1
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Yamada T, Teranishi W, Sakurada N, Ootori S, Abe Y, Matsuo T, Morii Y, Yoshimura M, Yoshimura T, Ikawa T, Sajiki H. Microwave-assisted C-C bond formation of diarylacetylenes and aromatic hydrocarbons on carbon beads under continuous-flow conditions. Commun Chem 2023; 6:78. [PMID: 37095153 PMCID: PMC10123573 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds generally requires stoichiometric oxidants or homogeneous metal catalysts, however, the risk of contamination of inorganic residues can affect their properties. Here we present a microwave (MW)-assisted platinum on beaded activated carbon (Pt/CB)-catalyzed C-C bond formation of diarylacetylenes and aromatic hydrocarbons under continuous-flow conditions. Various fused aromatic compounds were continuously synthesized via dehydrogenative C(sp2)-C(sp2) and C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation with yields of up to 87% without the use of oxidants and bases. An activated, local reaction site on Pt/CB in the flow reaction channel reaching temperatures of more than three hundred degrees Celsius was generated in the catalyst cartridge by selective microwave absorption in CB with an absorption efficiency of > 90%. Mechanistic experiments of the transformation reaction indicated that a constant hydrogen gas supply was essential for activating Pt. This is an ideal reaction with minimal input energy and no waste production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Teranishi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakurada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Seiya Ootori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuka Abe
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Morii
- Product Division, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd. (Brand: EYELA), 1-15-17 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-Ku, 112-0002, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshimura
- R&D Center, N.E. Chemcat Corporation, 678 Ipponnmatsu, Numazu, 410-0314, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshimura
- SAIDA FDS INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, 425-0054, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikawa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan.
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2
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Heydari A, Hosseini M, Darroudi M, Behzadi M, Hronský V, Sučik G, Rouh H, Sheibani H. Toward efficient functionalization of polystyrene backbone through ketene chemistry: Synthesis, characterization, and
DFT
study. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovakia
- Department of Chemistry Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Faculty of Physics Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Science Mashhad University of Medical Science Mashhad Iran
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Faculty of Science Turkish‐Germen University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Masoumeh Behzadi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Systémique Organométalliques Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177) CNRS/Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Viktor Hronský
- Department of Physics Technical University of Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Sučik
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling Technical University of Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Hassan Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
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3
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Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Thioureas, Enabled by Aqueous Polysulfide Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020303. [PMID: 33435580 PMCID: PMC7827778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed the continuous-flow synthesis of thioureas in a multicomponent reaction starting from isocyanides, amidines, or amines and sulfur. The aqueous polysulfide solution enabled the application of sulfur under homogeneous and mild conditions. The crystallized products were isolated by simple filtration after the removal of the co-solvent, and the sulfur retained in the mother liquid. Presenting a wide range of thioureas synthesized by this procedure confirms the utility of the convenient continuous-flow application of sulfur.
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4
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Wernik M, Hartmann PE, Sipos G, Darvas F, Boese AD, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. On the Regioselectivity of the Gould–Jacobs Reaction: Gas‐Phase Versus Solution‐Phase Thermolysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wernik
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Peter E. Hartmann
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | | | - A. Daniel Boese
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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5
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Moroz AA, Zhulanov VE, Dmitriev MV, Maslivets AN. Diversity-oriented synthesis of three skeletally diverse iminolactones from isocyanides, activated acetylenes and 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones via [3+2] and [4+1] cycloaddition reactions. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Hayashi K, Ogawa S, Watanabe H, Fujimaki Y, Oaki Y, Imai H. Pyrolytic Production of Fluorescent Pyrone Derivatives Produced in the Confined Space of Super-Microporous Silicas. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Hayashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroto Watanabe
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yasuto Fujimaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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7
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8
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Cole KP, Ryan SJ, Groh JM, Miller RD. Reagent-free continuous thermal tert-butyl ester deprotection. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6209-6217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australien
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10
