1
|
Yang MY, O’Mari O, Goddard WA, Vullev VI. How Permanent Are the Permanent Macrodipoles of Anthranilamide Bioinspired Molecular Electrets? J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5162-5172. [PMID: 38226894 PMCID: PMC10916682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Dipoles are ubiquitous, and their impacts on materials and interfaces affect many aspects of daily life. Despite their importance, dipoles remain underutilized, often because of insufficient knowledge about the structures producing them. As electrostatic analogues of magnets, electrets possess ordered electric dipoles. Here, we characterize the structural dynamics of bioinspired electret oligomers based on anthranilamide motifs. We report dynamics simulations, employing a force field that allows dynamic polarization, in a variety of solvents. The results show a linear increase in macrodipoles with oligomer length that strongly depends on solvent polarity and hydrogen-bonding (HB) propensity, as well as on the anthranilamide side chains. An increase in solvent polarity increases the dipole moments of the electret structures while decreasing the dipole effects on the moieties outside the solvation cavities. The former is due to enhancement of the Onsager reaction field and the latter to screening of the dipole-generated fields. Solvent dynamics hugely contributes to the fluctuations and magnitude of the electret dipoles. HB with the solvent weakens electret macrodipoles without breaking the intramolecular HB that maintains their extended conformation. This study provides design principles for developing a new class of organic materials with controllable electronic properties. An animated version of the TOC graphic showing a sequence of the MD trajectories of short and long molecular electrets in three solvents with different polarities is available in the HTML version of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Yang
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Omar O’Mari
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Castillo HD, Dobscha JR, Morgan AR, Tait SL, Flood AH. Breaking Radial Dipole Symmetry in Planar Macrocycles Modulates Edge-to-Edge Packing and Disrupts Cofacial Stacking. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302946. [PMID: 37950681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar interactions are ever-present in supramolecular architectures, though their impact is typically revealed by making dipoles stronger. While it is also possible to assess the role of dipoles by altering their orientations by using synthetic design, doing so without altering the molecular shape is not straightforward. We have now done this by flipping one triazole unit in a rigid macrocycle, tricarb. The macrocycle is composed of three carbazoles (2 Debye) and three triazoles (5 Debye) defining an array of dipoles aligned radially but organized alternately in and out. These dipoles are believed to dictate edge-to-edge tiling and face-to-face stacking. We modified our synthesis to prepare isosteric macrocycles with the orientation of one triazole dipole rotated 40°. The new dipole orientation guides edge-to-edge contacts to reorder the stability of two surface-bound 2D polymorphs. The impact on dipole-enhanced π stacking, however, was unexpected. Our stacking model identified an unchanged set of short-range (3.4 Å) anti-parallel dipole contacts. Despite this situation, the reduction in self-association was attributed to long-range (~6.4 Å) dipolar repulsions between π-stacked macrocycles. This work highlights our ability to control the build-up and symmetry of macrocyclic skeletons by synthetic design, and the work needed to further our understanding of how dipoles control self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Henry D Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amanda R Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Billones MK, Silva GTDM, da Silva CP, Quina FH, Vullev VI. Photophysics and Electrochemistry of Biomimetic Pyranoflavyliums: What Can Bioinspiration from Red Wines Offer? PHOTOCHEM 2022; 2:9-31. [PMID: 35075451 PMCID: PMC8783599 DOI: 10.3390/photochem2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural dyes and pigments offer incomparable diversity of structures and functionalities, making them an excellent source of inspiration for the design and development of synthetic chromophores with a myriad of emerging properties. Formed during maturation of red wines, pyranoanthocyanins are electron-deficient cationic pyranoflavylium dyes with broad absorption in the visible spectral region and pronounced chemical and photostability. Herein, we survey the optical and electrochemical properties of synthetic pyranoflavylium dyes functionalized with different electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, which vary their reduction potentials over a range of about 400 mV. Despite their highly electron-deficient cores, the exploration of pyranoflavyliums as photosensitizers has been limited to the "classical" n-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) where they act as electron donors. In light of their electrochemical and spectroscopic properties, however, these biomimetic synthetic dyes should prove to be immensely beneficial as chromophores in p-type DSSCs, where their ability to act as photooxidants, along with their pronounced photostability, can benefit key advances in solar-energy science and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Anthony Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | | | - Cassio Pacheco da Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitaŕia, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Frank Herbert Quina
