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Tataroğlu M, Sungur FA. Mechanistic insights into the challenges of organocatalytic Beckmann rearrangement reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1254-1263. [PMID: 36633313 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalytic Beckmann rearrangement (BKR) reactions are of great interest for synthetic chemists interested in "green chemistry". There are different proposals for the reaction mechanism depending on the experimental conditions. Clarifying the details of the BKR reaction mechanism is important for the selectivity of amides and lactams yet to be synthesized. In this study, the DFT computational method at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory in conjunction with the implicit PCM solvation method has been used to elucidate alternative pathways for the Beckmann rearrangement reaction at elevated temperatures. The results enabled us to explain details of the Beckmann rearrangement reaction via a Meisenheimer complex where the process was thermodynamically driven. Meisenheimer complexes are found to be highly stable species due to the presence of aromatic ring systems allowing electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melin Tataroğlu
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Ayazağa Campus, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fethiye Aylin Sungur
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Ayazağa Campus, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Pilathottathil F, Unnikrishnan S, Kaliyamoorthy A. Heteroarylation of Sulfenate Ions In Situ Generated from β-Sulfinyl Esters under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14980-14990. [PMID: 36268936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heteroaryl sulfoxides are an integral part of several bioactive molecules and pharmaceuticals. We have described a transition-metal-free route for the direct sulfinylation of 2-halobenzothiazoles and 2-halobenzimidazoles using β-sulfinyl esters as the source of the sulfenate ion in the presence of a Brønsted base such as LiOtBu, and the corresponding heteroaryl sulfoxides were isolated in yields of 30 to 94%. Moreover, we hypothesized a plausible concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (cSNAr) pathway for the direct incorporation of sulfinyl functionality into the 2-haloheteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima Pilathottathil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sreelakshmi Unnikrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Alagiri Kaliyamoorthy
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Kerala 695551, India
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3
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Oloba-Whenu OA, Junaid IO, Isanbor C. A computational study of the S NAr reaction of 2-ethoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine and 2-methoxy-3,5-dinitropyridine with piperidine. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A computational study of the chemical kinetics and thermodynamics study of the SNAr between 3,5-dinitroethoxypyridine 1a and 3,5-dinitromethoxypyridine 1b with piperidine 2 in the gas phase is reported using hybrid density functional theory method B3PW91 and 6–31G(d,p) basis set. The reaction was modeled via both the catalyzed and base-catalyzed pathways which proceeded with the initial attack of the nucleophile 2 on the substrates 1 to yield the Meisenheimer complex intermediate that is stabilized with hydrogen bonding. Calculations show that the reaction goes via the formation and decomposition of a Meisenheimer complex, which was observed to be stabilized by hydrogen bonding. Along the uncatalyzed pathway, the decomposition of the Meisenheimer complex was the slow step and requires about 28 kcal/mol. This barrier was reduced to about 14.8 kcal/mol with the intervention of the base catalyst, thus making the formation of the Meisenheimer complex rate determining. All reactions were calculated to be exothermic, about −6.5 kcal/mol and −0.6 kcal/mol, respectively, for the reaction of 1a and 1b with 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idris O. Junaid
- Department of Chemistry , University of Lagos , Akoka , Nigeria
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4
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Yang Y, Muhich CL, Green MD. Kinetics and mechanisms of polycondensation reactions between aryl halides and bisphenol A. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational and experimental verification of a second-order rate expression for polysulfones synthesized using diphenyldichloro sulfone versus a third-order rate expression for polysulfones synthesized using diphenyldifluoro sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Christopher L. Muhich
- Department of Chemical Engineering; School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
| | - Matthew D. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering; School for Engineering of Matter
- Transport and Energy
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
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5
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Yasui K, Kamitani M, Tobisu M. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryl Fluorides Bearing α,β‐Unsaturated Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14157-14161. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Miharu Kamitani
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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6
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Yasui K, Kamitani M, Tobisu M. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryl Fluorides Bearing α,β‐Unsaturated Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Miharu Kamitani
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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7
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Li J, Liu Z, Wu S, Chen Y. Acyl Radical Smiles Rearrangement To Construct Hydroxybenzophenones by Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:2077-2080. [PMID: 30888188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first visible-light-induced acyl radical Smiles rearrangement to transform biaryl ethers to hydroxybenzophenones under mild and metal-free conditions is reported. Using the dual catalysis of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents and organophotocatalysts, ketoacids readily generate acyl radicals and undergo 1,5- ipso addition. This method can construct electron-deficient and electron-rich hydroxybenzophenones with excellent chemoselectivity and on gram scale. The performance of the reaction in neutral aqueous conditions holds potential for future biomolecule applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 China.,School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 100 Haike Road , Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 China.,School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 100 Haike Road , Shanghai 201210 China