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Wentrup C. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: Techniques and Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14808-14835. [PMID: 28675675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) had its beginnings in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly through mass spectrometric detection of pyrolytically formed free radicals. In the 1960s many organic chemists started performing FVP experiments with the purpose of isolating new and interesting compounds and understanding pyrolysis processes. Meanwhile, many different types of apparatus and techniques have been developed, and it is the purpose of this review to present the most important methods as well as a survey of typical reactions and observations that can be achieved with the various techniques. This includes preparative FVP, chemical trapping reactions, matrix isolation, and low temperature spectroscopy of reactive intermediates and unstable molecules, the use of online mass, photoelectron, microwave, and millimeterwave spectroscopies, gas-phase laser pyrolysis, pulsed pyrolysis with supersonic jet expansion, very low pressure pyrolysis for kinetic investigations, solution-spray and falling-solid FVP for involatile compounds, and pyrolysis over solid supports and reagents. Moreover, the combination of FVP with matrix isolation and photochemistry is a powerful tool for investigations of reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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11
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Seifi M, Sheibani H. Studies on condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyls with malononitrile: Synthesis of 2-pyridinones. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Tsoung J, Bogdan AR, Kantor S, Wang Y, Charaschanya M, Djuric SW. Synthesis of Fused Pyrimidinone and Quinolone Derivatives in an Automated High-Temperature and High-Pressure Flow Reactor. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1073-1084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tsoung
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stanislaw Kantor
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Manwika Charaschanya
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Stevan W. Djuric
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technologies, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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13
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Takebayashi Y, Furuya T, Yoda S. Kinetic study of the microflow synthesis of 4-hydroxyquinoline in supercritical ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Szőlősi G, Fülöp F. Harnessing the Versatility of Continuous-Flow Processes: Selective and Efficient Reactions. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1018-33. [PMID: 26997251 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for effective transformations and a broad range of novel chemical entities. Continuous-flow (CF) approaches are of considerable current interest: highly efficient and selective reactions can be performed in CF reactors. The reaction setup of CF reactors offers a wide variety of possible points where versatility can be introduced. This article presents a number of selective and highly efficient gas-liquid-solid and liquid-solid reactions involving a range of reagents and immobilized catalysts. Enantioselective transformations through catalytic hydrogenation and organocatalytic reactions are included, and isotopically labelled compounds and pharmaceutically relevant 1,2,3-triazoles are synthesized in CF reactors. Importantly, the catalyst bed can be changed to a solid-phase peptide synthesis resin, with which peptide synthesis can be performed with the utilization of only 1.5 equivalents of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - György Szőlősi
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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15
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Shafiee B, Hadian L, Khosropour AR. An innovation for development of Erlenmeyer–Plöchl reaction and synthesis of AT-130 analogous: a new application of continuous-flow method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first micro-flow Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone reaction and synthesis of N-benzoylglycine carbamide were established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Hadian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
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16
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Zhulanov VE, Dmitriev MV, Maslivets AN, Rubin M. New method for in situ generation of enolate-iminium 1,4-dipoles for [4 + 2] and [4 + 1] dipolar heterocycloaddition reactions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermolysis ofN-(diphenylenamino)pyrrolediones proceeds with formation of dihydropyrazolone 1,4-dipoles. [4 + 4] Homodimerizations and a series of [4 + 2] and [4 + 1] cycloadditions of these species with various dipolarophiles were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maksim V. Dmitriev
- Department of Chemistry
- Perm State University
- Perm 614990
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry
- North Caucasus Federal University
- Stavropol 355009
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry
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17
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Malvacio I, Moyano EL, Vera DMA. Gas-phase synthesis of 3-carboethoxy-quinolin-4-ones. A comprehensive computational mechanistic study to uncover the dark side of the Gould–Jacobs reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11986g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 3-carboethoxy-quinolin-4-ones were synthesized from diethyl 2-((arylamino)methylene) malonates through a Gould–Jacobs cyclization using flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP). A detailed mechanistic study was done using DFT and Coupled Clusters models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Malvacio
- QUIAMM-INBIOTEC – Department of Chemistry
- School of Exact and Natural Sciences
- National University of Mar del Plata
- Mar del Plata
- Argentina
| | - E. Laura Moyano
- INFIQC – Department of Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences
- National University of Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - D. Mariano A. Vera
- QUIAMM-INBIOTEC – Department of Chemistry
- School of Exact and Natural Sciences
