling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6509-6560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seihwan Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zahrt AF, Denmark SE. Evaluating continuous chirality measure as a 3D descriptor in chemoinformatics applied to asymmetric catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 75:1841-1851. [PMID: 31983782 PMCID: PMC6980240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous Chirality Measure (CCM) is a computational metric by which to quantify the chirality of a compound. In enantioselective catalysis, prior work has postulated that CCM is correlated to selectivity and can be used to understand which structural features dictate catalyst efficacy. Herein, the investigation of CCM as a metric capable of guiding catalyst optimization is explored. Conformer-dependent CCM is also explored. Finally, CCM is used with Sterimol parameters to significantly improve the performance of Random Forest models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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23
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Zahrt AF, Henle JJ, Rose BT, Wang Y, Darrow WT, Denmark SE. Prediction of higher-selectivity catalysts by computer-driven workflow and machine learning. Science 2019; 363:363/6424/eaau5631. [PMID: 30655414 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst design in asymmetric reaction development has traditionally been driven by empiricism, wherein experimentalists attempt to qualitatively recognize structural patterns to improve selectivity. Machine learning algorithms and chemoinformatics can potentially accelerate this process by recognizing otherwise inscrutable patterns in large datasets. Herein we report a computationally guided workflow for chiral catalyst selection using chemoinformatics at every stage of development. Robust molecular descriptors that are agnostic to the catalyst scaffold allow for selection of a universal training set on the basis of steric and electronic properties. This set can be used to train machine learning methods to make highly accurate predictive models over a broad range of selectivity space. Using support vector machines and deep feed-forward neural networks, we demonstrate accurate predictive modeling in the chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed thiol addition to N-acylimines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy J Henle
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brennan T Rose
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William T Darrow
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Engkvist O, Norrby PO, Selmi N, Lam YH, Peng Z, Sherer EC, Amberg W, Erhard T, Smyth LA. Computational prediction of chemical reactions: current status and outlook. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1203-1218. [PMID: 29510217 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, various computational methods have become increasingly important for discovering and developing novel drugs. Computational prediction of chemical reactions is a key part of an efficient drug discovery process. In this review, we discuss important parts of this field, with a focus on utilizing reaction data to build predictive models, the existing programs for synthesis prediction, and usage of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) to explore chemical reactions. We also outline potential future developments with an emphasis on pre-competitive collaboration opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nidhal Selmi
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Zhengwei Peng
- Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Willi Amberg
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Erhard
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lynette A Smyth
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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25
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Wang L, Kikkawa N, Morita A. Hydrated Ion Clusters in Hydrophobic Liquid: Equilibrium Distribution, Kinetics, and Implications. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:3562-3571. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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26
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Magnetic hydroxyapatite-immobilized 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane as a highly efficient and eco-friendly nanocatalyst for the promotion of nucleophilic substitution reactions of benzyl halides under green conditions. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Schörgenhumer J, Tiffner M, Waser M. Chiral phase-transfer catalysis in the asymmetric α-heterofunctionalization of prochiral nucleophiles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1753-1769. [PMID: 28904619 PMCID: PMC5588627 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral phase-transfer catalysis is one of the major catalytic principles in asymmetric catalysis. A broad variety of different catalysts and their use for challenging applications have been reported over the last decades. Besides asymmetric C–C bond forming reactions the use of chiral phase-transfer catalysts for enantioselective α-heterofunctionalization reactions of prochiral nucleophiles became one of the most important field of application of this catalytic principle. Based on several highly spectacular recent reports, we thus wish to discuss some of the most important achievements in this field within the context of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Tiffner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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28
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Blanco-Ania D, W. M. Aben R, van Berkom LWA, Scheeren HW, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis of Steroidal D
-Ring-Fused Pyrrolidines of Dehydroepiandrosterone. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blanco-Ania
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - René W. M. Aben
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Leon W. A. van Berkom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Scheeren
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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29
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Liu S, Maruoka K, Shirakawa S. Chiral Tertiary Sulfonium Salts as Effective Catalysts for Asymmetric Base-Free Neutral Phase-Transfer Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4819-4823. [PMID: 28371093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although chiral quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts are commonly used for asymmetric organocatalysis, the catalytic ability of chiral tertiary sulfonium salts has yet to be demonstrated in asymmetric synthesis. Herein, we show that chiral bifunctional trialkylsulfonium salts catalyze highly enantioselective conjugate additions of 3-substituted oxindoles to maleimides under base-free neutral phase-transfer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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30
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Liu S, Maruoka K, Shirakawa S. Chiral Tertiary Sulfonium Salts as Effective Catalysts for Asymmetric Base-Free Neutral Phase-Transfer Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Liu
- Department of Environmental Science; Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Seiji Shirakawa
- Department of Environmental Science; Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
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31
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Yamaguchi S, Nishimura T, Hibe Y, Nagai M, Sato H, Johnston I. Regularized regression analysis of digitized molecular structures in organic reactions for quantification of steric effects. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:1825-1833. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamaguchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yuta Hibe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaki Nagai
