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Mishra V, Udaya HS, Anand VG. Tetra S-confused porphyrinoids. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7691-7695. [PMID: 37691458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Maximum confusion in porphyrinoids can be achieved by inter-linking heterocycles only through 2,4-connectivity. 20π confused porphycene and 30π expanded porphycene represent examples with the highest number of confused heterocyclic units in a given macrocycle. They significantly differ from the parent 20π porphycene and 30π hexaphyrin in their structural, electronic and redox properties due to the cross conjugation arising from the 2,4-connectivity of the heterocycle. They have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and their aromatic features have been substantiated by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Hosahalli S Udaya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Venkataramanarao G Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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2
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Białek MJ, Hurej K, Furuta H, Latos-Grażyński L. Organometallic chemistry confined within a porphyrin-like framework. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2082-2144. [PMID: 36852929 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The world of modified porphyrins changed forever when an N-confused porphyrin (NCP), a porphyrin isomer, was first published in 1994. The replacement of one inner nitrogen with a carbon atom revolutionised the chemistry that one is able to perform within the coordination cavity. One could explore new pathways in the organometallic chemistry of porphyrins by forcing a carbon fragment from the ring or an inner substituent to sit close to an inserted metal ion. Since the NCP discovery, a series of modifications became available to tune the coordination properties of the cavity, introducing a fascinating realm of carbaporphyrins. The review surveys all possible carbatetraphyrins(1.1.1.1) and their spectacular coordination and organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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3
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Grover V, Pushpanandan P, Ravikanth M. Piperazine Bridged Thianorrole Dimer. Org Lett 2023; 25:756-760. [PMID: 36722846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative cyclization of open chain thiabilanes yielded the first examples of unique piperazine bridged thianorrole dimers instead of the expected thianorrole monomer. In the thianorrole dimer, the two thianorrole monomeric units are linked via two direct pyrrole C-C bonds by involving the inverted pyrrole and adjacent pyrrole rings of each thianorrole macrocycle and generate a six-membered piperazine ring that bridges the two thianorrole macrocycles. The spectral studies indicated that the thianorrole dimers are nonaromatic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratta Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Poornenth Pushpanandan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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4
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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5
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
A series of tropone-fused porphyrinoids with unique spectroscopic features has been prepared. A dimethyl tropone-fused pyrrole was reacted with lead tetraacetate to give a bis(acetoxymethyl) derivative that condensed with an α-unsubstituted pyrrole tert-butyl ester to form a tripyrrane intermediate. Cleavage of the tert-butyl ester protective groups, followed by condensation with a series of aromatic dialdehydes and oxidation with DDQ, afforded the tropone-fused porphyrinoid systems. Reactions with pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and selenophene dialdehydes gave tropone-fused porphyrins and related heteroporphyrins. In addition, indene, 4-hydroxybenzene, and 3-hydroxypyridine dicarbaldehydes generated examples of carba-, oxybenzi-, and oxypyriporphyrins. The electronic absorption spectra of the tropone-fused porphyrinoids were greatly altered, showing shifts to longer wavelengths and the appearance of strong Q bands between 600 and 800 nm. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were also very unusual, as the internal protons were strongly shifted upfield, in some cases giving rise to resonances that approached -10 ppm. However, the external protons showed reduced downfield shifts compared to porphyrinoids that do not have tropone ring fusion. The profound changes observed for these macrocycles demonstrate that the introduction of fused tropone units, together with other structural changes such as core modification, can provide the means by which porphyrinoids with unique spectroscopic properties can be accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Zhou W, Sarma T, Yang L, Lei C, Sessler JL. Controlled assembly of a bicyclic porphyrinoid and its 3-dimensional boron difluoride arrays. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7276-7282. [PMID: 35799810 PMCID: PMC9214847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A fully conjugated cryptand-like bicyclic porphyrinoid ligand 4, incorporating three carbazole linkages and four dipyrrin moieties, was prepared via the acid-catalysed condensation of an extended 2,2′-bipyrrole analogue containing a central carbazole moiety and 3,4-diethyl-2,5-diformylpyrrole in 79% isolated yield. This new cryptand-like system acts as an effective ligand and allows for complexation of BF2 (boron difluoride) subunits. Three BODIPY arrays, containing two, three, and four BF2 subunits, namely 4·2BF2, 4·3BF2 and 4·4BF2, could thus be isolated from the reaction of 4 with BF3·Et2O in the presence of triethylamine at 110 °C, albeit in relatively low yield. As prepared, bicycle 4 is characterized by a rigid C2 symmetric structure as inferred from VT NMR spectroscopic analyses. In contrast, the three BODIPY-like arrays produced as the result of BF2 complexation are conformationally flexible and unsymmetric in nature as deduced from similar analyses. All four products, namely 4, 4·2BF2, 4·3BF2 and 4·4BF2, were characterized by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Tetramer 4·4BF2 gives rise to a higher extinction coefficient (by 2.5 times) relative to the bis- and tris-BODIPY arrays 4·2BF2 and 4·3BF2. This was taken as evidence for stronger excitonic coupling in the case of 4·4BF2. All three BODIPY-like arrays proved nearly non-fluorescent, as expected given their conformationally mobile nature. The efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also determined for the new BODIPY arrays of this study. A cryptand-like bicyclic porphyrinoid was obtained in preference over the monocyclic porphyrinoid by controlling the reaction stoichiometry and condensation conditions. The cryptand-like species supports formation of multiple 3D BODIPY-like arrays.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
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9
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Extended porphyrinoid chromophores: heteroporphyrins fused to phenanthrene and acenaphthylene. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Chan WL, Xie C, Lo WS, Bünzli JCG, Wong WK, Wong KL. Lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes: synthesis, redox chemistry, photophysical properties, and photonic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12189-12257. [PMID: 34553719 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole derivatives such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and porpholactones, are highly stable macrocyclic compounds that play important roles in many phenomena linked to the development of life. Their complexes with lanthanides are known for more than 60 years and present breath-taking properties such as a range of easily accessible redox states leading to photo- and electro-chromism, paramagnetism, large non-linear optical parameters, and remarkable light emission in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) ranges. They are at the centre of many applications with an increasing focus on their ability to generate singlet oxygen for photodynamic therapy coupled with bioimaging and biosensing properties. This review first describes the synthetic paths leading to lanthanide-tetrapyrrole complexes together with their structures. The initial synthetic protocols were plagued by low yields and long reaction times; they have now been replaced with much more efficient and faster routes, thanks to the stunning advances in synthetic organic chemistry, so that quite complex multinuclear edifices are presently routinely obtained. Aspects such as redox properties, sensitization of NIR-emitting lanthanide ions, and non-linear optical properties are then presented. The spectacular improvements in the quantum yield and brightness of YbIII-containing tetrapyrrole complexes achieved in the past five years are representative of the vitality of the field and open welcome opportunities for the bio-applications described in the last section. Perspectives for the field are vast and exciting as new derivatizations of the macrocycles may lead to sensitization of other LnIII NIR-emitting ions with luminescence in the NIR-II and NIR-III biological windows, while conjugation with peptides and aptamers opens the way for lanthanide-tetrapyrrole theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Lun Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Wai-Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
| | - Wai-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Neo-Porphyrinoids: New Members of the Porphyrinoid Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:26. [PMID: 34009495 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The four pyrrole rings and four meso carbons of tetrapyrrolic porphyrins can be arranged in different ways and the resulting porphyrin isomers exhibit very distinct electronic properties. The extensive research carried out on the porphyrins over the years has revealed that porphyrin can have several possible isomers and some of these have been identified and synthesized. Among the porphyrin isomers synthesized so far, porphycene and N-confused porphyrins have been investigated extensively whereas the other porphyrin isomers such as hemiporphycene, corrphycene and isoporphycene remain underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulties and their inherently unstable nature. Neoporphyrinoids are new members of the porphyrinoid family that were discovered serendipitously in 2011. Neoporphyrinoids are structural analogues of porphyrinoids with a confused pyrrole nitrogen linked to a meso carbon or the adjacent pyrrole carbon. Thus, neoporphyrinoids have an unusual structure in which pyrrole N is a part of a porphyrinoid framework and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen participate in macrocyclic conjugation. It's been a decade since the discovery and different types of neoporphyrinoids, including regular, contracted and expanded neoporphyrinoids, have been synthesized by rational synthetic methodologies and their spectral, structural, aromatic and coordination properties have been studied. There is huge scope to develop different synthetic routes to produce new types of stable neoporphyrinoids to study their properties and potential applications. This article presents a brief overview of the synthesis, structure and properties of the neoporphyrinoids reported in this decade.
