1
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Ko MS, Roh TH, Desale PP, Choi SW, Cho DG. Effects of Electron-Withdrawing and Electron-Donating Groups on Aromaticity in Cyclic Conjugated Polyenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6266-6273. [PMID: 38394690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Determining the aromaticity of various fluorinated benzenes is challenging as easily obtained experimental aromaticity [Δδ(Houter - Hinner)] necessitates the chemical shifts of inner and outer protons. This issue was addressed in porphyrinoids by replacing the electron-withdrawing (E.W.) groups at the meso-positions of porphyrins and allyliporphyrins. Electronic effects on aromaticity in porphyrinoids have not been thoroughly examined in the literature. In porphyrins, the effect of E.W. groups is minimal, making it difficult to establish a clear relationship between the aromaticity strength and E.W. groups. Conversely, in allyliporphyrins, stronger E.W. groups, such as indandione (IND) derivatives, significantly reduce the aromaticity of the parent structure. The IND derivatives disrupted the aromatic pathway of allyliporphyrin more effectively than those attached to porphyrins. This is attributed to the absence of β-carbons in allyliporphyrins. The effect of electron-donating (E.D.) groups on porphyrins and allyliporphyrins was further investigated. Contrary to the initial assumption that the E.D. groups might enhance aromaticity owing to their ability to increase electron density, as the strength of the E.D. groups increased, the aromaticity of the porphyrinoids decreased. Despite the modest reduction in aromaticity, any form of electron perturbation reduces aromaticity. The aromaticity of various fluorinated benzenes is expected to parallel our observations of porphyrinoids as representative aromatic polyenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Roh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep P Desale
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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2
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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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3
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Julliard PG, Pascal S, Siri O, Cortés-Arriagada D, Sanhueza L, Canard G. Functionalized porphyrins from meso-poly-halogeno-alkyl-dipyrromethanes: synthesis and characterization. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Hayashi S, Okamoto A, Nabekura R, Noji M, Takanami T. Regioselective β‐Trifluoromethylation of β‐Silylporphyrins by Using a Trifluoromethyl Copper Complex. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hayashi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Akari Okamoto
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Ryoto Nabekura
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Masahiro Noji
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
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5
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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6
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Hayashi S, Takanami T, Yamazaki D. Copper-Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Borylporphyrins Using an in situ-Generated CF3 Radical from NaSO2CF3 and tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Hell Z, Juhász K, Magyar Á. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Grignard Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of organohalides, ethers, sulfides, amines, and alcohols (and derivatives thereof) with Grignard reagents, known as the Kumada–Tamao–Corriu reaction, can be used to prepare important intermediates in the synthesis of numerous biologically active compounds. The most frequently used transition metals are nickel, palladium, and iron, but there are several examples for cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by copper, cobalt, manganese, chromium, etc. salts and complexes. The aim of this review is to summarize the most important transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions realized in the period 2000 to 2020.1 Introduction2 Nickel Catalysis3 Palladium Catalysis4 Iron Catalysis5 Catalysis by Other Transition Metals5.1 Cobalt Catalysis5.2 Copper Catalysis5.3 Manganese Catalysis5.4 Chromium Catalysis6 Conclusion
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8
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Nelson DJ, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Grignard Reagents and Palladium. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Lanarkshire , G1 1XL UK
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Purdie Building North Haugh St Andrews Fife , KY16 9ST UK
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 - S3, 9000 Gent , Belgium
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9
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Yue X, Shan C, Qi X, Luo X, Zhu L, Zhang T, Li Y, Li Y, Bai R, Lan Y. Insights into disilylation and distannation: sequence influence and ligand/steric effects on Pd-catalyzed difunctionalization of carbenes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1819-1826. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been used to reveal the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed disilylation of carbene, which is a pathway to construct disilylmethane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- College of Chemistry
- Chongqing Normal University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University of Education
- Chongqing 400067
- P. R. China
| | - Yingzi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- P. R. China
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10
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Hiroto S, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Functionalization of Porphyrins through Organometallic Methodologies. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2910-3043. [PMID: 27709907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the postfunctionalization of porphyrins and related compounds through catalytic and stoichiometric organometallic methodologies. The employment of organometallic reactions has become common in porphyrin synthesis. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are now standard techniques for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in porphyrin synthesis. In addition, iridium- or palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of porphyrins is emerging as an efficient way to install various substituents onto porphyrins. Furthermore, the copper-mediated Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has become a frequent strategy to incorporate porphyrin units into functional molecules. The use of these organometallic techniques, along with the traditional porphyrin synthesis, now allows chemists to construct a wide range of highly elaborated and complex porphyrin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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11