- National University of Mar del Plata
- Mar del Plata
- Argentina
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18
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Rodrigues LV, Navarro C, Carro-Guillen F, Buriol L, Frizzo CP, Martins MAP, Alajarin M, Berna J. Dethreading of Tetraalkylsuccinamide-Based [2]Rotaxanes for Preparing Benzylic Amide Macrocycles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10049-59. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Leticia V. Rodrigues
- Núcleo
de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Cristian Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carro-Guillen
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lilian Buriol
- Núcleo
de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa P. Frizzo
- Núcleo
de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. P. Martins
- Núcleo
de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional
Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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19
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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Strategic Application of Residence-Time Control in Continuous-Flow Reactors. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:212-23. [PMID: 26246983 PMCID: PMC4522171 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sustainable alternative for conventional batch-based synthetic techniques, the concept of continuous-flow processing has emerged in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Systematic tuning of the residence time, a key parameter of continuous-reaction technology, can govern the outcome of a chemical reaction by determining the reaction rate and the conversion and by influencing the product selectivity. This review furnishes a brief insight into flow reactions in which high chemo- and/or stereoselectivity can be attained by strategic residence-time control and illustrates the importance of the residence time as a crucial parameter in sustainable method development. Such a fine reaction control cannot be performed in conventional batch reaction set-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of SzegedEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of SciencesEötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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21
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Lengyel LC, Sipos G, Sipőcz T, Vágó T, Dormán G, Gerencsér J, Makara G, Darvas F. Synthesis of Condensed Heterocycles by the Gould–Jacobs Reaction in a Novel Three-Mode Pyrolysis Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500354z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- László Csaba Lengyel
- ComCIX Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
- ComInnex Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gellért Sipos
- ThalesNano Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sipőcz
- ThalesNano Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teréz Vágó
- ComCIX Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Dormán
- ThalesNano Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Ferenc Darvas
- ThalesNano Inc., Záhony u.
7. H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
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Osako T, Torii K, Uozumi Y. Aerobic flow oxidation of alcohols in water catalyzed by platinum nanoparticles dispersed in an amphiphilic polymer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14947e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various alcohols were aerobically oxidized in an aqueous solution in a continuous-flow reactor containing a platinum nanoparticles dispersed in a polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol) resin to give the corresponding carbonyl compounds in up to 99% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Osako
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) Myodaiji
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Kaoru Torii
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) Myodaiji
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) Myodaiji
- Okazaki
- Japan
- RIKEN
- Wako
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Woods BP, Hoye TR. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a tool for probing the reactivity of polyynes relevant to hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) cascades. Org Lett 2014; 16:6370-3. [PMID: 25470072 PMCID: PMC4275131 DOI: 10.1021/ol503162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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The
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) behavior of a number
of alkyne-rich compounds is described. The DSC trace for each compound
exhibits an exothermic event at a characteristic onset temperature.
For the tri- and tetraynes whose [4 + 2] HDDA reactivity in solution
has been determined, these onset temperatures show a strong correlation
with the cyclization activation energy. The studies reported here
exemplify how the data available through this operationally simple
analytical technique can give valuable insights into the thermal behavior
of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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25
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Janikowska K, Rachoń J, Makowiec S. Acyl Meldrum's acid derivatives: application in organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n07abeh004441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Zahedifar M, Sheibani H. Unexpected Products from Mesoionic 1,3-Thiazinium and Oxazinium Olates: A Novel Access to 3,5-Diaryl-1,3-thiazine-2,4,6-trione and Alkoxy-3,5-diphenyl-3H-1,3-oxazine-2,6-dione Derivatives. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The condensation of (chlorocarbonyl)ketenes 1 with N-phenylthiocarbamates 2 and N-phenylcarbamates 6 is postulated to lead to the formation of unstable mesoionic 1,3-thiazinium 4-olates I or 1,3-oxazinium 4-olates II, respectively. At room temperature, appropriately substituted mesoionic 1,3-thiazinium 4-olates I eliminated the corresponding alkene with generation of 3,5-diaryl-1,3-thiazine-2,4,6-trione derivatives 3. However, the methoxy-substituted compound 5 was stable at room temperature at least for several weeks. In the case of the mesoionic1,3-oxazinium 4-olates II an alkyl group migration affords 4-alkoxy-3,5-diphenyl-3H-1,3-oxazine-2,6-diones 7.
