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Sperga A, Veliks J. Recent Advances in Monofluorinated Carbenes, Carbenoids, Ylides, and Related Species. Chemistry 2023:e202301851. [PMID: 37902650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of monofluorinated compounds is of great interest because of the vast applications of organofluorine compounds. Recently, the introduction of monofluorocarbene synthons has emerged as an important strategy for the synthesis of fluorine-containing products. In contrast to direct fluorination, in which C-F bonds are formed, the use of monofluorinated carbenes and related reactive species involves C-C or C-X bond formation while delivering valuable fluorine atoms into the target structure. Owing to increased knowledge on carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations, monofluorinated carbenes have enormous potential for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds, which, in our opinion, has not yet been fully exploited. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of monofluorinated carbenes, carbenoids, ylides, and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturs Sperga
- Latvian Institute of OrganicSynthesis, Aizkrauklesiela 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Veliks
- Latvian Institute of OrganicSynthesis, Aizkrauklesiela 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia
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2
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Zhou L, Huang R, Lu S, Liu B, Gao M, Xu B. Direct Nitration of Vinylcycles with Copper Nitrate. Org Lett 2023; 25:1415-1419. [PMID: 36862023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A direct nitration of vinylcyclopropanes is disclosed with Cu(NO3)2 and KI in a regio- and stereoselective manner to afford nitroalkenes efficiently, where the cyclopropane skeleton was retained. The given method could be extended to other vinylcycles as well as biomolecule derivatives with wide substrate scope, good functionality tolerance, and efficient synthesis modularity. Further transformations illustrated the obtained products as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. The proposed ionic pathway could account for the untouched small ring and the effect of KI during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruoxin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shaohang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Wang H, Yang R, Xu B. Synthesis of Cyclopropenes and Fluorinated Cyclopropanes via Michael Initiated Ring Closure of Alkyl Triflones. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104364. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Ren‐Yin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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4
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Pons A, Delion L, Poisson T, Charette AB, Jubault P. Asymmetric Synthesis of Fluoro, Fluoromethyl, Difluoromethyl, and Trifluoromethylcyclopropanes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2969-2990. [PMID: 34232626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing cyclopropanes are a subclass of cyclopropane derivatives that have generated considerable interest in medicinal chemistry for several decades. The replacement of a cyclopropane C-H or C-CH3 bond with fluorine or a fluorinated group (such as CF3 or CF2H) can lead sometimes to synergistic effects in terms of biological activity and improved metabolic profile of a cyclopropane containing bioactive compound. In this context, the preparation of fluoro-, difluoromethyl-, or trifluoromethyl-cyclopropane is particularly attractive and important but quite challenging considering the unique electronic properties that result from the incorporation of a fluorine atom into a substrate or a reagent. In the past decade, we have sought to develop new routes for the stereoselective synthesis of these building blocks using the most reliable cyclopropanation methods and convenient and readily available starting materials. The challenge that had to be undertaken was how we could use the unique properties of the fluorine atom to improve upon the efficiency of a given process rather than shutting it down. This could be overcome by defining new substrate/reagent reactivity guidelines and carefully selecting whether the fluorinated group was introduced on the electrophilic or nucleophilic partner for a given reaction. In this Account, we describe our contributions in this area that take advantage of diazo-derived rhodium carbenes, zinc carbenoids, ring closure processes, and biocatalytic methods to access these important potential drug subunits. Our initial investigation relied on the development of a Michael-initiated ring closure reaction using the Reformatsky enolate derived from readily available ethyl dibromofluoroacetate and α,β-unsaturated electrophiles. The reaction proceeded extremely well but with modest to good diastereoselectivities with ester acrylates. Further extension to various fluorinated nucleophiles such as oxazolidinone based and DABCO ylides led to similar selectivities.In order to access enantioenriched fluorocyclopropanes, we then investigated the chiral dioxaborolane mediated zinc carbenoid based approaches using the fluoroiodomethylzinc carbenoid/allylic alcohol combination or the iodomethylzinc carbenoid/fluoroallylic alcohol combination. Quite surprisingly, both approaches were equally successful at providing the corresponding fluorocyclopropanes with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.To broaden the scope of fluorinated cyclopropane building blocks that could be prepared with good enantiocontrol, we then investigated the rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of fluoro-, difluoromethyl-, and trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes with acceptor-acceptor and donor-acceptor diazo reagents. Depending on the substrate/reagent combination, Hashimoto's Rh2((S)-TCPTTL)4 or Davies' Rh2((S)-BTPCP)4 catalyst proved be the most efficient catalysts providing the cyclopropane derivatives with the highest enantioselectivities.More recently, a collaboration with Fasan's group led to the use of engineered myoglobins to catalyze the reaction of ethyl diazoacetate and difluoromethyl-substituted alkenes. This biocatalyzed process led to high turnover number and high enantioselectivities.Although our work has significantly increased the number of tools in the organic chemist's toolbox, continuous efforts in this area would be beneficial to the development of diastereo- and enantioselective approaches to allow the preparation of any elusive isomers of these valuable chiral building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pons
