1
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Söderström M, Matt C, Odell LR. Thioacetalation and Multi-Component Thiomethylative Friedel-Crafts Arylation Using BF 3SMe 2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4320-4330. [PMID: 36743056 PMCID: PMC9893757 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a method for thioacetalation using BF3SMe2 is presented. The method allows for convenient and odor-free transformation of aldehydes to methyl-dithioacetals, a simple but sparsely reported structural moiety, in good yields with a diverse set of aromatic aldehydes. In addition, a thiomethylative Friedel-Crafts reaction was discovered, affording thiomethylated diarylmethanes in good to excellent yields. The resulting diarylmethane core is of interest as it is found in many biologically active compounds, and its utility is further demonstrated as a novel precursor to unsymmetrical triarylmethanes. This work also highlights the usefulness and the synthetic capabilities of the readily available reagent BF3SMe2 beyond its reactivity profile as a dealkylation reagent.
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2
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Okada Y. Synthetic Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2223-2238. [PMID: 33769685 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of synthetic organic chemistry, photochemical and electrochemical approaches are often considered to be competing technologies that induce single electron transfer (SET). Recently, their fusion, i. e., the "photoelectrochemical" approach, has become the focus of attention. In this approach, both solar and electrical energy are used in creative combinations. Historically, the term "photoelectrochemistry" has been used in more inorganic fields, where a photovoltaic effect exhibited by semiconducting materials is employed. Semiconductors have also been studied intensively as photocatalysts; however, they recently have taken a back seat to molecular photocatalysts. In this account, we would like to revisit semiconductor photocatalysts in the field of synthetic organic chemistry to demonstrate that semiconductor "photoelectrochemical" approaches are more than mere alternatives to molecular photochemical and/or electrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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3
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OKADA Y. Redox-Neutral Radical-Cation Reactions: Multiple Carbon–Carbon Bond Formations Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei OKADA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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4
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Zhang X, Paton RS. Stereoretention in styrene heterodimerisation promoted by one-electron oxidants. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9309-9324. [PMID: 34123173 PMCID: PMC8163378 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical cations generated from the oxidation of C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C π-bonds are synthetically useful reactive intermediates for C–C and C–X bond formation. Radical cation formation, induced by sub-stoichiometric amounts of external oxidant, are important intermediates in the Woodward–Hoffmann thermally disallowed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of electron-rich alkenes. Using density functional theory (DFT), we report the detailed mechanisms underlying the intermolecular heterodimerisation of anethole and β-methylstyrene to give unsymmetrical, tetra-substituted cyclobutanes. Reactions between trans-alkenes favour the all-trans adduct, resulting from a kinetic preference for anti-addition reinforced by reversibility at ambient temperatures since this is also the thermodynamic product; on the other hand, reactions between a trans-alkene and a cis-alkene favour syn-addition, while exocyclic rotation in the acyclic radical cation intermediate is also possible since C–C forming barriers are higher. Computations are consistent with the experimental observation that hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a better solvent than acetonitrile, in part due to its ability to stabilise the reduced form of the hypervalent iodine initiator by hydrogen bonding, but also through the stabilisation of radical cationic intermediates along the reaction coordinate. A computational study details the mechanism, catalytic cycle and origins of stereoselectivity underlying hole-catalyzed intermolecular alkene heterodimerisation to give unsymmetrical, tetra-substituted cyclobutanes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK.,Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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5
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Maeta N, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Probing Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Redox Tag Processes. Org Lett 2019; 21:8519-8522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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6
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Söderström M, Zamaratski E, Odell LR. BF
3
·SMe
2
for Thiomethylation, Nitro Reduction and Tandem Reduction/SMe Insertion of Nitrogen Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Söderström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala, Biomedical Center P. O. Box 574 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Edouard Zamaratski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala, Biomedical Center P. O. Box 574 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Luke R. Odell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University Uppsala, Biomedical Center P. O. Box 574 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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7
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Kouhestanian E, AlimadadiJani B. Electrochemically Induced Diels-Alder Reaction: An Overview. CHEM REC 2019; 20:273-331. [PMID: 31423739 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important name reactions in organic chemistry, is the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. It is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile to construct a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the stereotypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. In synthesis, the use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidant or reducing agents is definitely appealing for economic, ecological and selective, reasons. In this review, we try to underscore the combination of the electrosynthesis with Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction to establish of a powerful synthetic tool which may encourage synthetic organic chemists to use it in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kouhestanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoush AlimadadiJani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Taniguchi D, Handa A, Kodama R, Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox Denaturation of Proteins: Electrochemical Treatment of Egg Plasma. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taniguchi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Akihiro Handa
- Institute of Technology SolutionR&D Division Kewpie Corporation 2-5-7 Sengawa, Chofu Tokyo 182-0002 Japan
| | - Risa Kodama
- Institute of Technology SolutionR&D Division Kewpie Corporation 2-5-7 Sengawa, Chofu Tokyo 182-0002 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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9