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Abstract
The history of pyrolysis equipment, methods, and reactions is narrated in the Introduction. Detailed descriptions of flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) (or thermolysis, FVT) apparatus for preparative and spectroscopic (UV, IR, electron spin resonance) purposes with product isolation at 77 K or in Ar matrices at ~10 K are presented. Very low pressure pyrolysis (VLPP), laser pyrolysis, and pulsed pyrolysis (jet flash pyrolysis) are also described together with illustrations of apparatus. The solvent spray flash vacuum pyrolysis (SS-FVP) of liquids or solutions of compounds of low volatility is described together with methods for the addition of solids to a pyrolysis tube, in particular details of pipto-pyrolysis (‘falling solid pyrolysis’). Methods used for catalytic vacuum gas–solid reactions (VGSR) are also summarised.
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Ajaz A, Voukides AC, Cahill KJ, Thamatam R, Skraba-Joiner SL, Johnson RP. Microwave Flash Pyrolysis: C9H8 Interconversions and Dimerisations. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of 2-ethynyltoluene, indene, fluorene, and related compounds has been studied by sealed tube microwave flash pyrolysis (MFP), in concert with modelling of putative mechanistic pathways by density functional theory (DFT) computations. In the MFP technique, samples are admixed with graphite and subjected to intense microwave power (150–300 W) in a quartz reaction tube under a nitrogen atmosphere. The MFP reaction of 2-ethynyltoluene gave mostly indene, the product of a Roger Brown rearrangement (1,2-H shift to a vinylidene) followed by insertion. An additional product was chrysene, the likely result of hydrogen atom loss from indene followed by dimerisation. The intermediacy of dimeric bi-indene structures was supported by pyrolysis of bi-indene and by computational models. Benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[c]phenanthrene are minor products in these reactions. These are shown to arise from pyrolysis of chrysene under the same MFP conditions. MFP reaction of fluorene gave primarily bi-fluorene, bifluorenylidene, and dibenzochrysene, the latter derived from a known Stone–Wales rearrangement.
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29
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Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Direct Preparation of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids in Continuous Flow. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10567-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401945r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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30
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Chen M, Buchwald SL. Rapid and efficient trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds using potassium trifluoroacetate enabled by a flow system. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11628-31. [PMID: 24038907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Going to the source: The trifluoromethylation of aryl/heteroaryl iodides has been demonstrated using a flow system, thus enabling a rapid rate of reaction. A broad spectrum of trifluoromethylated compounds was prepared in good to excellent yields using CF3 CO2 K as the trifluoromethyl source. The process has the advantage of short reaction times and uses convenient [CF3 ] sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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31
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Chen M, Buchwald SL. Rapid and Efficient Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds Using Potassium Trifluoroacetate Enabled by a Flow System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Hessel V, Kralisch D, Kockmann N, Noël T, Wang Q. Novel process windows for enabling, accelerating, and uplifting flow chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:746-89. [PMID: 23606410 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent-free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process-design intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO BOX 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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34
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Chaplain G, Haswell SJ, Fletcher PDI, Kelly SM, Mansfield A. Development and Evaluation of a Raman Flow Cell for Monitoring Continuous Flow Reactions. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We show how in-line Raman spectroscopy can be used to monitor both reactant and product concentrations for a heterogeneously catalysed Suzuki cross reaction operating in continuous flow. The flow system consisted of an HPLC pump to drive a homogeneous mixture of the reactants (4-bromobenzonitrile, phenylboronic acid, and potassium carbonate) through an oven heated (80°C) palladium catalyst immobilised on a silica monolith. A custom built PTFE in-line flow cell with a quartz window enabled the coupling of an Ocean Optics Raman spectrometer probe to monitor both the reactants and product (4-cyanobiphenyl). Calibration was based on obtaining multivariate spectral data in the range 1530 cm–1 and 1640 cm–1 and using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) to obtain a calibration model which was validated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. In-line Raman monitoring of the reactant and product concentrations enable (i) determination of reaction kinetic information such as the empirical rate law and associated rate constant and (ii) optimisation of either the product conversion (61 % at 0.02 mL min–1 generating 17 g h–1) or product yield (14 % at 0.24 mL min–1 generating 53 g h–1).
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35
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Lee C(X, Pedrick EA, Leadbeater NE. Preparation of Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl Complexes Using Continuous-Flow Processing: (η6-C6H5CH3)Cr(CO)3as an Example. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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