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes 748, Cidade Universitaŕia, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Valentine Ivanov Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rybicka-Jasińska K, Derr JB, Vullev VI. What defines biomimetic and bioinspired science and engineering? PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomimicry, biomimesis and bioinspiration define distinctly different approaches for deepening the understanding of how living systems work and employing this knowledge to meet pressing demands in engineering. Biomimicry involves shear imitation of biological structures that most often do not reproduce the functionality that they have while in the living organisms. Biomimesis aims at reproduction of biological structure-function relationships and advances our knowledge of how different components of complex living systems work. Bioinspiration employs this knowledge in abiotic manners that are optimal for targeted applications. This article introduces and reviews these concepts in a global historic perspective. Representative examples from charge-transfer science and solar-energy engineering illustrate the evolution from biomimetic to bioinspired approaches and show their importance. Bioinspired molecular electrets, aiming at exploration of dipole effects on charge transfer, demonstrate the pintail impacts of biological inspiration that reach beyond its high utilitarian values. The abiotic character of bioinspiration opens doors for the emergence of unprecedented properties and phenomena, beyond what nature can offer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Derr JB, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Espinoza EM, Morales M, Billones MK, Clark JA, Vullev VI. On the Search of a Silver Bullet for the Preparation of Bioinspired Molecular Electrets with Propensity to Transfer Holes at High Potentials. Biomolecules 2021; 11:429. [PMID: 33804209 PMCID: PMC8001849 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological structure-function relationships offer incomparable paradigms for charge-transfer (CT) science and its implementation in solar-energy engineering, organic electronics, and photonics. Electrets are systems with co-directionally oriented electric dopes with immense importance for CT science, and bioinspired molecular electrets are polyamides of anthranilic-acid derivatives with designs originating from natural biomolecular motifs. This publication focuses on the synthesis of molecular electrets with ether substituents. As important as ether electret residues are for transferring holes under relatively high potentials, the synthesis of their precursors presents formidable challenges. Each residue in the molecular electrets is introduced as its 2-nitrobenzoic acid (NBA) derivative. Hence, robust and scalable synthesis of ether derivatives of NBA is essential for making such hole-transfer molecular electrets. Purdie-Irvine alkylation, using silver oxide, produces with 90% yield the esters of the NBA building block for iso-butyl ether electrets. It warrants additional ester hydrolysis for obtaining the desired NBA precursor. Conversely, Williamson etherification selectively produces the same free-acid ether derivative in one-pot reaction, but a 40% yield. The high yields of Purdie-Irvine alkylation and the selectivity of the Williamson etherification provide important guidelines for synthesizing building blocks for bioinspired molecular electrets and a wide range of other complex ether conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Bennett Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | | | - Eli Misael Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
| | | | - John Anthony Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.R.-J.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Valentine Ivanov Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.R.-J.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular electrets – Why do dipoles matter for charge transfer and excited-state dynamics? J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Skonieczny K, Espinoza EM, Derr JB, Morales M, Clinton JM, Xia B, Vullev VI. Biomimetic and bioinspired molecular electrets. How to make them and why does the established peptide chemistry not always work? PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract“Biomimetic” and “bioinspired” define different aspects of the impacts that biology exerts on science and engineering. Biomimicking improves the understanding of how living systems work, and builds tools for bioinspired endeavors. Biological inspiration takes ideas from biology and implements them in unorthodox manners, exceeding what nature offers. Molecular electrets, i.e. systems with ordered electric dipoles, are key for advancing charge-transfer (CT) science and engineering. Protein helices and their biomimetic analogues, based on synthetic polypeptides, are the best-known molecular electrets. The inability of native polypeptide backbones to efficiently mediate long-range CT, however, limits their utility. Bioinspired molecular electrets based on anthranilamides can overcome the limitations of their biological and biomimetic counterparts. Polypeptide helices are easy to synthesize using established automated protocols. These protocols, however, fail to produce even short anthranilamide oligomers. For making anthranilamides, the residues are introduced as their nitrobenzoic-acid derivatives, and the oligomers are built from their C- to their N-termini via amide-coupling and nitro-reduction steps. The stringent requirements for these reduction and coupling steps