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8
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Shen J, Xue L, Lin X, Cheng G, Cui X. The base-promoted synthesis of multisubstituted benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3292-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09877g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of substituted benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines have been prepared via base-promoted intramolecular O-arylation from N-(2-haloaryl)enaminones under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Lulu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Xing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Guolin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
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Yang K, Kim MY, Um IH. S NAr Reactions of 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes with Alkali-Metal Ethoxides: Differential Stabilization of Ground State and Transition State Determines Alkali-Metal Ion Catalysis or Inhibition. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyull Yang
- Department of Chemistry Education; Gyeongsang National University; Jinju 660-701 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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10
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Seo HO, Kim MY, Han SY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on S NAr Reactions of 1-(Y-Substituted-phenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzenes with Azide Ion: Effect of Changing Nucleophile from Hydroxide to Azide Ion on Reaction Mechanism and Reactivity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ok Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - So-Yeop Han
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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11
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Miyamoto K, Hirobe M, Uchiyama M, Ochiai M. Stereoselective synthesis and reaction of gold(i) (Z)-enethiolates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7962-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02000j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bench-top-storable (Z)-enethiol reagents: gold (Z)-1-decenylthiolates were synthesized stereoselectively in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team
| | - Masaya Hirobe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Tokushima
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Japan
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team
| | - Masahito Ochiai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Tokushima
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
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12
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García JM, Jones GO, DeWinter J, Horn HW, Coulembier O, Dubois P, Gerbaux P, Hedrick JL. Meisenheimer Complex Inspired Catalyst- and Solvent-Free Synthesis of Noncyclic Poly(aryl ether sulfone)s. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501735q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M. García
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Gavin O. Jones
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | | | - Hans W. Horn
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | | | | | | | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research
Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
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13
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Um IH, Cho HJ, Kim MY, Buncel E. Alkali-metal ion catalysis and inhibition in SNAr displacement: relative stabilization of ground state and transition state determines catalysis and inhibition in SNAr reactivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:13337-44. [PMID: 25171659 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first observation of alkali-metal ion catalysis and inhibition in SNAr reactions. The plot of kobsd versus [alkali-metal ethoxide] exhibits downward curvature for the reactions of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzene with EtOLi, EtONa, and EtOK, but upward curvature for the corresponding reaction with EtOK in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether (18C6). Dissection of kobsd into the second-order rate constants for the reactions with the dissociated EtO(-) and the ion-paired EtOM (i.e., k EtO - and kEtOM , respectively) has revealed that the reactivity increases in the order EtOLi<EtONa<EtOK<EtO(-)<EtOK/18C6. This indicates that the reaction is inhibited by Li(+), Na(+), and K(+) ions but is catalyzed by 18C6 K(+) ion. The reactions of 1-(Y-substituted-phenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzenes have been proposed to proceed through a stepwise mechanism, in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs after the rate-determining step based on the kinetic result that σ(o) constants exhibit a much better Hammett correlation than σ(-) constants. Alkali-metal ion catalysis or inhibition has been discussed in terms of differential stabilization of ground-state and transition-state complexes through a qualitative energy profile. A π-complexed transition-state structure is proposed to account for the kinetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750 (Korea).
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14
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Cho HJ, Um IH. The α-Effect in S NAr Reaction of 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with Hydrazine: Ground-State Destabilization versus Transition-State Stabilization. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kim MY, Ha GH, Um IH. Alkali-Metal Ion Catalysis and Inhibition in S NAr Reaction of 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes with Alkali-Metal Ethoxides in Anhydrous Ethanol. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Yu H, Wang C, Yang Y, Dang ZM. Mechanistic Study on Rh-Catalyzed Stereoselective CC/CH Activation oftert-Cyclobutanols. Chemistry 2014; 20:3839-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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