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 7600 Rouen, France
| | - Laetitia Delion
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 7600 Rouen, France
- Université de Montréal, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, 1374, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 7600 Rouen, France
- Institut universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| | - André B. Charette
- Université de Montréal, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, 1374, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 7600 Rouen, France
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Brittain WDG, Lloyd CM, Cobb SL. Synthesis of complex unnatural fluorine-containing amino acids. J Fluor Chem 2020; 239:109630. [PMID: 33144742 PMCID: PMC7583769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The area of fluorinated amino acid synthesis has seen rapid growth over the past decade. As reports of singly fluorinated natural amino acid derivatives have grown, researchers have turned their attention to develop methodology to access complex proteinogenic examples. A variety of reaction conditions have been employed in this area, exploiting new advances in the wider synthetic community such as photocatalysis and palladium cross-coupling. In addition, novel fluorinated functional groups have also been incorporated into amino acids, with SFX and perfluoro moieties now appearing with more frequency in the literature. This review focuses on synthetic methodology for accessing complex non-proteinogenic amino acids, along with amino acids containing multiple fluorine atoms such as CF3, SF5 and perfluoroaromatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carissa M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Schlinquer C, Huang WS, Chen L, Poisson T, Pannecoucke X, Charette AB, Jubault P. Rhodium catalysed enantioselective synthesis of mono-(halo)-methyl-cyclopropanes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:472-476. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric synthesis of mono-fluoro-, -chloro- and -bromomethyl-1,2-diaryl ester cyclopropanes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ling Chen
- Normandie Univ
- INSA Rouen
- UNIROUEN
- CNRS
- COBRA (UMR 6014)
| | | | | | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry
- Université de Montréal
- Québec
- Canada
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7
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Huang WS, Schlinquer C, Poisson T, Pannecoucke X, Charette AB, Jubault P. General Catalytic Enantioselective Access to Monohalomethyl and Trifluoromethyl Cyclopropanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:10339-10343. [PMID: 29809290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient catalytic enantioselective access to chiral functionalized trifluoromethyl cyclopropanes from two classes of diazo compounds and α-trifluoromethyl styrenes using Rh2 ((S)-BTPCP)4 as a catalyst is described. This method provides an efficient and practical strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized CF3 -cyclopropanes with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 20:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The depicted methodology represents, to date, the most efficient catalytic enantioselective method to access highly decorated chiral CF3 -cyclopropanes. Extension to chiral monohalomethyl cyclopropanes in high ee is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Huang
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Claire Schlinquer
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - André B Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
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8
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Gracia-Vitoria J, Osante I, Cativiela C, Merino P, Tejero T. Self-Regeneration of Chirality with l-Cysteine through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions between Diazoalkanes and Enantiomerically Pure Thiazolines: Experimental and Computational Studies. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gracia-Vitoria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - I. Osante
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - C. Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - P. Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - T. Tejero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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9
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Bos M, Huang WS, Poisson T, Pannecoucke X, Charette AB, Jubault P. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Difluoromethylated Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13319-13323. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Bos
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; PO Box 6128, Station Downtown Montréal Québec H3C3J7 Canada
| | - Wei-Sheng Huang
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; PO Box 6128, Station Downtown Montréal Québec H3C3J7 Canada
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
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10
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Bos M, Huang WS, Poisson T, Pannecoucke X, Charette AB, Jubault P. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Difluoromethylated Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Bos
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; PO Box 6128, Station Downtown Montréal Québec H3C3J7 Canada
| | - Wei-Sheng Huang
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; PO Box 6128, Station Downtown Montréal Québec H3C3J7 Canada
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ; INSA Rouen; UNIROUEN; CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014); 76000 Rouen France
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Ricci L, Sernissi L, Scarpi D, Bianchini F, Contini A, Occhiato EG. Synthesis and conformational analysis of peptides embodying 2,3-methanopipecolic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6826-6836. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