pose non-trivial challenges, such as high selectivity, quantitative yields, and fast completion under mild conditions. Addressing these challenges will provide access to bioinspired molecular electrets essential for organic electronics and energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jillian M. Clinton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 200 Cambridgepark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Viereck J, Harmer R, Rangan S, Bartynski RA, Galoppini E. Helical Peptides Design for Molecular Dipoles Functionalization of Wide Band Gap Oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3489-3498. [PMID: 31977205 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of helical hexapeptides to establish a surface dipole layer on a TiO2 substrate, with the goal of influencing the energy levels of a coadsorbed chromophore, is explored. Two helical hexapeptides, synthesized from 2-amino isobutyric acid (Aib) residues, were protected at the N-terminus with a carboxybenzyl group (Z) and at the C-terminus carried either a carboxylic acid or an isophthalic acid (Ipa) anchor group to form Z-(Aib)6-COOH or Z-(Aib)6-Ipa, respectively. Using a combination of vibrational and photoemission spectroscopies, bonding of the two peptides to TiO2 surfaces (either nanostructured or single-crystal TiO2(110)) was found to be highly dependent on the anchor group, with Ipa establishing a monolayer much more efficiently than COOH. Furthermore, a monolayer of Z-(Aib)6-Ipa on TiO2(110) was exposed for different binding times to a solution of a zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) derivative terminated with an Ipa anchor group (ZnTPP-P-Ipa). Photoemission spectroscopy revealed that ZnTPP-P-Ipa partly displaced Z-(Aib)6-Ipa, forming a coadsorbed monolayer on the oxide surface. The presence of the peptide molecular dipole shifted the HOMO levels of the ZnTPP group to lower energy by ∼300 meV, in accordance with a simple parallel plate capacitor model. These results suggest that a mixed-layer approach, involving coadsorption of a strong molecular dipole compound with a chromophore, is a versatile method to shift the energy levels of such chromophores with respect to the band edges of the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Chemistry Department , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Jonathan Viereck
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification , Rutgers University , 136 Frelinghuysen Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Ryan Harmer
- Chemistry Department , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Sylvie Rangan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification , Rutgers University , 136 Frelinghuysen Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Robert A Bartynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Laboratory for Surface Modification , Rutgers University , 136 Frelinghuysen Road , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Chemistry Department , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Derr JB, Clark JA, Morales M, Espinoza EM, Vadhin S, Vullev VI. Solvent-induced selectivity of Williamson etherification in the pursuit of amides resistant against oxidative degradation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24419-24424. [PMID: 35516219 PMCID: PMC9055110 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports two discoveries. (1) 2-Methoxyethanol induces unprecedented selectivity for etherification of 5-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzic acids without forming undesired esters. (2) Such compounds are precursors for amides showing unusual robustness against oxidative degradation, essential for molecular electrets that transfer strongly oxidizing holes at about −6.4 eV vs. vacuum. Selective etherification produces precursors for amides resistant to oxidative degradation, i.e., showing reversible oxidation at 1.5 to 1.7 V vs. SCE.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | | | - Sandra Vadhin
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
- Department of Bioengineering
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Orłowski R, Cichowicz G, Staszewska-Krajewska O, Schilf W, Cyrański MK, Gryko DT. Covalently Linked Bis(Amido-Corroles): Inter- and Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Supramolecular Assembly. Chemistry 2019; 25:9658-9664. [PMID: 30990230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four bis-corroles linked by diamide bridges were synthesized through peptide-type coupling of a trans-A2 B-corrole acid with aliphatic and aromatic diamines. In the solid state, the hydrogen-bond pattern in these bis-corroles is strongly affected by the type of solvent used in the crystallization process. Although intramolecular hydrogen bonds play a decisive role, they are supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and weak N-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions between molecules of toluene and the corrole cores. In an analogy to mono(amido-corroles), both in crystalline state and in solutions, the aliphatic or aromatic bridge is located directly above the corrole ring. When either ethylenediamine or 2,3-diaminonaphthalene are used as linkers, incorporation of polar solvents into the crystalline lattice causes a roughly parallel orientation of the corrole rings. At the same time, both NHCO⋅⋅⋅NH corrole hydrogen bonds are intramolecular. In contrast, solvation in toluene causes a distortion with one of the hydrogen bonds being intermolecular. Interestingly, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are always formed between the -NHCO- functionality located