1
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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2
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Thuita D, Damunupola D, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 21. Most Efficient Access to meso-Tetraphenyl- and meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactones, and Their Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4351. [PMID: 32972021 PMCID: PMC7570530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
meso-Phenyl- and meso-pentafluorophenyl-porpholactones, their metal complexes, as well as porphyrinoids directly derived from them are useful in a number of technical and biomedical applications, and more uses are expected to be discovered. About a dozen competing and complementary pathways toward their synthesis were reported. The suitability of the methods changes with the meso-aryl group and whether the free base or metal derivatives are sought. These circumstances make it hard for anyone outside of the field of synthetic porphyrin chemistry to ascertain which pathway is the best to produce which specific derivative. We report here on what we experimentally evaluated to be the most efficient pathways to generate the six key compounds from the commercially available porphyrins, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP): free base meso-tetraphenylporpholactone (TPL) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone (TFPL), and their platinum(II) and zinc(II) complexes TPLPt, TFPLPt, TPLZn, and TFPLZn, respectively. Detailed procedures are provided to make these intriguing molecules more readily available for their further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269–3060, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
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3
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Jin GQ, Xue HZ, Zhang JL. Porpholactone Chemistry: Shining New Light on an Old Cofactor. Chempluschem 2020; 86:71-81. [PMID: 32844583 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of porpholactone chemistry, discovered over 30 years ago, has significantly stimulated the development of biomimetic tetrapyrrole chemistry. It offers an opportunity, through modifications of non-pyrrolic building blocks, to clarify the relationship between chemical structure and excited-state properties, deciphering the structural code for the biological functions of life pigments. With intriguing photophysical properties in the red to near-infrared (NIR) regions, facile modulation of their electronic nature by fine-tuning chemical structures, and coordination ability with diverse metal ions, these novel porphyrinoids have favorable prospects in the fields of optical materials, bioimaging and therapy, and catalysis. In this Minireview, we summarize the brief history of porpholactone chemistry, and focus on the studies carried out in our group, particularly on the regioisomeric effect, NIR lanthanide luminescence, and metal catalysis. We outline the perspectives of these compounds in the construction of porpholactone-related biomedical applications and optical and energy materials, in order to inspire more interest and further advance bioinspired inorganic chemistry and lanthanide chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Zong Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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4
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Yang ZS, Yao Y, Sedgwick AC, Li C, Xia Y, Wang Y, Kang L, Su H, Wang BW, Gao S, Sessler JL, Zhang JL. Rational design of an "all-in-one" phototheranostic. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8204-8213. [PMID: 34123091 PMCID: PMC8163340 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03368e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here porphodilactol derivatives and their corresponding metal complexes. These systems show promise as "all-in-one" phototheranostics and are predicated on a design strategy that involves controlling the relationship between intersystem crossing (ISC) and photothermal conversion efficiency following photoexcitation. The requisite balance was achieved by tuning the aromaticity of these porphyrinoid derivatives and forming complexes with one of two lanthanide cations, namely Gd3+ and Lu3+. The net result led to a metalloporphodilactol system, Gd-trans-2, with seemingly optimal ISC efficiency, photothermal conversion efficiency and fluorescence properties, as well as good chemical stability. Encapsulation of Gd-trans-2 within mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) allowed its evaluation for tumour diagnosis and therapy. It was found to be effective as an "all-in-one" phototheranostic that allowed for NIR fluorescence/photoacoustic dual-modal imaging while providing an excellent combined PTT/PDT therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in 4T1-tumour-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street-A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
| | - Cuicui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital Beijing 100034 P. R. China
| | - Ye Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital Beijing 100034 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street-A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
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5
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Brückner C, Atoyebi AO, Girouard D, Lau KSF, Akhigbe J, Samankumara L, Damunupola D, Khalil GE, Gouterman M, Krause JA, Zeller M. Stepwise Preparation of
meso
‐Tetraphenyl‐ and
meso