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Imada Y, Shida N, Okada Y, Chiba K. A Novel Thermomorphic System for Electrocatalytic Diels‐Alder Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
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10
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox Tag-Guided Radical Cation Cycloadditions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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11
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Nakayama K, Maeta N, Horiguchi G, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Radical Cation Diels-Alder Reactions by TiO 2 Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:2246-2250. [PMID: 30916982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical cation Diels-Alder reactions by titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis in lithium perchlorate/nitromethane solution are described. TiO2 photocatalysis promotes reactions between electron-rich dienes and dienophiles, which would otherwise be difficult to accomplish due to electronic mismatching. The reactions are triggered by hole oxidation of the dienophile and are completed by the excited electron reduction of the radical cation intermediate at the dispersed surface in the absence of any sacrificial substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Genki Horiguchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
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12
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Okada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Chiba K. Substitution Pattern‐Selective Olefin Cross‐Couplings. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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13
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Syroeshkin MA, Kuriakose F, Saverina EA, Timofeeva VA, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV. Hochkonversion von Reduktionsmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Evgeniya A. Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR University of Rennes 1 Rennes Frankreich
| | | | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninskyprosp. 47 119991 Moskau Russland
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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14
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Syroeshkin MA, Kuriakose F, Saverina EA, Timofeeva VA, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV. Upconversion of Reductants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5532-5550. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - Evgeniya A. Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR University of Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | | | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
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15
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Okada Y. “Snapshots” of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Redox Tag-Guided [2 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2018; 84:1882-1886. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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16
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Nagahara S, Wakamatsu H, Okada Y, Chiba K. Photocatalytic Cycloadditions Enabled by a Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagahara
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakamatsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo Japan
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17
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Cinar ME, Lal M, Deiseroth HJ, Schlirf J, Schmittel M. Detection and follow-up reactions of distonic β
, β
-dimesityl enol radical cations containing nitrogen heterocyclic bases. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Emin Cinar
- Department Chemie-Biologie; Universität Siegen; Siegen Germany
| | - Mukul Lal
- Department Chemie-Biologie; Universität Siegen; Siegen Germany
| | | | - Jens Schlirf
- Department Chemie-Biologie; Universität Siegen; Siegen Germany
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18
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Bucher G, Lal M, Rana A, Schmittel M. Fragmentation of a dioxolanyl radical via nonstatistical reaction dynamics: characterization of the vinyloxy radical by ns time-resolved laser flash photolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19819-19828. [PMID: 30033465 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of two Barton esters, one derived from a dioxolane carboxylic acid and the other from pivalic acid, was investigated by product analysis and nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP). As expected, photolysis of the pivalate ester resulted in formation of the pyridine-2-thiyl and the t-butyl radical. Photolysis of the Barton ester of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylic acid, on the other hand, revealed a complex multi-step fragmentation. In addition to the pyridine-2-thiyl and dioxolanyl radical, we gained evidence for the formation of the vinyloxy radical, CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CHO˙. The latter was identified in the LFP by its π-complexes with benzene and diphenylether, its rapid quenching by electron-rich arenes and tri-n-butyl tin hydride, and its oxidative power in presence of trifluoroacetic acid as demonstrated by the oxidation of ferrocene to ferrocenium. Formation of CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CHO˙ can be rationalized via fragmentation of the dioxolanyl radical. As the calculated barriers are too high for the reaction sequence to occur on the LFP time scale, we investigated the fragmentation of the photoexcited Barton ester via Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. In one trajectory, we could observe all reaction steps including ring opening of the dioxolanyl radical, suggesting that the excess energy gained in the ester cleavage and decarboxylation may lead to fragmentation of the hot dioxolanyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz Bucher
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Okada Y, Maeta N, Nakayama K, Kamiya H. TiO 2 Photocatalysis in Aromatic "Redox Tag"-Guided Intermolecular Formal [2 + 2] Cycloadditions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4948-4962. [PMID: 29656651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work by Macmillan, Yoon, and Stephenson, homogeneous photoredox catalysis has occupied a central place in new reaction development in the field of organic chemistry. While heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysis has also been studied extensively, it has generally been recognized as a redox option in inorganic chemistry where such "photocatalysis" is most often used to catalyze carbon-carbon bond cleavage and not in organic chemistry where bond formation is usually the focal point. Herein, we demonstrate that titanium dioxide photocatalysis is a powerful redox option to construct carbon-carbon bonds by using intermolecular formal [2 + 2] cycloadditions as models. Synergy between excited electrons and holes generated upon irradiation is expected to promote the overall net redox neutral process. Key for the successful application is the use of a lithium perchlorate/nitromethane electrolyte solution, which exhibits remarkable Lewis acidity to facilitate the reactions of carbon-centered radical cations with carbon nucleophiles. The reaction mechanism is reasonably understood based on both intermolecular and intramolecular single electron transfer regulated by an aromatic "redox tag". Most of the reactions were completed in less than 30 min even in aqueous and/or aerobic conditions without the need for sacrificial reducing or oxidizing substrates generally required for homogeneous photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Naoya Maeta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
