1
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Zhang G, Zhang C, Tian Y, Chen F. Fe-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids with Electron-Deficient N-Cyano- N-aryl-arylsulfonamide. Org Lett 2023; 25:917-922. [PMID: 36730786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Established carboxylic acids to nitriles conversion methods suffer from expensive catalysts, tedious steps, high temperatures (>200 °C), high pressure, or a narrow substrate range. Herein, we demonstrate a concise and efficient access to diverse nitrile compounds from ubiquitous carboxylic acids with electron-deficient N-cyano-N-aryl-arylsulfonamide (NCAS) in moderate to excellent yields. This strategy is promoted by an inexpensive iron catalyst and is generally compatible with primary, secondary, tertiary, and aryl carboxylic acids, as well as a variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
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2
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Zou P, Wang K. Methanolysis of Amides under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions with a Continuous Tubular Reactor. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Kumar GS, Shinde PS, Chen H, Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6357-6363. [PMID: 36036921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decarboxylative cyanation of amino acids under paired electrochemical reaction conditions has been developed. 4-CN-pyridine was found to be a new and effective cyanation reagent under catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies support a nucleophilic reaction pathway, and the cyanation protocol can be applied to diverse substrates including N,N-dialkyl aniline and indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Sharma R, Yadav MR. Recent developments in decarboxylative C(aryl)-X bond formation from (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5476-5500. [PMID: 34076025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative coupling reactions using readily available (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids are a highly efficient approach for the formation of new C-C and C-X bonds. These decarboxylative coupling reactions eliminate CO2 as a by-product, resulting in a greener and environmentally more benign approach than conventional coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in ipso-decarboxylative C-X (X = O/N/halo/S/Se/P/CN) bond formations using (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids. Furthermore, we highlight the current limitations and future research opportunities of aryl-decarboxylative coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - M Ramu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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5
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Liu SZ, Li J, Xue CG, Xu XT, Lei LS, Huo CY, Wang Z, Wang SH. Copper-promoted cyanation of aryl iodides with N,N-dimethyl aminomalononitrile. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Gérardy R, Debecker DP, Estager J, Luis P, Monbaliu JCM. Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C 2-C 6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7219-7347. [PMID: 32667196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julien Estager
- Certech, Rue Jules Bordet 45, Zone Industrielle C, B-7180 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Patricia Luis
- Research & Innovation Centre for Process Engineering (ReCIPE), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Materials & Process Engineering (iMMC-IMAP), UCLouvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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7
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Shen T, Ouyang B, Qian C, Chen X. Aminolysis of ethyl acetate in continuous flow and its reaction kinetics. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Vanoye L, Hammoud A, Gérard H, Barnes A, Philippe R, Fongarland P, de Bellefon C, Favre-Réguillon A. Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids Using Indium-Catalyzed Transnitrilation: Mechanistic and Kinetic Study. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ahmad Hammoud
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Gérard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Barnes
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Philippe
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascal Fongarland
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Université Lyon, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques UMR 5285, CNRS-CPE Lyon-UCBL, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, EPN 7, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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9
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Wang Z, Wang X, Ura Y, Nishihara Y. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Cyanation of Acyl Chlorides. Org Lett 2019; 21:6779-6784. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Xiu Wang
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanshi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nishihara
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Ramirez NP, König B, Gonzalez-Gomez JC. Decarboxylative Cyanation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids via Visible-Light Flavin Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:1368-1373. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves P. Ramirez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jose C. Gonzalez-Gomez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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11
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Marquez C, Corbet M, Smolders S, Marion P, De Vos D. Double metal cyanides as heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysts for nitrile synthesis via acid-nitrile exchange reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12984-12987. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of transition metal-based double metal cyanides (DMCs) were studied as catalysts for the synthesis of nitriles via acid-nitrile exchange reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marquez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Matthieu Corbet
- Solvay Recherches & Innovation Centre de Lyon
- 69192 Saint Fons Cedex
- France
| | - Simon Smolders
