1
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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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2
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Mujawar T, Sevelda P, Madea D, Klán P, Švenda J. A Platform for the Synthesis of Oxidation Products of Bilirubin. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1603-1611. [PMID: 38165253 PMCID: PMC10797625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bilirubin is the principal product of heme catabolism. High concentrations of the pigment are neurotoxic, yet slightly elevated levels are beneficial. Being a potent antioxidant, oxidative transformations of bilirubin occur in vivo and lead to various oxidized fragments. The mechanisms of their formation, intrinsic biological activities, and potential roles in human pathophysiology are poorly understood. Degradation methods have been used to obtain samples of bilirubin oxidation products for research. Here, we report a complementary, fully synthetic method of preparation. Our strategy leverages repeating substitution patterns in the parent tetracyclic pigment. Functionalized ready-to-couple γ-lactone, γ-lactam, and pyrrole monocyclic building blocks were designed and efficiently synthesized. Subsequent modular combinations, supported by metal-catalyzed borylation and cross-coupling chemistries, translated into the concise assembly of the structurally diverse bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes, propentdyopents, and biopyrrins). The discovery of a new photoisomer of biopyrrin A named lumipyrrin is reported. Synthetic bilirubin oxidation products made available in sufficient purity and quantity will support future in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiqueahmed Mujawar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sevelda
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Madea
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Švenda
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kamenice 5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, Pekařská 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
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3
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Aryl-, Akynyl-, and Alkenylbenziodoxoles: Synthesis and Synthetic Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052136. [PMID: 36903382 PMCID: PMC10004369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine reagents are in high current demand due to their exceptional reactivity in oxidative transformations, as well as in diverse umpolung functionalization reactions. Cyclic hypervalent iodine compounds, known under the general name of benziodoxoles, possess improved thermal stability and synthetic versatility in comparison with their acyclic analogs. Aryl-, alkenyl-, and alkynylbenziodoxoles have recently received wide synthetic applications as efficient reagents for direct arylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation under mild reaction conditions, including transition metal-free conditions as well as photoredox and transition metal catalysis. Using these reagents, a plethora of valuable, hard-to-reach, and structurally diverse complex products can be synthesized by convenient procedures. The review covers the main aspects of the chemistry of benziodoxole-based aryl-, alkynyl-, and alkenyl- transfer reagents, including preparation and synthetic applications.
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4
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Soldatova NS, Postnikov PS, Ivanov DM, Semyonov OV, Kukurina OS, Guselnikova O, Yamauchi Y, Wirth T, Zhdankin VV, Yusubov MS, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Resnati G, Kukushkin VY. Zwitterionic iodonium species afford halogen bond-based porous organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5650-5658. [PMID: 35694330 PMCID: PMC9116302 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00892k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous architectures characterized by parallel channels arranged in honeycomb or rectangular patterns are identified in two polymorphic crystals of a zwitterionic 4-(aryliodonio)-benzenesulfonate. The channels are filled with disordered water molecules which can be reversibly removed on heating. Consistent with the remarkable strength and directionality of the halogen bonds (XBs) driving the crystal packing formation, the porous structure is stable and fully preserved on almost quantitative removal and readsorption of water. The porous systems described here are the first reported cases of one-component 3D organic frameworks whose assembly is driven by XB only (XOFs). These systems are a proof of concept for the ability of zwitterionic aryliodonium tectons in affording robust one-component 3D XOFs. The high directionality and strength of the XBs formed by these zwitterions and the geometrical constraints resulting from the tendency of their hypervalent iodine atoms to act as bidentate XB donors might be key factors in determining this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Soldatova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague 16628 Czech Republic
| | - Daniil M Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V Semyonov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
| | - Olga S Kukurina
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
| | - Olga Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff UK
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Mekhman S Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Serveis Científico-Tècnics, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crta. de Valldemossa Km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crta. de Valldemossa Km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Giuseppe Resnati
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk 634034 Russian Federation
- NFMLab, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta"; Politecnico di Milano via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg 199034 Russian Federation
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5
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Le Du E, Duhail T, Wodrich MD, Scopelliti R, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Anselmi E, Magnier E, Waser J. Structure and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Alkynyl Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Chemistry 2021; 27:10979-10986. [PMID: 33978974 PMCID: PMC8361724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethynylbenziodoxol(on)e (EBX) cyclic hypervalent iodine reagents have become popular reagents for the alkynylation of radicals and nucleophiles, but only offer limited possibilities for further structure and reactivity fine-tuning. Herein, the synthesis of new N-heterocyclic hypervalent iodine reagents with increased structural flexibility based on amide, amidine and sulfoximine scaffolds is reported. Solid-state structures of the reagents are reported and the analysis of the I-Calkyne bond lengths allowed assessing the trans-effect of the different substituents. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of the reagents, derived from DFT computations, revealed less pronounced σ-hole regions for sulfonamide-based compounds. Most reagents reacted well in the alkynylation of β-ketoesters. The alkynylation of thiols afforded more variable yields, with compounds with a stronger σ-hole reacting better. In metal-mediated transformations, the N-heterocyclic hypervalent iodine reagents gave inferior results when compared to the O-based EBX reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliott Le Du