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 610-8510 Japan
| | - Ian Johnston
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Boston University; 111 Cummington Mall Boston Massachusetts 02215
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32
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Jirásek M, Straková K, Neveselý T, Svobodová E, Rottnerová Z, Cibulka R. Flavin-Mediated Visible-Light [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Dienes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jirásek
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Straková
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Neveselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svobodová
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Rottnerová
- Central Laboratories; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
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33
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Tiffner M, Zielke K, Mayr J, Häring M, Díaz Díaz D, Waser M. Phase-Transfer Catalysis with Ionene Polymers. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tiffner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Katharina Zielke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Judith Mayr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätstrasse. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Marleen Häring
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätstrasse. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätstrasse. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC); Jordi Girona 18-26 Barcelona 08034 Spain
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
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34
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Teng B, Chen W, Dong S, Kee CW, Gandamana DA, Zong L, Tan CH. Pentanidium- and Bisguanidinium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkylations Using Silylamide as Brønsted Probase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9935-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Teng
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Wenchao Chen
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Shen Dong
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Choon Wee Kee
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Dhika Aditya Gandamana
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Lili Zong
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Choon-Hong Tan
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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35
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Recoverable Dendritic Phase-Transfer Catalysts that Contain (+)-Cinchonine-Derived Ammonium Salts. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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A comprehensive theoretical investigation of the transition states and a proposed kinetic model for the cinchoninium ion asymmetric phase-transfer catalyzed alkylation reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Kaneko S, Kumatabara Y, Shirakawa S. A new generation of chiral phase-transfer catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5367-76. [PMID: 26754659 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysis has long been recognized as a versatile method for organic synthesis. In particular, over more than the past three decades, asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis based on the use of structurally well-defined chiral catalysts has become a topic of great scientific interest. Although various effective chiral catalysts have already been reported and these catalysts were utilized for practical asymmetric transformations, further design and development of new chiral phase-transfer catalysts are still attractive research subjects in organic chemistry due to the high utility and practicability of phase-transfer-catalyzed reactions. This review focuses on the recent examples of newly designed effective chiral phase-transfer catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kaneko
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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38
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Capobianco A, Di Mola A, Intintoli V, Massa A, Capaccio V, Roiser L, Waser M, Palombi L. Asymmetric tandem hemiaminal-heterocyclization-aza-Mannich reaction of 2-formylbenzonitriles and amines using chiral phase transfer catalysis: an experimental and theoretical study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05488a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first asymmetric synthesis of 3-amino-substituted isoindolinones was accomplished via cascade hemiaminal-heterocyclization-intramolecular aza-Mannich reaction of amines and 2-formylbenzonitriles using chiral phase transfer conditions (PTC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano (SA)
- Italy
| | - Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano (SA)
- Italy
| | | | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano (SA)
- Italy
| | - Vito Capaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano (SA)
- Italy
| | - Lukas Roiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Johannes Kepler University Linz
- 4040 Linz
- Austria
| | - Laura Palombi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano (SA)
- Italy
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39
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Belding L, Stoyanov P, Dudding T. Phase-Transfer Catalysis via a Proton Sponge: A Bifunctional Role for Biscyclopropenimine. J Org Chem 2015; 81:553-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Belding
- Brock University, 500 Glenridge
Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Peter Stoyanov
- Brock University, 500 Glenridge
Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Brock University, 500 Glenridge
Avenue, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
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40
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Asymmetric intramolecular α-cyclopropanation of aldehydes using a donor/acceptor carbene mimetic. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10041. [PMID: 26644194 PMCID: PMC4686670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioselective α-alkylation of carbonyl is considered as one of the most important processes for asymmetric synthesis. Common alkylation agents, that is, alkyl halides, are notorious substrates for both Lewis acids and organocatalysts. Recently, olefins emerged as a benign alkylating species via photo/radical mechanisms. However, examples of enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes/ketones are scarce and direct asymmetric dialkylation remains elusive. Here we report an intramolecular α-cyclopropanation reaction of olefinic aldehydes to form chiral cyclopropane aldehydes. We demonstrate that an α-iodo aldehyde can function as a donor/acceptor carbene equivalent, which engages in a formal [2+1] annulation with a tethered double bond. Privileged bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-type scaffolds are prepared in good optical purity using a chiral amine. The synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated by versatile transformations of the bridgehead formyl functionality. We expect the concept of using α-iodo iminium as a donor/acceptor carbene surrogate will find wide applications in chemical reaction development. The formation of chiral centres adjacent to carbonyl groups is a highly challenging task in asymmetric catalysis. Here, the authors report the asymmetric diakylation of carbonyls via an intramolceular α-cyclopropanation procedure.