When 2,3-methanopipecolic acids replace a proline in peptides, a marked preference (42–92%) for thecisgeometry around the pipecolic amide bond is observed in both water and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ricci
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sernissi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Dina Scarpi
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Biomedical
- Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio”
- University of Florence
- Florence
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Milan
- I-20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Ernesto G. Occhiato
- Department of Chemistry “U. Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
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12
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Pons A, Ivashkin P, Poisson T, Charette AB, Pannecoucke X, Jubault P. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Halocyclopropanes. Chemistry 2016; 22:6239-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pons
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Pavel Ivashkin
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Université de Montréal; PO Box 6128, Station Downtown Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ., COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS; 1 rue Tesnière 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex France
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13
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Ladd CL, Belouin AV, Charette AB. Intramolecular sp3 Functionalization of Cyclopropyl α-Amino Acid-Derived Benzamides. J Org Chem 2015; 81:256-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L. Ladd
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts
and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Audrey V. Belouin
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts
and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts
and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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14
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Navuluri C, Charette AB. Diastereoselective Fluorocyclopropanation of Chiral Allylic Alcohols Using an α-Fluoroiodomethylzinc Carbenoid. Org Lett 2015; 17:4288-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Navuluri
- Center in Green Chemistry
and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - André B. Charette
- Center in Green Chemistry
and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3C 3J7
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15
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Yagafarov NZ, Usanov DL, Moskovets AP, Kagramanov ND, Maleev VI, Chusov D. Reductive Transformations of Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Rhodium Supported on a Carbon Matrix by using Carbon Monoxide as a Deoxygenative Agent. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Ivashkin P, Lemonnier G, Tora AS, Pin JP, Goudet C, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Synthesis and studies on the mGluR agonist activity of FAP4 stereoisomers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2523-6. [PMID: 25958247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The four stereoisomers of 1-amino-2-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (FAP4) were synthesized via diastereoselective Rh(II)-catalysed cyclopropanation of a phosphonylated fluoroalkene. Different isomers of FAP4 and the corresponding non-fluorinated analogs showed a similar pharmacological profile against the isoforms of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Within the fluorinated series, (-)-(Z)-FAP4 and (-)-(E)-FAP4 demonstrated the highest agonist activity against mGlu4 (EC50 0.10 μM). Our results suggest that fluorocyclopropanes bearing an amino-acid function can be suitable for the development of potent conformationally restricted mGluR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ivashkin
- NormandieUniv., COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Lemonnier
- NormandieUniv., COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Amélie S Tora
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, Université de Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France; INSERM U1191, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, Université de Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France; INSERM U1191, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, Université de Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France; INSERM U1191, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- NormandieUniv., COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- NormandieUniv., COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Univ. Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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17
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Milanole G, Andriessen F, Lemonnier G, Sebban M, Coadou G, Couve-Bonnaire S, Bonfanti JF, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Toward the Synthesis of Fluorinated Analogues of HCV NS3/4A Serine Protease Inhibitors Using Methyl α-Amino-β-fluoro-β-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate as Key Intermediate. Org Lett 2015; 17:2968-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Milanole
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Floris Andriessen
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Lemonnier
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Sebban
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gaël Coadou
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Bonfanti
- Janssen Research & Development, Medicinal Chemistry Infectious Diseases, Centre de Recherche Janssen Cilag, Campus de Maigremont, BP 615, 27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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18
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Pons A, Beucher H, Ivashkin P, Lemonnier G, Poisson T, Charette AB, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Fluorinated Olefins: A Straightforward Route to Highly Functionalized Fluorocyclopropanes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1790-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pons
