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Evans R. The interpretation of small molecule diffusion coefficients: Quantitative use of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 117:33-69. [PMID: 32471534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring accurate molecular self-diffusion coefficients, D, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques has become routine as hardware, software and experimental methodologies have all improved. However, the quantitative interpretation of such data remains difficult, particularly for small molecules. This review article first provides a description of, and explanation for, the failure of the Stokes-Einstein equation to accurately predict small molecule diffusion coefficients, before moving on to three broadly complementary methods for their quantitative interpretation. Two are based on power laws, but differ in the nature of the reference molecules used. The third addresses the uncertainties in the Stokes-Einstein equation directly. For all three methods, a wide range of examples are used to show the range of chemistry to which diffusion NMR can be applied, and how best to implement the different methods to obtain quantitative information from the chemical systems studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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2
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St-Jean F, Piechowicz KA, Sirois LE, Angelaud R, Gosselin F. Study of a Competing Hydrodefluorination Reaction During the Directed ortho-Lithiation/Borylation of 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric St-Jean
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna A. Piechowicz
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rémy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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3
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Harrison-Marchand A, Barozzino-Consiglio G, Maddaluno J. Chiral Lithium Amides: Tuning Asymmetric Synthesis on the Basis of Structural Parameters. CHEM REC 2016; 17:622-639. [PMID: 27996185 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An overview on the structural arrangements adopted by Chiral Lithium Amides (CLAs), alone or in mixed complexes, is presented. These species are important reagents for asymmetric synthesis and understanding their organization is essential to improve their design and the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038), 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038), 76000, Rouen, France
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4
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Guang J, Hopson R, Williard PG. Diffusion Coefficient-Formula Weight (D-FW) Analysis of 2H Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy (DOSY). J Org Chem 2015; 80:9102-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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5
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Neufeld R, Stalke D. Accurate molecular weight determination of small molecules via DOSY-NMR by using external calibration curves with normalized diffusion coefficients. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3354-3364. [PMID: 29142693 PMCID: PMC5656982 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the aggregation and solvation numbers of organometallic complexes in solution is an important task to increase insight in reaction mechanisms. Thus knowing which aggregates are formed during a reaction is of high interest to develop better selectivity and higher yields. Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), which separates NMR signals according to the diffusion coefficient, finds increasing use to identify species in solution. However, there still is no simple relationship between diffusion coefficient and molecular weight (MW). Some methods have been developed to estimate the MW but still with a significant error of ±30%. Here we describe a novel development of MW-determination by using an external calibration curve (ECC) approach with normalized diffusion coefficients. Taking the shape of the molecules into account enables accurate MW-predictions with a maximum error of smaller than ±9%. Moreover we show that the addition of multiple internal references is dispensable. One internal reference (that also can be the solvent) is sufficient. If the solvent signal is not accessible, 16 other internal standards (aliphatics and aromatics) are available to avoid signal overlapping problems and provide flexible choice of analytes. This method is independent of NMR-device properties and diversities in temperature or viscosity and offers an easy and robust method to determine accurate MWs in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität , Tammannstrasse 4 , Göttingen , Germany .
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität , Tammannstrasse 4 , Göttingen , Germany .
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6
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Neufeld R, John M, Stalke D. The Donor-Base-Free Aggregation of Lithium Diisopropyl Amide in Hydrocarbons Revealed by a DOSY Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6994-8. [PMID: 26014367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA) is a very prominent reagent that plays a key role in organic synthesis, serving as a base par excellence for a broad range of deprotonation reactions. However, the state of aggregation in solution in the absence of donor bases was unclear. In this paper we solved this problem by employing DOSY NMR experiments based on a newly elaborated external calibration curve (ECC) approach with normalized diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany).
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7
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Neufeld R, John M, Stalke D. Aufklärung der donorbasenfreien Aggregation von Lithiumdiisopropylamid in Kohlenwasserstoffen mithilfe einer DOSY-Methode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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García-Valle FM, Estivill R, Gallegos C, Cuenca T, Mosquera MEG, Tabernero V, Cano J. Metal and Ligand-Substituent Effects in the Immortal Polymerization of rac-Lactide with Li, Na, and K Phenoxo-imine Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501000b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. García-Valle
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Robert Estivill
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Carlos Gallegos
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vanessa Tabernero
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jesús Cano
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Lu P, Jackson JJ, Eickhoff JA, Zakarian A. Direct enantioselective conjugate addition of carboxylic acids with chiral lithium amides as traceless auxiliaries. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:656-9. [PMID: 25562717 PMCID: PMC4308744 DOI: 10.1021/ja512213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Michael addition is a premier synthetic method for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation. Using chiral dilithium amides as traceless auxiliaries, we report the direct enantioselective Michael addition of carboxylic acids. A free carboxyl group in the product provides versatility for further functionalization, and the chiral reagent can be readily recovered by extraction with aqueous acid. The method has been applied in the enantioselective total synthesis of the purported structure of pulveraven B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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10
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Sakurai S. DOSY NMR as a Useful Method for Analysis of Mixture. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Dynamics of the Lithium Amide/Alkyllithium Interactions: Mixed Dimers and Beyond. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2014_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Su C, Hopson R, Williard PG. Isotopically Enriched 13C Diffusion-Ordered NMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Methyllithium. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11733-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401740g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chicheung Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell Hopson
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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