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Thibaut Duhail
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 81807800VersaillesFrance
| | - Matthew D. Wodrich
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC GE, BCH 2111, 1015 LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC GE, BCH 2111, 1015 LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 81807800VersaillesFrance
- Université de ToursFaculté des Sciences et Techniques37200ToursFrance
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de VersaillesUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 81807800VersaillesFrance
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
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6
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Antonkin NS, Vlasenko YA, Yoshimura A, Smirnov VI, Borodina TN, Zhdankin VV, Yusubov MS, Shafir A, Postnikov PS. Preparation and Synthetic Applicability of Imidazole-Containing Cyclic Iodonium Salts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7163-7178. [PMID: 33944564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the preparation of imidazole-substituted cyclic iodonium salts has been developed via the oxidative cyclization of 1-phenyl-5-iodoimidazole using a cheap and available Oxone/H2SO4 oxidative system. The structure of the new polycyclic heteroarenes has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, revealing the characteristic structure features for cyclic iodonium salts. The newly produced imidazole-flanked cyclic iodonium compounds were found to readily engage in a heterocyclization reaction with elemental sulfur, affording benzo[5,1-b]imidazothiazoles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Antonkin
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Vlasenko
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Smirnov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky Str., 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana N Borodina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky Str., 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Mekhman S Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation.,Department of Solid-State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 16628, Czech Republic
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7
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Komiyama K, Kobayashi S, Shoji T, Kikushima K, Dohi T, Kita Y. Practical synthesis of diaryliodonium(iii) triflates using ArI(OAc)2/TfOH/MeCN reaction system. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-3035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Ding W, Wang C, Tan JR, Ho CC, León F, García F, Yoshikai N. Site-selective aromatic C-H λ 3-iodanation with a cyclic iodine(iii) electrophile in solution and solid phases. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7356-7361. [PMID: 34123017 PMCID: PMC8159425 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02737e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and site-selective aromatic C-H λ3-iodanation reaction is achieved using benziodoxole triflate (BXT) as an electrophile under room temperature conditions. The reaction tolerates a variety of electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes to afford the corresponding arylbenziodoxoles in moderate to good yields. The reaction can also be performed mechanochemically by grinding a mixture of solid arenes and BXT under solvent-free conditions. The arylbenziodoxoles can be used for various C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations, and are also amenable to further modification by electrophilic halogenation. DFT calculations suggested that the present reaction proceeds via a concerted λ3-iodanation-deprotonation transition state, where the triflate anion acts as an internal base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University Shaoxing 312000 China
| | - Jie Ren Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Chang Chin Ho
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Felix León
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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9
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Chen H, Wang L, Han J. Deacetylative Aryl Migration of Diaryliodonium Salts with C(sp 2)-N Bond Formation toward ortho-Iodo N-Aryl Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2020; 22:3581-3585. [PMID: 32272842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented approach of metal-free C(sp2)-N bond formation via deacetylation/intramolecular aryl migration is demonstrated with novel N-sulfonamide substituted diaryliodonium salts. The reaction provides a variety of ortho-iodo N-aryl sulfonamides. The products were employed in several coupling reactions to afford useful diarylamine scaffolds. Furthermore, the key intermediates of zwitterionic iodoniums in the reaction were isolated and verified by the X-ray crystallographic analysis, which showcased unambiguous mechanistic insight into the reactivity of the reaction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangguan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Soldatova NS, Postnikov PS, Yusubov MS, Wirth T. Flow Synthesis of Iodonium Trifluoroacetates through Direct Oxidation of Iodoarenes by Oxone®. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Soldatova
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences; Tomsk Polytechnic University; 634034 Tomsk Russian Federation
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
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11
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Yoshimura A, Saito A, Zhdankin VV. Iodonium Salts as Benzyne Precursors. Chemistry 2018; 24:15156-15166. [PMID: 29797627 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions involving benzyne and aryne intermediates have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Various benzyne precursors and benzyne generating procedures are known. Recently, methods of benzyne generation from diaryliodonium salts and related hypervalent iodine compounds have received considerable attention. These methods are characterized by mild reaction conditions and applicability in a broad range of chemical transformations. The present minireview is focused on the preparation and reactivity of hypervalent iodine based benzyne precursors. Furthermore, recent developments in their synthetic application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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12