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21
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Shimizu R, Okada Y, Chiba K. Stepwise radical cation Diels-Alder reaction via multiple pathways. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:704-708. [PMID: 29719568 PMCID: PMC5905251 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we disclose the radical cation Diels–Alder reaction of aryl vinyl ethers by electrocatalysis, which is triggered by an oxidative SET process. The reaction clearly proceeds in a stepwise fashion, which is a rare mechanism in this class. We also found that two distinctive pathways, including “direct” and “indirect”, are possible to construct the Diels–Alder adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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22
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Imada Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Investigating radical cation chain processes in the electrocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:642-647. [PMID: 29623126 PMCID: PMC5870144 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET)-triggered radical ion-based reactions have proven to be powerful options in synthetic organic chemistry. Although unique chain processes have been proposed in various photo- and electrochemical radical ion-based transformations, the turnover number, also referred to as catalytic efficiency, remains unclear in most cases. Herein, we disclose our investigations of radical cation chain processes in the electrocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction, leading to a scalable synthesis. A gram-scale synthesis was achieved with high current efficiency of up to 8000%. The reaction monitoring profiles showed sigmoidal curves with induction periods, suggesting the involvement of intermediate(s) in the rate determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox-Tag Processes: Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Its Broad Relationship to Redox Reactions in General. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4592-4630. [PMID: 29218989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulated by a structural motif that we call a "redox tag." In order to describe modern radical-driven reactions involving SET processes, we focus on a classical formalism in which electrons are treated as particles rather than waves, which offers a practical yet powerful approach to explain and/or predict synthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
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Ozaki A, Yamaguchi Y, Okada Y, Chiba K. Bidirectional Access to Radical Cation Diels-Alder Reactions by Electrocatalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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25
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Imada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Shida N, Okada Y, Chiba K. Entropic electrolytes for anodic cycloadditions of unactivated alkene nucleophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3960-3963. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00664k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unactivated alkenes were previously found to be effective carbon nucleophiles for anodic cycloadditions in lithium perchlorate/nitromethane electrolyte solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Fuchu
- Japan
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26
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Okada Y, Sugai M, Chiba K. Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced Fluorescence: Water-Soluble and Polarity-Independent Solvatochromic Fluorophores. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10922-10929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masae Sugai
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department
of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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27
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Okada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Ozaki A, Chiba K. Aromatic "Redox Tag"-assisted Diels-Alder reactions by electrocatalysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6387-6393. [PMID: 28451094 PMCID: PMC5363793 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions have been designed and demonstrated based on the aromatic “redox tag” concept.
Electrocatalysis was employed to promote Diels–Alder reactions between electronically mismatched substrates. A catalytic amount of electricity was enough to complete the overall reactions and GC-MS monitoring and CV measurements clearly illustrated the electrocatalytic nature of the reactions, which involve an EC-backward-E mechanism. The electrocatalytic Diels–Alder reactions were rationally designed based on the concept of redox tags. The results were supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
| | - Atsushi Ozaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan .
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28
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Shimizu A, Hayashi R, Ashikari Y, Nokami T, Yoshida JI. Switching the reaction pathways of electrochemically generated β-haloalkoxysulfonium ions - synthesis of halohydrins and epoxides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:242-8. [PMID: 25815076 PMCID: PMC4362321 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Haloalkoxysulfonium ions generated by the reaction of electrogenerated Br(+) and I(+) ions stabilized by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reacted with sodium hydroxide and sodium methoxide to give the corresponding halohydrins and epoxides, respectively, whereas the treatment with triethylamine gave α-halocarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Hayashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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29
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Morofuji T, Shimizu A, Yoshida J. Electrochemical Intramolecular CH Amination: Synthesis of Benzoxazoles and Benzothiazoles. Chemistry 2015; 21:3211-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo‐ku, Kyoto 615‐8510 (Japan)
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo‐ku, Kyoto 615‐8510 (Japan)
| | - Jun‐ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo‐ku, Kyoto 615‐8510 (Japan)
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30
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Ogawa KA, Boydston AJ. Recent Developments in Organocatalyzed Electroorganic Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Ashikari Y, Kiuchi Y, Takeuchi T, Ueoka K, Suga S, Yoshida JI. Addition of N-Acyliminium Ion Pools to Alkenes Having a Nucleophilic Moiety: Integration of Intermolecular and Intramolecular Reactions. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yohei Kiuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Tomoya Takeuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Koji Ueoka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Seiji Suga
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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32
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Okada Y, Shimada K, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Short-Step Anodic Access to Emissive RNA Homonucleosides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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