further from the benzene ring present at the position 10-meso. In solution, the hydrogen-bonds pattern of the bis(amido-corroles) is strongly affected by the type of the solvent. Compared with toluene (strongly high-field shifted signals), DMSO and pyridine disrupt self-assembly, whereas hexafluoroisopropanol strengthens intramolecular hydrogen bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Orłowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cichowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Staszewska-Krajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Schilf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka str., 01224, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Espinoza EM, Bao D, Krzeszewski M, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Is it common for charge recombination to be faster than charge separation? INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside California
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Riverside California
| | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Riverside California
- Instytut Chemii Organicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Instytut Chemii Organicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside California
- Department of Bioengineering University of California Riverside California
- Department of Biochemistry University of California Riverside California
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California Riverside California
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo Cidade Universitária São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kielesiński Ł, Morawski OW, Sobolewski AL, Gryko DT. The synthesis and photophysical properties of tris-coumarins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8314-8325. [PMID: 30951072 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00978g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A structurally unique cyclic tris-coumarin possessing three identical coumarin units bridged by amide linkers as well as two linear analogs has been synthesized. There is a remarkable agreement between crystallographic data, 1H NMR and results of calculations for the cyclic tris-coumarin, showing in all cases a non-symmetric arrangement of identical coumarin moieties. Weak polarization of the coumarin subunits, resulting from the presence of only CONH- groups as electron-donors, results in a hypsochromic shift of both absorption and emission in this dye. We have proven that in non-cyclic, head-to-tail linked tris-coumarins, the photophysics is controlled not only by the substituents but also by the conformation of the molecule, which in turn depends on the nature of the linker's interactions. These can be controlled by the presence/absence of an amide-type hydrogen atom responsible for the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The presence of a hydrogen bond favors a stretched trans conformation of the dye, while in its absence, folding of the molecule occurs leading to a more compact conformation. Although, the increased number of covalently linked coumarin units does not drastically change the preferred conformation, the fluorescence quantum yields of tris-coumarins are significantly lower than for analogous bis-coumarins composed of the same units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kielesiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Derr JB, Bao D, Georgieva B, Quina FH, Vullev VI. How Do Amides Affect the Electronic Properties of Pyrene? ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12857-12867. [PMID: 31458010 PMCID: PMC6644773 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of amide linkers, which are intricate components of biomolecules, offer a wealth of unexplored possibilities. Herein, we demonstrate how the different modes of attaching an amide to a pyrene chromophore affect the electrochemical and optical properties of the chromophore. Thus, although they cause minimal spectral shifts, amide substituents can improve either the electron-accepting or electron-donating capabilities of pyrene. Specifically, inversion of the amide orientation shifts the reduction potentials by 200 mV. These trends indicate that, although amides affect to a similar extent the energies of the ground and singlet excited states of pyrene, the effects on the doublet states of its radical ions are distinctly different. This behavior reflects the unusually strong orientation dependence of the resonance effects of amide substituents, which should extend to amide substituents on other types of chromophores in general. These results represent an example where the Hammett sigma constants fail to predict substituent effects on electrochemical properties. On the other hand, Swain-Lupton parameters are found to be in good agreement with the observed trends. Examination of the frontier orbitals of the pyrene derivatives and their components reveals the underlying reason for the observed amide effects on the electronic properties of this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and points to key molecular-design strategies for electronic and energy-conversion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Avenida Lineu
Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São
Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - John A. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James B. Derr
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Boriana Georgieva
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Avenida Lineu
Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São
Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- E-mail: (F.H.Q.)