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Hokamp T, Mollari L, Wilkins LC, Melen RL, Wirth T. Alternative Strategies with Iodine: Fast Access to Previously Inaccessible Iodine(III) Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8306-8309. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hokamp
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Leonardo Mollari
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Lewis C. Wilkins
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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13
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Hokamp T, Mollari L, Wilkins LC, Melen RL, Wirth T. Alternative Strategien mit Iod: schneller Zugang zu bisher unzugänglichen Iod(III)‐Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hokamp
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Leonardo Mollari
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Lewis C. Wilkins
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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14
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Soldatova N, Postnikov P, Kukurina O, Zhdankin VV, Yoshimura A, Wirth T, Yusubov MS. One-pot synthesis of diaryliodonium salts from arenes and aryl iodides with Oxone-sulfuric acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:849-855. [PMID: 29719579 PMCID: PMC5905280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile synthesis of diaryliodonium salts utilizing Oxone as versatile and cheap oxidant has been developed. This method shows wide applicability and can be used for the preparation of iodonium salts containing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups in good yields. In addition, this procedure can be applied to the preparation of symmetric iodonium salts directly from arenes via a one-pot iodination-oxidation sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Kukurina
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth MN 55812, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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15
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Santschi N, Katayev D, Calvo R, Jelier BJ. Mapping Perfluoroalkyl Effects in Togni-Type Reagents by Thermolysis. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:816-821. [PMID: 29314623 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present the thermolysis of cyclic hypervalent iodine(III) perfluoroalkyl transfer reagents carried out in standard GC-MS instrumentation. Through heating, these structures undergo fragmentation to afford perfluoroalkyl radicals F2n+1 Cn. and each reagent can be characterized by means of a threshold temperature, TIP (n). This parameter TIP (n) not only reflects the stability of the F2n+1 Cn -I bond, but potentially also carries information regarding fundamental properties of the linear perfluoroalkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Santschi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1/2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1/2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roxan Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1/2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benson J Jelier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1/2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Yusubov MS, Soldatova NS, Postnikov PS, Valiev RR, Svitich DY, Yusubova RY, Yoshimura A, Wirth T, Zhdankin VV. Reactions of 1-Arylbenziodoxolones with Azide Anion: Experimental and Computational Study of Substituent Effects. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Minnesota; 55812 Duluth MN USA
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17
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Caramenti P, Waser J. Bench-Stable Electrophilic Indole and Pyrrole Reagents: Serendipitous Discovery and Use in C-H Functionalization. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caramenti
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; Av. Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; Av. Forel 2 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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18
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Robidas R, Guérin V, Provençal L, Echeverria M, Legault CY. Investigation of Iodonium Trifluoroborate Zwitterions as Bifunctional Arene Reagents. Org Lett 2017; 19:6420-6423. [PMID: 29144752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new family of iodonium zwitterions, in which the formal anion is a trifluoroborate moiety, is reported. These reagents present very good stability and have high resistance toward benzyne formation. Their structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and were further investigated using DFT calculations. QTAIM analysis supports an ionic, noncovalent, I+···BF3- interaction, in accordance with a true zwitterionic nature. Preliminary results of synthetic applications, the arylation of phenolates and trifluoroborate group functionalization, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Robidas
- University of Sherbrooke , Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vincent Guérin
- University of Sherbrooke , Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Laurent Provençal
- University of Sherbrooke , Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marco Echeverria
- University of Sherbrooke , Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Claude Y Legault
- University of Sherbrooke , Department of Chemistry, Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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19
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Almasalma AA, Mejía E. 1-Phenyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H
)-one as Synthon for Phthalide Synthesis through Pd-Free, Base-Free, Sonogashira-Type Coupling Cyclization Reaction. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A. Almasalma
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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20
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Wu B, Wu J, Yoshikai N. Benziodoxole Triflate as a Versatile Reagent for Iodo(III)cyclization of Alkynes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3123-3127. [PMID: 29086497 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The utility of benziodoxole triflate, derived from α,α-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-iodobenzyl alcohol, as a versatile reagent for iodo(III)cyclization via electrophilic activation of alkyne, is reported herein. The reagent promotes cyclization of alkynes tethered to a variety of nucleophilic moieties, affording benziodoxole-appended (hetero)arenes such as benzofurans, benzothiophenes, isocoumarins, indoles, and polyaromatics under mild conditions. This unprecedented class of (hetero)aryl-IIII compounds proved easy to purify, stable, and amenable to various synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Junliang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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21