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Sugita N, Hayashi S, Shibata M, Endo T, Noji M, Takatori K, Takanami T. Regioselective β-silylation of porphyrins via iridium-catalyzed C–H bond activation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10189-10192. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to meso-unsubstituted β-silylporphyrins was developed through highly regioselective Ir-catalyzed C–H activation, in the presence of HSiMe(OSiMe3)2 as the Si source, from meso-unsubstituted porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taiga Endo
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University
- Kiyose
- Japan
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12
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Klatt T, Werner V, Maximova MG, Didier D, Apeloig Y, Knochel P. Preparation and Regioselective Magnesiation or Lithiation of Bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl-Substituted Heteroaryls for the Generation of Highly Functionalized Heterocycles. Chemistry 2015; 21:7830-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Gehrold AC, Bruhn T, Schneider H, Radius U, Bringmann G. Chiral and Achiral Basket-Handle Porphyrins: Short Synthesis and Stereostructures of These Versatile Building Blocks. Org Lett 2015; 17:210-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503286s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C. Gehrold
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Schneider
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Hayashi S, Yotsukura M, Noji M, Takanami T. Bis(zinc porphyrin) as a CD-sensitive bidentate host molecule: direct determination of absolute configuration of mono-alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11068-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and direct protocol to determine the absolute configurations of chiral mono-alcohols without analyte derivatization can now be realized using a novel circular dichroic (CD)-sensitive bis(zinc porphyrin) BP1 host system.
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15
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Mao J, Liu F, Wang M, Wu L, Zheng B, Liu S, Zhong J, Bian Q, Walsh PJ. Cobalt–Bisoxazoline-Catalyzed Asymmetric Kumada Cross-Coupling of Racemic α-Bromo Esters with Aryl Grignard Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17662-8. [PMID: 25479180 DOI: 10.1021/ja5109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Mao
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shangzhong Liu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jiangchun Zhong
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Bian
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan
Road, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy
and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104−6323, United States
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16
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Abstract
Porphyrin macrocycles have been the subject of intense study in the last century because they are widely distributed in nature, usually as metal complexes of either iron or magnesium. As such, they serve as the prosthetic groups in a wide variety of primary metabolites, such as hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls; these compounds have multiple applications in materials science, biology and medicine. This article describes current methodology for preparation of simple, symmetrical model porphyrins, as well as more complex protocols for preparation of unsymmetrically substituted porphyrin macrocycles similar to those found in nature. The basic chemical reactivity of porphyrins and metalloporphyrin is also described, including electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions, oxidations, reductions, and metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Using the synthetic approaches and reactivity profiles presented, eventually almost any substituted porphyrin system can be prepared for applications in a variety of areas, including in catalysis, electron transport, model biological systems and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da G.H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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17
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Palladium-Catalyzed Polyfluorophenylation of Porphyrins with Bis(polyfluorophenyl)zinc Reagents. Catalysts 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/catal3040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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18
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Lin H, Sun D. RECENT SYNTHETIC DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE ULLMANN REACTION. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2013; 45. [PMID: 24223434 DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2013.816208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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19
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Hartnell RD, Yoneda T, Mori H, Osuka A, Arnold DP. The Marriage of Peripherally Metallated and Directly Linked Porphyrins: Bromidobis(phosphine)platinum(II) as a Cation‐Stabilizing Substituent on Directly Linked and Fused Triply Linked Diporphyrins. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2670-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regan D. Hartnell
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane 4001 (Australia), Fax: (+61) 7‐3138‐2482
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto, 606‐8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75‐753‐3970
| | - Hirotaka Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto, 606‐8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75‐753‐3970
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto, 606‐8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75‐753‐3970
| | - Dennis P. Arnold
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane 4001 (Australia), Fax: (+61) 7‐3138‐2482
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20
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Beyzavi MH, Nietzold C, Reissig HU, Wiehe A. Synthesis of Functionalizedtrans-A2B2-Porphyrins Using Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropane-Derived Dipyrromethanes. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Takanami T. Functionalization of Porphyrins through C-C Bond Formation Reactions with Functional Group-Bearing Organometallic Reagents. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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