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- E-mail: (V.I.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Derr JB, Tamayo J, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Vullev VI. Dipole-induced effects on charge transfer and charge transport. Why do molecular electrets matter? CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) and charge transport (CTr) are at the core of life-sustaining biological processes and of processes that govern the performance of electronic and energy-conversion devices. Electric fields are invaluable for guiding charge movement. Therefore, as electrostatic analogues of magnets, electrets have unexplored potential for generating local electric fields for accelerating desired CT processes and suppressing undesired ones. The notion about dipole-generated local fields affecting CT has evolved since the middle of the 20th century. In the 1990s, the first reports demonstrating the dipole effects on the kinetics of long-range electron transfer appeared. Concurrently, the development of molecular-level designs of electric junctions has led the exploration of dipole effects on CTr. Biomimetic molecular electrets such as polypeptide helices are often the dipole sources in CT systems. Conversely, surface-charge electrets and self-assembled monolayers of small polar conjugates are the preferred sources for modifying interfacial electric fields for controlling CTr. The multifaceted complexity of such effects on CT and CTr testifies for the challenges and the wealth of this field that still remains largely unexplored. This review outlines the basic concepts about dipole effects on CT and CTr, discusses their evolution, and provides accounts for their future developments and impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jesse Tamayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krzeszewski M, Espinoza EM, Červinka C, Derr JB, Clark JA, Borchardt D, Beran GJO, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Dipole Effects on Electron Transfer are Enormous. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12365-12369. [PMID: 29740926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dipoles present important, but underutilized, methods for guiding electron transfer (ET) processes. While dipoles generate fields of Gigavolts per meter in their vicinity, reported differences between rates of ET along versus against dipoles are often small or undetectable. Herein we show unprecedentedly large dipole effects on ET. Depending on their orientation, dipoles either ensure picosecond ET, or turn ET completely off. Furthermore, favorable dipole orientation makes ET possible even in lipophilic medium, which appears counterintuitive for non-charged donor-acceptor systems. Our analysis reveals that dipoles can substantially alter the ET driving force for low solvent polarity, which accounts for these unique trends. This discovery opens doors for guiding forward ET processes while suppressing undesired backward electron transduction, which is one of the holy grails of photophysics and energy science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.,Present address: Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dan Borchardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krzeszewski M, Espinoza EM, Červinka C, Derr JB, Clark JA, Borchardt D, Beran GJO, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Dipole Effects on Electron Transfer are Enormous. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Present address: Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6—Dejvice Czech Republic
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Dan Borchardt
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry University of California, Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Larsen-Clinton JM, Espinoza EM, F Mayther M, Clark J, Tao C, Bao D, Larino CM, Wurch M, Lara S, Vullev VI. Fluorinated aminoanthranilamides: non-native amino acids for bringing proteomic approaches to charge-transfer systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:7871-7876. [PMID: 28262882 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control charge transfer at molecular and nanometer scales represents the ultimate level of electronic mastery, and its impacts cannot be overstated. As electrostatic analogues of magnets, electrets possess ordered electric dipoles that present key paradigms for directing transduction of electrons and holes. Herein we describe the design and development of fluorinated aminoanthranilamides, derivatives of non-native aromatic beta-amino acids, as building blocks for hole-transfer molecular electrets. A highly regio-selective nucleophilic aromatic substitution of difluorinated nitrobenzoic acid provides the underpinnings for an array of unprecedented anthranilamide structures. Spin density distribution and electrochemical analyses reveal that fluorine induces about 200 mV positive shifts in reduction potentials without compromising the stability of the oxidized residues, making them invaluable building blocks for hole-transfer systems. These findings open unexplored routes to novel amino-acid structures, setting a foundation for bringing principles of proteomics to designs of charge-transfer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - John Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Christina Tao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Christa M Larino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Michelle Wurch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Stephanie Lara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA and Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kielesiński Ł, Gryko DT, Sobolewski AL, Morawski OW. Effect of conformational flexibility on photophysics of bis-coumarins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14491-14503. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence of bis-coumarins linked via CONH and COO functionalities is strongly dependant on solvent polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kielesiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Olaf W. Morawski
