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Chandra D, Kumar P, Yadav AK, Kumar G, Jat JL. A Synthetic Overview of Enones Aziridination. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Science Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Science Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
| | - Ajay K. Yadav
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Science Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
| | - Ganesh Kumar
- Illinois Central College Peoria, Illinois 61635 USA
| | - Jawahar L. Jat
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Decision Science Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow India
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2
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Suzuki I, Takenaka Y, Morishita Y, Shibata I. One-step Preparation of N-Unprotected Aziridines from 2H-Azirines by Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetals Catalyzed by Lewis Acids. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Suzuki
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Takenaka
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Morishita
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuya Shibata
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Umeda T, Minakata S. A practical method for the aziridination of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with a simple carbamate utilizing sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22120-22124. [PMID: 35480842 PMCID: PMC9034239 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient formation of tert-butyl N-chloro-N-sodio-carbamate by the reaction of simple tert-butyl carbamate with sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate (NaOCl·5H2O) would be a practical and green method for the aziridination of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The process described herein is transition-metal free, all of the materials are commercially available, the byproducts (NaCl and H2O) are environmentally benign and the reaction is stereoselective. The resulting aziridines are potential precursors of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Umeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate of Engineering, Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate of Engineering, Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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4
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Johnson SL, Hilinski MK. Organocatalytic Olefin Aziridination via Iminium-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer: Scope, Limitations, and Mechanistic Insight. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8589-8595. [PMID: 31173691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olefin aziridination via organocatalytic nitrene transfer offers potential complementarity to metal-catalyzed methods; however there is a lack of reports of such reactions in the literature. Herein is reported a method that employs an iminium salt to catalyze the aziridination of styrenes by [ N-( p-toluenesulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhINTs). These reactions are hypothesized to proceed via a diaziridinium salt as the active oxidant. In addition to outlining the scope and limitations of the method, evidence for a polar, stepwise mechanism is presented, which provides new insight into the nature of iminium catalysis of nitrene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4319 , United States
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5
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Schörgenhumer J, Tiffner M, Waser M. Chiral phase-transfer catalysis in the asymmetric α-heterofunctionalization of prochiral nucleophiles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1753-1769. [PMID: 28904619 PMCID: PMC5588627 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral phase-transfer catalysis is one of the major catalytic principles in asymmetric catalysis. A broad variety of different catalysts and their use for challenging applications have been reported over the last decades. Besides asymmetric C–C bond forming reactions the use of chiral phase-transfer catalysts for enantioselective α-heterofunctionalization reactions of prochiral nucleophiles became one of the most important field of application of this catalytic principle. Based on several highly spectacular recent reports, we thus wish to discuss some of the most important achievements in this field within the context of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Tiffner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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6
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Shukla P, Mahata S, Sahu A, Singh M, Rai VK, Rai A. First graphene oxide promoted metal-free nitrene insertion into olefins in water: towards facile synthesis of activated aziridines. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile metal-free graphene oxide (GO)-catalyzed synthesis of tosylaziridines using PhINTs as the nitrene source is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- School of Physical Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Suhasini Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
- Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009
- India
| | - Anjumala Sahu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
- Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009
- India
| | - Manorama Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
- Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009
- India
| | - Vijai K. Rai
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
- Bilaspur (C.G.)-495009
- India
| | - Ankita Rai
- School of Physical Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi
- India
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7
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Recoverable Dendritic Phase-Transfer Catalysts that Contain (+)-Cinchonine-Derived Ammonium Salts. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Dolezal R, Soukup O, Malinak D, Savedra RML, Marek J, Dolezalova M, Pasdiorova M, Salajkova S, Korabecny J, Honegr J, Ramalho TC, Kuca K. Towards understanding the mechanism of action of antibacterial N-alkyl-3-hydroxypyridinium salts: Biological activities, molecular modeling and QSAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:699-711. [PMID: 27341309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have carried out a combined experimental and computational investigation to elucidate several bred-in-the-bone ideas standing out in rational design of novel cationic surfactants as antibacterial agents. Five 3-hydroxypyridinium salts differing in the length of N-alkyl side chain have been synthesized, analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, tested for in vitro activity against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, computationally modeled in water by a SCRF B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method, and evaluated by a systematic QSAR analysis. Given the results of this work, the hypothesis suggesting that higher positive charge of the quaternary nitrogen should increase antimicrobial efficacy can be rejected since 3-hydroxyl group does increase the positive charge on the nitrogen but, simultaneously, it significantly derogates the antimicrobial activity by lowering the lipophilicity and by escalating the desolvation energy of the compounds in comparison with non-hydroxylated analogues. Herein, the majority of the prepared 3-hydroxylated substances showed notably lower potency than the parent pyridinium structures, although compound 8 with C12 alkyl chain proved a distinctly better antimicrobial activity in submicromolar range. Focusing on this anomaly, we have made an effort to reveal the reason of the observed activity through a molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between the bacterial membrane and compound 8 in GROMACS software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ranylson M L Savedra
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Jan Marek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Dolezalova
- Institute of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pasdiorova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Salajkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honegr
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Czech Republic.