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Beucher
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Pavel Ivashkin
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Lemonnier
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
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19
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Sernissi L, Petrović M, Scarpi D, Guarna A, Trabocchi A, Bianchini F, Occhiato EG. Cyclopropane Pipecolic Acids as Templates for Linear and Cyclic Peptidomimetics: Application in the Synthesis of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-Containing Peptide as an αvβ3Integrin Ligand. Chemistry 2014; 20:11187-203. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Belhomme MC, Poisson T, Pannecoucke X. Copper-catalyzed direct C-2 difluoromethylation of furans and benzofurans: access to C-2 CF2H derivatives. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7205-11. [PMID: 24979681 DOI: 10.1021/jo5010907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first copper-catalyzed C-2 difluoromethylation of furans and benzofurans. The developed methodology allows the selective introduction of the CF2CO2Et moiety at C-2 using CuI as a catalyst. This process was applied to a broad range of furans and benzofurans, giving the functionalized products in moderate to good yields. The resulting products were then decarboxylated to afford the highly valuable C-2-CF2H-substituted furans and benzofurans in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Belhomme
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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21
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Lemonnier G, Van Hijfte N, Sebban M, Poisson T, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X. Efficient access to fluorinated homoallylic alcohols through an indium promoted fluoroallylation reaction. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Lemonnier G, Hijfte NV, Poisson T, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X. Indium-Promoted Diastereoselective Addition of Fluorinated Haloallylic Derivatives to Imines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2916-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402810s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Lemonnier
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Van Hijfte
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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23
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David E, Couve-Bonnaire S, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Ethyl dibromofluoroacetate: a versatile reagent for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:11039-11055. [PMID: 32287427 PMCID: PMC7126840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie David
- INSA de Rouen and Université de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, COBRA, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- INSA de Rouen and Université de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, COBRA, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- INSA de Rouen and Université de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, COBRA, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- INSA de Rouen and Université de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, COBRA, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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24
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Ferrary T, David E, Milanole G, Besset T, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. A Straightforward and Highly Diastereoselective Access to Functionalized Monofluorinated Cyclopropanes via a Michael Initiated Ring Closure Reaction. Org Lett 2013; 15:5598-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402837u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Ferrary
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Emilie David
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Milanole
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
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25
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Zhang M, Gong Y, Wang W. A Two-Step Sequence to Ethyl α-Fluorocyclopropanecarboxylates Through MIRC Reaction of Ethyl Dichloroacetate and Highly Regioselective Fluorination. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Hirotaki K, Takehiro Y, Kamaishi R, Yamada Y, Hanamoto T. Synthesis of mono-fluorinated functionalized cyclopropanes and aziridines using the α-fluorovinyl diphenyl sulfonium salt. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7965-7. [PMID: 23903257 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44519d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The α-fluorovinyl diphenyl sulfonium salt 1 is attractive due to its high potential for the synthesis of mono-fluorinated cyclopropanes and aziridines as useful three-membered rings. The synthetically useful salt 1 is readily prepared from α-fluorovinyl phenyl sulfide and diphenyl iodonium salt in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Hirotaki
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Saga University, Honjyo-machi 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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27
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Lemonnier G, Poisson T, Couve-Bonnaire S, Pannecoucke X. A practical and straightforward access to fluorinated homoallylic alcohols in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Mizuno A, Miura S, Watanabe M, Ito Y, Yamada S, Odagami T, Kogami Y, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Three-Dimensional Structural Diversity-Oriented Peptidomimetics Based on the Cyclopropylic Strain. Org Lett 2013; 15:1686-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400469w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Shiho Miura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Takenao Odagami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Yuji Kogami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1, Yata, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan, PRISM BioLab Co., Ltd., 4259-3, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8510, Japan, and D.D.P. Corporation, 1097-3, Kashiya, Kannami-cho, Shizuoka 419-0112, Japan
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