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Espinoza EM, Larsen-Clinton JM, Krzeszewski M, Darabedian N, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Bioinspired approach toward molecular electrets: synthetic proteome for materials. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMolecular-level control of charge transfer (CT) is essential for both, organic electronics and solar-energy conversion, as well as for a wide range of biological processes. This article provides an overview of the utility of local electric fields originating from molecular dipoles for directing CT processes. Systems with ordered dipoles, i.e. molecular electrets, are the centerpiece of the discussion. The conceptual evolution from biomimicry to biomimesis, and then to biological inspiration, paves the roads leading from testing the understanding of how natural living systems function to implementing these lessons into optimal paradigms for specific applications. This progression of the evolving structure-function relationships allows for the development of bioinspired electrets composed of non-native aromatic amino acids. A set of such non-native residues that are electron-rich can be viewed as a synthetic proteome for hole-transfer electrets. Detailed considerations of the electronic structure of an individual residue prove of key importance for designating the points for optimal injection of holes (i.e. extraction of electrons) in electret oligomers. This multifaceted bioinspired approach for the design of CT molecular systems provides unexplored paradigms for electronic and energy science and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Orłowski R, Tasior M, Staszewska-Krajewska O, Dobrzycki Ł, Schilf W, Ventura B, Cyrański MK, Gryko DT. Hydrogen Bonds Involving Cavity NH Protons Drives Supramolecular Oligomerization of Amido-Corroles. Chemistry 2017; 23:10195-10204. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Orłowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; PAS; 44/52 Kasprzaka str. 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; PAS; 44/52 Kasprzaka str. 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Schilf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; PAS; 44/52 Kasprzaka str. 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Michał K. Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Warsaw; Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; PAS; 44/52 Kasprzaka str. 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kielesiński Ł, Morawski O, Dobrzycki Ł, Sobolewski AL, Gryko DT. The Coumarin-Dimer Spring-The Struggle between Charge Transfer and Steric Interactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:9174-9184. [PMID: 28500858 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kielesiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Pasteura 1 00-273 Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej L. Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mphahlele MJ, Maluleka MM, Rhyman L, Ramasami P, Mampa RM. Spectroscopic, DFT, and XRD Studies of Hydrogen Bonds in N-Unsubstituted 2-Aminobenzamides. Molecules 2017; 22:E83. [PMID: 28054998 PMCID: PMC6155760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures of the mono- and the dihalogenated N-unsubstituted 2-aminobenzamides were characterized by means of the spectroscopic (¹H-NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and FT-Raman) and X-ray crystallographic techniques complemented with a density functional theory (DFT) method. The hindered rotation of the C(O)-NH₂ single bond resulted in non-equivalence of the amide protons and therefore two distinct resonances of different chemical shift values in the ¹H-NMR spectra of these compounds were observed. 2-Amino-5-bromobenzamide (ABB) as a model confirmed the presence of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds between oxygen and the amine hydrogen. However, intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl oxygen and the amine protons was not observed in the solution phase due to a rapid exchange of these two protons with the solvent and fast rotation of the Ar-NH₂ single bond. XRD also revealed the ability of the amide unit of these compounds to function as a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor simultaneously to form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between oxygen of one molecule and the NH moiety of the amine or amide group of the other molecule and between the amine nitrogen and the amide hydrogen of different molecules. DFT calculations using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set revealed that the conformer (A) with oxygen and 2-amine on the same side predominates possibly due to the formation of a six-membered intramolecular ring, which is assisted by hydrogen bonding as observed in the single crystal XRD structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malose Jack Mphahlele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Marole Maria Maluleka
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa.