‐Tetrakis(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)bacteriodilactones and their Zinc(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Adewole O. Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Derek Girouard
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Kimberly S. F. Lau
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Lalith Samankumara
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06268‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Gamal E. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Martin Gouterman
- Department of Chemistry University of Washington 98195 Seattle WA USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati 45221‐0172 Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 47907‐2084 West Lafayette IN USA
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6
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Wu ZY, Xue H, Wang T, Guo Y, Meng YS, Li X, Zheng J, Brückner C, Rao G, Britt RD, Zhang JL. Mimicking of Tunichlorin: Deciphering the Importance of a β-Hydroxyl Substituent on Boosting the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Haozong Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95161, United States
| | - R. David Britt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95161, United States
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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7
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Noboa MA, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Azulichlorins and Benzocarbachlorins Derived Therefrom. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11649-11664. [PMID: 31429281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed condensation of azulidipyrrane aldehydes with a dihydrodipyrrin carbaldehyde afforded the first examples of azulichlorins. These macrocyclic products were isolated in a monoprotonated form, and the free bases proved to be somewhat unstable. The monocations were strongly diatropic, and proton NMR spectroscopy showed the internal C-H at ca. -2 ppm. Addition of TFA gave the related dications, but these exhibited significantly reduced aromatic ring currents. Reaction of an azulichlorin with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and KOH in dichloromethane/methanol gave a benzocarbachlorin and two related aldehydes. The UV-vis spectrum for the benzocarbachlorin showed a split Soret band at 414 and 430 nm, together with a strong chlorin-like absorption at 684 nm. The proton NMR spectrum indicated that the carbachlorin is strongly aromatic and the internal C-H was observed at -4.64 ppm. Addition of TFA afforded a C-protonated dication with a significantly increased diatropic ring current. The proton NMR spectrum, NICS calculations, and AICD plots indicated that the system favors a 22π electron delocalization pathway that runs through the fused benzo unit. Addition of TFA to the benzocarbachlorin aldehydes primarily led to the formation of monocations, and the generation of C-protonated dications was no longer favored due to the presence of electron-withdrawing formyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Noboa
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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8
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Sahota N, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis and Properties of Carbaporphyrin and Carbachlorin Dimethyl Esters Derived from Cyclopentanedialdehydes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9715-9730. [PMID: 28849655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Norbornenes with two ester substituents were prepared by Diels-Alder cycloadditions of cyclopentadiene with dimethyl fumarate and dimethyl 1,1-ethylenedicarboxylate. Oxidation with potassium permanganate gave good yields of related diols that were oxidatively ring-opened to afford cyclopentane dialdehydes. MacDonald-type "3 + 1" condensations with a tripyrrane, followed by oxidation with DDQ in refluxing toluene, gave carbaporphyrin or carbachlorin products in good yields. The macrocyclic products were highly diatropic and produced porphyrin-like UV-vis spectra. The carbaporphyrin was converted into silver(III) and gold(III) organometallic derivatives. Reaction with methyl iodide in the presence of potassium carbonate gave mono- and dialkylation products, and treatment of the former with Ni(OAc)2 or Pd(OAc)2 afforded nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes. The free base carbaporphyrin and carbachlorin, and the nickel and palladium complexes, were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The carbachlorin also reacted with silver(I) acetate to give a silver(III) derivative. Carbaporphyrins and carbachlorins underwent deuterium exchange at the meso-positions with deuteriated TFA, and this observation indicates that protonation is occurring at the bridging carbons. The new route to carbaporphyrins and carbachlorins has enabled detailed studies on the properties of these systems and provides the foundations for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Sahota
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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9
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Ning Y, Ke XS, Hu JY, Liu YW, Ma F, Sun HL, Zhang JL. Bioinspired Orientation of β-Substituents on Porphyrin Antenna Ligands Switches Ytterbium(III) NIR Emission with Thermosensitivity. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1897-1905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ning
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Wei Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Ling Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of
Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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10
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Hu JY, Wu ZY, Chai K, Yang ZS, Meng YS, Ning Y, Zhang J, Zhang JL. β-Fluorinated porpholactones and metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and some spectroscopic studies. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of β-fluorinated porpholactones by oxidation of the fluorinated CC bond of the pyrrolic subunit in porphyrin using the “RuCl3 + Oxone®” protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Ke Chai
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yin-Shan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matano
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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12
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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13
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Rhoda HM, Akhigbe J, Ogikubo J, Sabin JR, Ziegler CJ, Brückner C, Nemykin VN. Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin-Derived Hydroporphyrins and Pyrrole-Modified Porphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5805-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Junichi Ogikubo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Jared R. Sabin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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14
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Sharma M, Meehan E, Mercado BQ, Brückner C. β-Alkyloxazolochlorins: Revisiting the Ozonation of Octaalkylporphyrins, and Beyond. Chemistry 2016; 22:11706-18. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Chemical & Biophysical Instrumentation Center; Yale University, Chemistry Department; 350 Edwards St. New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
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15
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Brückner C. The Breaking and Mending of meso-Tetraarylporphyrins: Transmuting the Pyrrolic Building Blocks. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1080-92. [PMID: 26967793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring porphyrins and hydroporphyrins vary with respect to their ring substituents and oxidation states, but their tetrapyrrolic frameworks remain fully preserved across all kingdoms of life; there are no naturally occurring porphyrin-like macrocycles known that contain nonpyrrolic building blocks. However, the study of porphyrin analogues in which one or two pyrroles were replaced with nonpyrrolic building blocks might shed light on the correlation between structural modulation and ground and excited state optical properties of the "pigments of life", unlocking their mechanisms of function. Also, porphyrinoids with strong absorbance and emission spectra in the NIR are sought after in technical (e.g., light-harvesting) and biomedical (e.g., imaging and photochemotherapy) applications. These porphyrin analogues, the so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), are synthetically accessible using total syntheses. Alternatively-and most handily-they can also be formed by conversion of synthetic porphyrins. Guided by older reports of the fortuitous modifications of porphyrins into PMPs, our research program generalized the so-dubbed "Breaking and Mending of Porphyrins" approach toward PMPs. This method to convert a pyrrole in meso-tetraarylporphyrins to a nonpyrrolic building block with high precision relies on a number of distinct steps. Step 1: The porphyrin is functionalized in a way that activates one or two peripheral double bonds toward breakage; in all cases surveyed here, this step is an osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation to generate dihydroxychlorin and tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. Step 2: The activated, dihydroxylated β,β'-bond is "broken". Step 3: The functional groups resulting from the ring-cleavage reactions are utilized in subsequent "mending" steps to form the PMPs, that themselves may be subject to further modifications, Step 4. Thus, PMPs in which a pyrrole was degraded to an imine linkage, contracted to a four-membered ring, or expanded by oxygen, sulfur, carbon, or nitrogen atoms to form six-membered building blocks have become accessible. This approach also allowed the replacement of a single β-carbon atom by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Depending on the ring size, conformation, conformational flexibility, the oxidation state of the pyrrole replacements, or the presence of substituents that π-extend the chromophores, the PMPs possess porphyrin- or hydroporphyrin-like optical spectra, or they show altogether unique electronic properties. Some PMP classes allow the fine-tuning of their absorption range; others exhibit panchromatic absorption spectra from the UV to the NIR. Several PMPs take up persistent chiral helimeric conformations that could be resolved. This Account summarizes the scopes of the "Breaking and Mending" methodology with a special focus on laying out the structural diversity of PMPs accessible from meso-tetraarylporphyrins and highlighting their optical properties, with the aim of encouraging their further study and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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16