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Philippe Marion
- Solvay Recherches & Innovation Centre de Lyon
- 69192 Saint Fons Cedex
- France
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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12
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Gérardy R, Morodo R, Estager J, Luis P, Debecker DP, Monbaliu JCM. Sustaining the Transition from a Petrobased to a Biobased Chemical Industry with Flow Chemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 377:1. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Cortés-Borda D, Wimmer E, Gouilleux B, Barré E, Oger N, Goulamaly L, Peault L, Charrier B, Truchet C, Giraudeau P, Rodriguez-Zubiri M, Le Grognec E, Felpin FX. An Autonomous Self-Optimizing Flow Reactor for the Synthesis of Natural Product Carpanone. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14286-14299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés-Borda
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Boris Gouilleux
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Elvina Barré
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Oger
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lubna Goulamaly
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Louis Peault
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Benoît Charrier
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Charlotte Truchet
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6241, LINA, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mireia Rodriguez-Zubiri
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Erwan Le Grognec
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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14
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Giraudeau P, Felpin FX. Flow reactors integrated with in-line monitoring using benchtop NMR spectroscopy. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art flow reactors integrated with in-line benchtop NMR are thoroughly discussed with highlights on the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR des Sciences et des Techniques
- CNRS UMR 6230
- CEISAM
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Yan
- Department of Chemistry; Lishui University; Lishui Zhejiang 323000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 People's Republic of China
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16
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Adeyemi A, Bergman J, Brånalt J, Sävmarker J, Larhed M. Continuous Flow Synthesis under High-Temperature/High-Pressure Conditions Using a Resistively Heated Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, Mölndal, 431
83, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brånalt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, Mölndal, 431
83, Sweden
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17
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Coombs JR, Fraunhoffer KJ, Simmons EM, Stevens JM, Wisniewski SR, Yu M. Improving Robustness: In Situ Generation of a Pd(0) Catalyst for the Cyanation of Aryl Bromides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7040-7044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Coombs
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R. Wisniewski
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Chemical & Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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18
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Xie HY, Han LS, Huang S, Lei X, Cheng Y, Zhao W, Sun H, Wen X, Xu QL. N-Substituted 3(10H)-Acridones as Visible-Light, Water-Soluble Photocatalysts: Aerobic Oxidative Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5236-5241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Shuai Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiantao Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Long Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease and State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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20
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Zhou J, Zhu X, Huang M, Wan Y. SeO
2
‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Cyanofurans from 3‐Oxo‐3‐arylpropanenitriles and Substituted Acetaldehydes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Manna Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yiqian Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Sun Yat‐sen University 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
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21
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Le Vaillant F, Wodrich MD, Waser J. Room temperature decarboxylative cyanation of carboxylic acids using photoredox catalysis and cyanobenziodoxolones: a divergent mechanism compared to alkynylation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1790-1800. [PMID: 28451301 PMCID: PMC5396527 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The one-step conversion of aliphatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding nitriles has been accomplished via the merger of visible light mediated photoredox and cyanobenziodoxolones (CBX) reagents. The reaction proceeded in high yields with natural and non-natural α-amino and α-oxy acids, affording a broad scope of nitriles with excellent tolerance of the substituents in the α position. The direct cyanation of dipeptides and drug precursors was also achieved. The mechanism of the decarboxylative cyanation was investigated both computationally and experimentally and compared with the previously developed alkynylation reaction. Alkynylation was found to favor direct radical addition, whereas further oxidation by CBX to a carbocation and cyanide addition appeared more favorable for cyanation. A concerted mechanism is proposed for the reaction of radicals with EBX reagents, in contrast to the usually assumed addition elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Le Vaillant
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis , Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis , Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis , Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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22