| | - Richard Mokome Mampa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Purc A, Espinoza EM, Nazir R, Romero JJ, Skonieczny K, Jeżewski A, Larsen JM, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Gating That Suppresses Charge Recombination-The Role of Mono-N-Arylated Diketopyrrolopyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12826-12832. [PMID: 27617743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Suppressing the charge recombination (CR) that follows an efficient charge separation (CS) is of key importance for energy, electronics, and photonics applications. We focus on the role of dynamic gating for impeding CR in a molecular rotor, comprising an electron donor and acceptor directly linked via a single bond. The media viscosity has an unusual dual effect on the dynamics of CS and CR in this dyad. For solvents with intermediate viscosity, CR is 1.5-3 times slower than CS. Lowering the viscosity below ∼0.6 mPa s or increasing it above ∼10 mPa s makes CR 10-30 times slower than CS. Ring rotation around the donor-acceptor bond can account only for the trends observed for nonviscous solvents. Media viscosity, however, affects not only torsional but also vibrational modes. Suppressing predominantly slow vibrational modes by viscous solvents can impact the rates of CS and CR to a different extent. That is, an increase in the viscosity can plausibly suppress modes that are involved in the transition from the charge-transfer (CT) to the ground state, i.e., CR, but at the same time are not important for the transition from the locally excited to the CT state, i.e., CS. These results provide a unique example of synergy between torsional and vibronic modes and their drastic effects on charge-transfer dynamics, thus setting paradigms for controlling CS and CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rashid Nazir
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Jeżewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karikis K, Georgilis E, Charalambidis G, Petrou A, Vakuliuk O, Chatziioannou T, Raptaki I, Tsovola S, Papakyriacou I, Mitraki A, Gryko DT, Coutsolelos AG. Corrole and Porphyrin Amino Acid Conjugates: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2016; 22:11245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Karikis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Evangelos Georgilis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; University of Crete and IESL-FORTH, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Athanasia Petrou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Theodore Chatziioannou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Iliana Raptaki
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Sofia Tsovola
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Ioanna Papakyriacou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; University of Crete and IESL-FORTH, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Anna Mitraki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology; University of Crete and IESL-FORTH, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Department of Chemistry; University of Crete; Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus; 70013 Heraklion Crete Greece
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Oligoamides composed of anthranilic acid derivatives present a promising choice for mediating long-range charge transfer and controlling its directionality. Hole hopping, modulated by the anthranilamide (Aa) permanent dipoles, provides a plausible means for such rectified long-range charge transduction. All aliphatic and most aromatic amides, however, decompose upon oxidation, rendering them unacceptable for hole-hopping pathways. We, therefore, employ electrochemical and computational analysis to examine how to suppress oxidative degradation and stabilize the radical cations of N-acylated Aa derivatives. Our findings reveal two requirements for attaining long-lived radical cations of these aromatic amides: (1) keeping the reduction potentials for oxidizing the Aa residues under about 1.4 V vs SCE and (2) adding an electron-donating group para to the N-terminal amide of the aromatic ring, which prevents the electron spin density of the radical cation from extending over the C-terminal amide. These findings provide essential information for the design of hole-transfer amides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jillian M Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Espinoza EM, Xia B, Darabedian N, Larsen JM, Nuñez V, Bao D, Mac JT, Botero F, Wurch M, Zhou F, Vullev VI. Nitropyrene Photoprobes: Making Them, and What Are They Good for? European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
28
|
Larsen JM, Espinoza EM, Hartman JD, Lin CK, Wurch M, Maheshwari P, Kaushal RK, Marsella MJ, Beran GJO, Vullev VI. Building blocks for bioinspired electrets: molecular-level approach to materials for energy and electronics. PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn biology, an immense diversity of protein structural and functional motifs originates from only 20 common proteinogenic native amino acids arranged in various sequences. Is it possible to attain the same diversity in electronic materials based on organic macromolecules composed of non-native residues with different characteristics? This publication describes the design, preparation and characterization of non-native aromatic β-amino acid residues, i.e. derivatives of anthranilic acid, for polyamides that can efficiently mediate hole transfer. Chemical derivatization with three types of substituents at two positions of the aromatic ring allows for adjusting the energy levels of the frontier orbitals of the anthranilamide residues over a range of about one electronvolt. Most importantly, the anthranilamide residues possess permanent electric dipoles, adding to the electronic properties of the bioinspired conjugates they compose, making them molecular electrets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M. Larsen
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Joshua D. Hartman
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Chung-Kuang Lin