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Soukup O, Dolezal R, Malinak D, Marek J, Salajkova S, Pasdiorova M, Honegr J, Korabecny J, Nachtigal P, Nachon F, Jun D, Kuca K. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular modeling of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium salt series; the effect of the hydroxyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:841-8. [PMID: 26774252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe the synthesis of a new group of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium salts with different lengths of alkyl side-chain (C10-C18), and their chromatographic analysis and biological assay for in vitro activity against bacterial and fungal strains. We compare the lipophilicity and efficacy of hydroxylated isoquinolinium salts with the previously published (non-hydroxylated) isoquinolinium salts from the point of view of antibacterial and antifungal versatility and cytotoxic safety. Compound 11 (C18) had to be excluded from the testing due to its low solubility. Compounds 9 and 10 (C14, C16) showed only moderate efficacy against G+ bacteria, notably with excellent potency against Staphyloccocus aureus, but no effect against G- bacteria. In contrast, non-hydroxylated isoquinolinium salts showed excellent antimicrobial efficacy within the whole series, particularly 14 (C14) against G+ strains and 15 (C16) against fungi. The electronic properties and desolvation energies of 5-hydroxyisoquinolinium and isoquinolinium salts were studied by quantum-chemistry calculations employing B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method and an implicit water-solvent simulation model (SCRF). Despite the positive mesomeric effect of the hydroxyl moiety reducing the electron density of the quaternary nitrogen, it is probably the higher lipophilicity and lower desolvation energy of isoquinolinium salts, which is responsible for enhanced antimicrobial versatility and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marek
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 700 30 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Salajkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pasdiorova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Honegr
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Nachon
- Departement de Toxicologie et Risque Chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Li T, Ma X, Qi J, Sun F, Ma N. Ring Opening ofN-Sulfonyl Aziridines by Amines in Silica-Water. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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12
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Cornwall RG, Shi Y. Organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation and aziridination of olefins and their synthetic applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8199-256. [PMID: 24785198 DOI: 10.1021/cr500064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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13
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14
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Kiyokawa K, Kosaka T, Minakata S. Metal-Free Aziridination of Styrene Derivatives with Iminoiodinane Catalyzed by a Combination of Iodine and Ammonium Iodide. Org Lett 2013; 15:4858-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402276f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiyokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Shirakawa S, Maruoka K. Neue Entwicklungen bei asymmetrischen Phasentransferreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Shirakawa S, Maruoka K. Recent developments in asymmetric phase-transfer reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4312-48. [PMID: 23450630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysis has been recognized as a powerful method for establishing practical protocols for organic synthesis, because it offers several advantages, such as operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, suitability for large-scale synthesis, and the environmentally benign nature of the reaction system. Since the pioneering studies on highly enantioselective alkylations promoted by chiral phase-transfer catalysts, this research field has served as an attractive area for the pursuit of "green" sustainable chemistry. A wide variety of asymmetric transformations catalyzed by chiral onium salts and crown ethers have been developed for the synthesis of valuable organic compounds in the past several decades, especially in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Takeda Y, Murakami Y, Ikeda Y, Minakata S. Nucleophilic Ring-Opening ofN-o-Nosylaziridines withN-Chloro-N-Sodiocarbamate: Facile Preparation of Differentially Protected Vicinal Diamines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Menjo Y, Hamajima A, Sasaki N, Hamada Y. Asymmetric Aziridination of Cyclic Enones Using Chiral Diamine Catalysts and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of (−)-Agelastatin A. Org Lett 2011; 13:5744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2023054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Menjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Akinari Hamajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Neri Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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