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Yoshimura A, Fuchs JM, Middleton KR, Maskaev AV, Rohde GT, Saito A, Postnikov PS, Yusubov MS, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV. Pseudocyclic Arylbenziodoxaboroles: Efficient Benzyne Precursors Triggered by Water at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2017; 23:16738-16742. [PMID: 28981177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University 634050 Tomsk Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Kyle R. Middleton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | - Andrey V. Maskaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
| | | | - Akio Saito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2–24-16 Naka-cho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | | | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University 634050 Tomsk Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Minnesota Duluth MN 55812 USA
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22
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Caramenti P, Nicolai S, Waser J. Indole- and Pyrrole-BX: Bench-Stable Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for Heterocycle Umpolung. Chemistry 2017; 23:14702-14706. [PMID: 28796395 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of the bench-stable hypervalent iodine reagents IndoleBX and PyrroleBX using mild Lewis acid catalyzed conditions is reported. The new reagents are stable up to 150 °C and were applied in the C-H arylation of unactivated arenes using either rhodium or ruthenium catalysts. A broad range of heterocyclic systems of high interest for synthetic and medicinal chemistry was accessed in high yields. The developed C-H functionalization could not be achieved using reported reagents or methods, highlighting the unique reactivity of Indole- and Pyrrole-BX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caramenti
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Nicolai
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Chen H, Shao X, Wang H, Zhai H. New reactivity of ethynyl benziodoxolone: modulating iron-catalyzed dehydration of propargyl alcohols. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00631k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This is the first example of using only a catalytic amount of silyl-EBX in a dehydration reaction since its discovery. Preliminary mechanistic studies ruled out the radical pathways and supported an E1 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Xiaoru Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Huifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics
- Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
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24
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Stridfeldt E, Seemann A, Bouma MJ, Dey C, Ertan A, Olofsson B. Synthesis, Characterization and Unusual Reactivity of Vinylbenziodoxolones-Novel Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Chemistry 2016; 22:16066-16070. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Stridfeldt
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Alexandra Seemann
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marinus J. Bouma
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Chandan Dey
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anne Ertan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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25
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Li Y, Hari DP, Vita MV, Waser J. Cyclic Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for Atom-Transfer Reactions: Beyond Trifluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4436-54. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Maria Victoria Vita
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Switzerland
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26
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Li Y, Hari DP, Vita MV, Waser J. Cyclische hypervalente Iodreagentien für Atomtransferreaktionen - jenseits der Trifluormethylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Maria Victoria Vita
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCSO; BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne CH Schweiz
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27
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Abstract
The preparation, structure, and chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds are reviewed with emphasis on their synthetic application. Compounds of iodine possess reactivity similar to that of transition metals, but have the advantage of environmental sustainability and efficient utilization of natural resources. These compounds are widely used in organic synthesis as selective oxidants and environmentally friendly reagents. Synthetic uses of hypervalent iodine reagents in halogenation reactions, various oxidations, rearrangements, aminations, C-C bond-forming reactions, and transition metal-catalyzed reactions are summarized and discussed. Recent discovery of hypervalent catalytic systems and recyclable reagents, and the development of new enantioselective reactions using chiral hypervalent iodine compounds represent a particularly important achievement in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. One of the goals of this Review is to attract the attention of the scientific community as to the benefits of using hypervalent iodine compounds as an environmentally sustainable alternative to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth , Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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28
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Halogen Bonding in Hypervalent Iodine Compounds. HYPERVALENT IODINE CHEMISTRY 2016; 373:289-309. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Yusubov MS, Svitich DY, Yoshimura A, Kastern BJ, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV. Preparation, X-ray Structure, and Reactivity of Triisopropylsilyl-Substituted Aryliodonium Salts. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Postnikov PS, Guselnikova OA, Yusubov MS, Yoshimura A, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV. Preparation and X-ray Structural Study of Dibenziodolium Derivatives. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5783-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- The Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- The Siberian State Medical University 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Viktor V. Zhdankin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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