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Kockmann N, Thenée P, Fleischer-Trebes C, Laudadio G, Noël T. Safety assessment in development and operation of modular continuous-flow processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improved safety is one of the main drivers for microreactor application in chemical process development and small-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kockmann
- Laboratory of Equipment Design
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | | | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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23
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Wang L, Liu X, Wang M, Liu J. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Heterocyclization of α-Acyl-α-alkynyl Ketene Dithioacetals: Synthesis of 3-Cyanofurans. Org Lett 2016; 18:2162-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Mang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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24
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Mándity IM, Ötvös SB, Szőlősi G, Fülöp F. Harnessing the Versatility of Continuous-Flow Processes: Selective and Efficient Reactions. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1018-33. [PMID: 26997251 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for effective transformations and a broad range of novel chemical entities. Continuous-flow (CF) approaches are of considerable current interest: highly efficient and selective reactions can be performed in CF reactors. The reaction setup of CF reactors offers a wide variety of possible points where versatility can be introduced. This article presents a number of selective and highly efficient gas-liquid-solid and liquid-solid reactions involving a range of reagents and immobilized catalysts. Enantioselective transformations through catalytic hydrogenation and organocatalytic reactions are included, and isotopically labelled compounds and pharmaceutically relevant 1,2,3-triazoles are synthesized in CF reactors. Importantly, the catalyst bed can be changed to a solid-phase peptide synthesis resin, with which peptide synthesis can be performed with the utilization of only 1.5 equivalents of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - György Szőlősi
- MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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25
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Vanoye L, Wang J, Pablos M, Philippe R, Bellefon CD, Favre-Réguillon A. Continuous, Fast, and Safe Aerobic Oxidation of 2-Ethylhexanal: Pushing the Limits of the Simple Tube Reactor for a Gas/Liquid Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jiadi Wang
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mertxe Pablos
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Philippe
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques, UMR 5285, CPE Lyon, 43 bld du 11
nov. 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,
CASER-SITI, 292 rue Saint Martin, 75003 Paris, France
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26
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Flow Synthesis of 2-Methylpyridines via α-Methylation. Molecules 2015; 20:15797-806. [PMID: 26334262 PMCID: PMC6332231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of simple 2-methylpyridines were synthesized in an expedited and convenient manner using a simplified bench-top continuous flow setup. The reactions proceeded with a high degree of selectivity, producing α-methylated pyridines in a much greener fashion than is possible using conventional batch reaction protocols. Eight 2-methylated pyridines were produced by progressing starting material through a column packed with Raney® nickel using a low boiling point alcohol (1-propanol) at high temperature. Simple collection and removal of the solvent gave products in very good yields that were suitable for further use without additional work-up or purification. Overall, this continuous flow method represents a synthetically useful protocol that is superior to batch processes in terms of shorter reaction times, increased safety, avoidance of work-up procedures, and reduced waste. A brief discussion of the possible mechanism(s) of the reaction is also presented which involves heterogeneous catalysis and/or a Ladenberg rearrangement, with the proposed methyl source as C1 of the primary alcohol.
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27
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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28
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Glasnov T. Highlights from the Flow Chemistry Literature 2013 (Part 4). J Flow Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-14-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Liu L, Dong J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yin SF. Cu-mediated nitrogen atom transfer via CN bond cleavage. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9948-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01738f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A nitrogen atom transfer to organic molecules affording aryl nitriles via Cu-mediated C–N triple bond cleavage is firstly developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Jianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Yongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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31
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Xu B, Jiang Q, Zhao A, Jia J, Liu Q, Luo W, Guo C. Copper-catalyzed aerobic conversion of the CO bond of ketones to a CN bond using ammonium salts as the nitrogen source. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11264-7. [PMID: 26081463 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02578h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed conversion of the CO bond of ketones to a CN bond is described using ammonium salts as the nitrogen source in the presence of molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - An Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Weiping Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Cancheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
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32
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Baraldi PT, Noël T, Wang Q, Hessel V. The accelerated preparation of 1,4-dihydropyridines using microflow reactors. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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