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41
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Mikhaylov AA, Zhmurov PA, Naumova AS, Khoroshutina YA, Sukhorukov AY, Ioffe SL. Stereoselective synthesis of spirocyclic nitronates by SnCl4-promoted reaction of nitroalkenes with C-2 substituted 4-methylidene-1,3-dioxolane. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Sharma K, Wolstenhulme JR, Painter PP, Yeo D, Grande-Carmona F, Johnston CP, Tantillo DJ, Smith MD. Cation-Controlled Enantioselective and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Indolines: An Autoinductive Phase-Transfer Initiated 5-endo-trig Process. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13414-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sharma
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. Wolstenhulme
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip P. Painter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David Yeo
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Francisca Grande-Carmona
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Johnston
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Martin D. Smith
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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43
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Denmark SE, Cullen LR. Development of a Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed, [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11818-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United Sates
| | - Lindsey R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United Sates
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44
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Bandar JS, Tanaset A, Lambert TH. Phase-transfer and other types of catalysis with cyclopropenium ions. Chemistry 2015; 21:7365-8. [PMID: 25820636 PMCID: PMC4617660 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work establishes the cyclopropenium ion as a viable platform for efficient phase-transfer catalysis of a diverse range of organic transformations. The amenability of these catalysts to large-scale synthesis and structural modification is demonstrated. Evaluation of the molecular structure of an optimal catalyst reveals some unique structural features of these systems. Finally, a discussion of electronic charge distribution underscores an important consideration for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway New York, NY 10027 (USA)
| | - Anont Tanaset
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway New York, NY 10027 (USA)
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway New York, NY 10027 (USA)
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45
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Denmark SE, Henle JJ. Redefining q: quaternary ammonium cross sectional area (XSA) as a general descriptor for transport-limiting PTC rate approximations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2211-false. [PMID: 29163878 PMCID: PMC5644375 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships of several key molecular descriptors with the rate of the O'Donnell alkylation under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) have been investigated. The most common parameter used to predict PTC rates, the ammonium ion accessibility, q , is defined in such a way that limits its use to straight-chain tetraalkylammonium catalysts. To find a general descriptor of rate, eight linear, symmetrical tetraalkylammonium cations were examined to determine if a model containing broadly applicable descriptors could be found. The catalytic activity of these salts was determined under PTC conditions (operating under an interfacial, transport-rate limiting mechanism) and was compared with these molecular descriptors. Models could be generated from the ammonium ion accessibility parameter q and the amphiphilic cross sectional area descriptor (XSA), and each gave a correlative model predicting the rate of alkylation. However, a similar model cannot be generated from a descriptor that is a direct measure of ammonium ion accessibility, the solvent accessible ammonium surface area (NC4_SA). These models lead to the conclusion that q must approximate catalyst properties other than ammonium ion accessibility. Additionally, the relationship between XSA and rate demonstrates that XSA approximates the complex behavior of ammonium ions at the interfacial region of a biphasic system, allowing for its use as a general descriptor for transport-limiting PTC rate approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
| | - J J Henle
- Roger Adams Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
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46
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Stereoselective synthesis of unsaturated α-amino acids. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Lam YH, Houk KN. Origins of Stereoselectivity in Intramolecular Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Cinchona Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2116-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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48
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Schettini R, Nardone B, De Riccardis F, Della Sala G, Izzo I. Cyclopeptoids as Phase-Transfer Catalysts for the Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Huang H, Zong H, Bian G, Yue H, Song L. Correlating the Effects of the N-Substituent Sizes of Chiral 1,2-Amino Phosphinamide Ligands on Enantioselectivities in Catalytic Asymmetric Henry Reaction Using Physical Steric Parameters. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9455-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500982j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Huang
- The State
Key Lab of Structural
Chemistry, the Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related
Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hua Zong
- The State
Key Lab of Structural
Chemistry, the Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related
Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Guangling Bian
- The State
Key Lab of Structural
Chemistry, the Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related
Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huifeng Yue
- The State
Key Lab of Structural
Chemistry, the Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related
Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ling Song
- The State
Key Lab of Structural
Chemistry, the Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related
Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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50
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Ferrié L, Ferhi S, Bernadat G, Figadère B. Toward the Total Synthesis of Klaivanolide: Complete Reinterpretation of Its Originally Assigned Structure. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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