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Michelle Wurch
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Payal Maheshwari
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Raman K. Kaushal
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Michael J. Marsella
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Culf AS, Čuperlović-Culf M, Ouellette RJ, Decken A. Metal-Free, Acid-Catalyzed ortho-Directed Synthesis of Anthranilic Acid Derivatives Using Carbodiimides. Org Lett 2015; 17:2744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S. Culf
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | | | | | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Upadhyayula S, Nuñez V, Espinoza EM, Larsen JM, Bao D, Shi D, Mac JT, Anvari B, Vullev VI. Photoinduced dynamics of a cyanine dye: parallel pathways of non-radiative deactivation involving multiple excited-state twisted transients. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2237-2251. [PMID: 29449923 PMCID: PMC5701728 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are broadly used for fluorescence imaging and other photonic applications. 3,3'-Diethylthiacyanine (THIA) is a cyanine dye composed of two identical aromatic heterocyclic moieties linked with a single methine, -CH[double bond, length as m-dash]. The torsional degrees of freedom around the methine bonds provide routes for non-radiative decay, responsible for the inherently low fluorescence quantum yields. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined that upon photoexcitation, the excited state relaxes along two parallel pathways producing three excited-state transients that undergo internal conversion to the ground state. The media viscosity impedes the molecular modes of ring rotation and preferentially affects one of the pathways of non-radiative decay, exerting a dominant effect on the emission properties of THIA. Concurrently, the polarity affects the energy of the transients involved in the decay pathways and further modulates the kinetics of non-radiative deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Jillian M Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Dewen Shi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Jenny T Mac
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Orłowski R, Vakuliuk O, Gullo MP, Danylyuk O, Ventura B, Koszarna B, Tarnowska A, Jaworska N, Barbieri A, Gryko DT. Self-assembling corroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8284-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amide-corroles form self-assembled structures via interaction of the core-NH with CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Orłowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Warsaw University of Technology
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Warsaw University of Technology
| | - Maria Pia Gullo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- CNR
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Oksana Danylyuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- CNR
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Anna Tarnowska
- Warsaw University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Nina Jaworska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Warsaw University of Technology
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- CNR
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
More P, Patil A, Salunkhe R. Natural surfactant mediated phytosynthesis and solvatochromic fluorescence of 2-aminobenzamide derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09514f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
33
|
Wang LX, Hu BQ, Xiang JF, Cui J, Hao X, Liang TL, Tang YL. Naryl-substituted anthranilamides with intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Bao D, Upadhyayula S, Larsen JM, Xia B, Georgieva B, Nuñez V, Espinoza EM, Hartman JD, Wurch M, Chang A, Lin CK, Larkin J, Vasquez K, Beran GJO, Vullev VI. Dipole-mediated rectification of intramolecular photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12966-73. [PMID: 25162490 DOI: 10.1021/ja505618n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling charge transfer at a molecular scale is critical for efficient light harvesting, energy conversion, and nanoelectronics. Dipole-polarization electrets, the electrostatic analogue of magnets, provide a means for "steering" electron transduction via the local electric fields generated by their permanent electric dipoles. Here, we describe the first demonstration of the utility of anthranilamides, moieties with ordered dipoles, for controlling intramolecular charge transfer. Donor-acceptor dyads, each containing a single anthranilamide moiety, distinctly rectify both the forward photoinduced electron transfer and the subsequent charge recombination. Changes in the observed charge-transfer kinetics as a function of media polarity were consistent with the anticipated effects of the anthranilamide molecular dipoles on the rectification. The regioselectivity of electron transfer and the molecular dynamics of the dyads further modulated the observed kinetics, particularly for charge recombination. These findings reveal the underlying complexity of dipole-induced effects on electron transfer and demonstrate unexplored paradigms for molecular rectifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nuñez V, Upadhyayula S, Millare B, Larsen JM, Hadian A, Shin S, Vandrangi P, Gupta S, Xu H, Lin AP, Georgiev GY, Vullev VI. Microfluidic Space-Domain Time-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Terbium(III) and Europium(III) Chelates with Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4567-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400200x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Brent Millare
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jillian M. Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ali Hadian
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Prashanthi Vandrangi
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Adam P. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Georgi Y. Georgiev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| |
Collapse
|