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Ke XS, Ning Y, Tang J, Hu JY, Yin HY, Wang GX, Yang ZS, Jie J, Liu K, Meng ZS, Zhang Z, Su H, Shu C, Zhang JL. Gadolinium(III) Porpholactones as Efficient and Robust Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2016; 22:9676-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Juan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yun Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yan Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Zi-Shu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Jialong Jie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Sha Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Chunying Shu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
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17
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Costa LD, Costa JIT, Tomé AC. Porphyrin Macrocycle Modification: Pyrrole Ring-Contracted or -Expanded Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2016; 21:320. [PMID: 27005605 PMCID: PMC6274216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several synthetic strategies aiming at the peripheral functionalization of porphyrins were developed. Particularly interesting are those involving the modification of β-pyrrolic positions leading to pyrrole-modified porphyrins containing four-, five-, six- or seven-membered heterocycles. Azeteoporphyrins, porpholactones and morpholinoporphyrins are representative examples of such porphyrinoids. These porphyrin derivatives have recently gained an increasing interest due to their potential application in PDT, as multimodal imaging contrast agents, NIR-absorbing dyes, optical sensors for oxygen, cyanide, hypochlorite and pH, and in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana I T Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Ke XS, Zhao H, Zou X, Ning Y, Cheng X, Su H, Zhang JL. Fine-Tuning of β-Substitution to Modulate the Lowest Triplet Excited States: A Bioinspired Approach to Design Phosphorescent Metalloporphyrinoids. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10745-52. [PMID: 26247480 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Learning nature's approach to modulate photophysical properties of NIR porphyrinoids by fine-tuning β-substituents including the number and position, in a manner similar to naturally occurring chlorophylls, has the potential to circumvent the disadvantages of traditional "extended π-conjugation" strategy such as stability, molecular size, solubility, and undesirable π-π stacking. Here we show that such subtle structural changes in Pt(II) or Pd(II) cis/trans-porphodilactones (termed by cis/trans-Pt/Pd) influence photophysical properties of the lowest triplet excited states including phosphorescence, Stokes shifts, and even photosensitization ability in triplet-triplet annihilation reactions with rubrene. Prominently, the overall upconversion capability (η, η = ε·Φ(UC)) of Pd or Pt trans-complex is 10(4) times higher than that of cis-analogue. Nanosecond time-resolved infrared (TR-IR) spectroscopy experiments showed larger frequency shift of ν(C═O) bands (ca. 10 cm(-1)) of cis-complexes than those of trans-complexes in the triplet excited states. These spectral features, combining with TD-DFT calculations, suggest the strong electronic coupling between the lactone moieties and the main porphyrin chromophores and thus the importance of precisely positioning β-substituents by mimicking chlorophylls, as an alternative to "extended π-conjugation", in designing NIR active porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Sheng Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoran Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ning
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P.R.China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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19
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Samankumara LP, Dorazio SJ, Akhigbe J, Li R, Nimthong-Roldán A, Zeller M, Brückner C. Indachlorins: Nonplanar Indanone-Annulated Chlorin Analogues with Panchromatic Absorption Spectra between 300 and 900 nm. Chemistry 2015; 21:11118-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Meehan E, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Octaethyl-1,3-oxazinochlorin: A β-Octaethylchlorin Analogue Made by Pyrrole Expansion. Org Lett 2015; 17:2210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Meehan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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21
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Yuen JM, Harris MA, Liu M, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Effects of substituents on synthetic analogs of chlorophylls. Part 4: How formyl group location dictates the spectral properties of chlorophylls b, d and f. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:331-42. [PMID: 25488432 DOI: 10.1111/php.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms are adapted to light characteristics in their habitat in part via the spectral characteristics of the associated chlorophyll pigments, which differ in the position of a formyl group around the chlorin macrocycle (chlorophylls b, d, f) or no formyl group (chlorophyll a). To probe the origin of this spectral tuning, the photophysical and electronic structural properties of a new set of synthetic chlorins are reported. The zinc and free base chlorins have a formyl group at either the 2- or 3-position. The four compounds have fluorescence yields in the range 0.19-0.28 and singlet excited-state lifetimes of ca 4 ns for zinc chelates and ca 8 ns for the free base forms. The photophysical properties of the 2- and 3-formyl zinc chlorins are similar to those observed previously for 13-formyl or 3,13-diformyl chlorins, but differ markedly from those for 7-formyl analogs. Molecular-orbital characteristics obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used as input to spectral simulations employing the four-orbital model. The analysis has uncovered the key changes in electronic structure engendered by the presence/location of a formyl group at various macrocycle positions, which is relevant to understanding the distinct spectral properties of the natural chlorophylls a, b, d and f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Yuen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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22
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Designing reactivity-based responsive lanthanide probes for multicolor detection in biological systems. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Li D, Lash TD. Synthesis and Reactivity of Carbachlorins and Carbaporphyrins. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7112-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501287q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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24
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Worlinsky JL, Halepas S, Brückner C. PEGylated meso-arylporpholactone metal complexes as optical cyanide sensors in water. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3991-4001. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of water-soluble metal complexes of PEGylatedmeso-fluorophenylporpholactones display a specific optical response upon addition of cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Halepas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs, USA
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25
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Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. MS/MS fragmentation behavior study of meso-phenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and meso-thienyl-substituted porphyrins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:18-29. [PMID: 24135805 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free base and cobalt(II) complexes of six meso-tetraphenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and of three meso-thienylporphyrins were investigated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their fragmentation was studied in a quadrupole ion trap as a function of the porphyrinoid macrocycle structure and compared with the fragmentation behavior of the benchmark compound meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. In situ oxidation of the neutral cobalt(II) complexes under ESI conditions produced singly charged cobalt(III) porphyrinoid ions; the free bases were ionized by protonation. For the porphyrinoids with an intact porphyrin core, the major fragmentation pathways observed were the losses of the meso-substituent (for meso-phenyl groups) and characteristic fragmentations of one or more meso-substituents (for the meso-thienyl group). Complex fragmentation pathways were observed for porphyrinoids with modifications to the porphyrin core but chemically reasonable structures could be assigned to most fragments, thus delineating general patterns for the behavior of pyrrole-modified porphyrins under CID conditions. ᅟ
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
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26
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Blusch LK, Hemberger Y, Pröpper K, Dittrich B, Witterauf F, John M, Bringmann G, Brückner C, Meyer F. Siamese-Twin Porphyrin: A Pyrazole-Based Expanded Porphyrin of Persistent Helical Conformation. Chemistry 2013; 19:5868-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Ogikubo J, Worlinsky JL, Fu YJ, Brückner C. A two-step, one-pot route to swap the pyrroline moiety in meso-tetraaryldihydroxy-chlorins with an O/N-substituted oxazoline. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Ogikubo J, Meehan E, Engle JT, Ziegler CJ, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins. 9. meso-Tetraphenyl-2-oxabacteriochlorins and meso-Tetraphenyl-2,12/13-dioxabacteriochlorins. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2840-52. [PMID: 23421329 DOI: 10.1021/jo400031r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ogikubo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
| | - James T. Engle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron,
Ohio 44325-3601, United
States
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060,
United States
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29
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Yu Y, Czepukojc B, Jacob C, Jiang Y, Zeller M, Brückner C, Zhang JL. Porphothionolactones: synthesis, structure, physical, and chemical properties of a chemodosimeter for hypochlorite. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4613-21. [PMID: 23744405 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40758f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, ChengFu Road 202, Beijing 100871, PR China
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30
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Akhigbe J, Haskoor J, Krause JA, Zeller M, Brückner C. Formation, structure, and reactivity of meso-tetraaryl-chlorolactones, -porpholactams, and -chlorolactams, porphyrin and chlorin analogues incorporating oxazolone or imidazolone moieties. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3616-28. [PMID: 23535718 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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31
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Yu Y, Lv H, Ke X, Yang B, Zhang JL. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidation of the Porphyrin β,β′-Pyrrolic Ring: A General and Efficient Approach to Porpholactones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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