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Latham AN, Lash TD. Synthesis and Characterization of N-Methylporphyrins, Heteroporphyrins, Carbaporphyrins, and Related Systems. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13050-13068. [PMID: 32940469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MacDonald-type "3 + 1" condensations of an N-methyltripyrrane with a series of dialdehydes afforded a matched set of N-methylporphyrins, N-methylheteroporphyrins, N-methyloxybenziporphyrin, N-methyloxypyriporphyrin, N-methyltropiporphyrin, and a N-methylcarbaporphyrin aldehyde. meso-Unsubstituted heteroporphyrins have been little explored previously, and this strategy was also used to prepare N-unsubstituted 21-oxa-, 21-thia-, and 21-selenaporphyrins. In every case, the N-methylporphyrinoids exhibited weaker, bathochromically shifted UV-Vis absorptions compared to their core unsubstituted congeners. However, proton NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that these derivatives retained strong diamagnetic ring currents and the presence of the internal alkyl substituents had little effect on the global aromatic characteristics. Nevertheless, the UV-Vis spectra of N-methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyl-oxypyriporphyrins were dramatically altered and gave greatly weakened absorptions. N-Methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyltropiporphyrins reacted with palladium(II) acetate to give stable palladium(II) complexes, demonstrating that N-alkylation alters the metalation properties for these carbaporphyrinoids. The organometallic derivatives also retained strongly aromatic properties, and the proton NMR spectra showed the N-methyl resonances near -3 ppm. N-Methylcarbaporphyrin-2-carbaldehyde also gave a palladium(II) complex, but this gradually rearranged at higher temperatures to afford a C-methyl complex. The results demonstrate that core alkylation of porphyrinoids greatly alters the reactivity and spectroscopic properties for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa N Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Abstract
Examples of internally alkylated azuliporphyrins were prepared by MacDonald-type “3 + 1” condensations. 2-Methyl- and 2-ethylazulene reacted with an acetoxymethylpyrrole in the presence of an acid catalyst to give azulitripyrranes. Following cleavage of the terminal protective groups, condensation with a diformylpyrrole in the presence of hydrochloric acid and oxidation with ferric chloride afforded 21-alkylazuliporphyrins. An azulene dialdehyde similarly reacted with an [Formula: see text]-methyltripyrrane to generate a 23-methylazuliporphyrin. The products could only be isolated in protonated form and the free-base internally alkylated azuliporphyrins proved to be unstable. Nevertheless, the dications are highly diatropic and the internal alkyl group resonances were shifted upfield to beyond -3 ppm. Reaction of a 23-methylazuliporphyrin with palladium(II) acetate primarily afforded a palladium(II) complex with loss of the internal methyl substituent. However, two palladium(II) benzocarbaporphyrins were also identified that were formed by sequential oxidative ring contraction and methyl group migration. Internally alkylated azuliporphyrins provide new insights into the reactivity of the system and the results show that the introduction of alkyl substituents within porphyrinoid cavities greatly modifies the properties of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S. D. Moriones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Alissa N. Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Tyulyaeva EY. Modern Approaches in the Synthesis of Noble Metal Porphyrins for Their Practical Application (Review). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023619140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Almejbel AS, Lash TD. Synthesis of 2-bromo- and 2-phenyl-neo-confused porphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7336-7344. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01642j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New examples of neo-confused porphyrins are reported. These retain global diatropic characteristics but are relatively unstable in solution.
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Current Advances in the Synthesis of Valuable Dipyrromethane Scaffolds: Classic and New Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234348. [PMID: 31795117 PMCID: PMC6930576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the most recent developments on the synthesis of dipyrromethanes, covering classical synthetic strategies, using acid catalyzed condensation of pyrroles and aldehydes or ketones, and recent breakthroughs which allow the synthesis of these type of heterocycles with new substitution patterns.
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Tropylium and Porphyrinoid Character in Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Relative Stability and Aromatic Characteristics of Azuliporphyrin and Tropiporphyrin Tautomers, Protonated Species, and Related Structures. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:230-246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Kumar S, Thorat KG, Lee WZ, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structural, Spectral, and Electrochemical Studies of Selenabenziporphyrin and Its Pd(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8956-8963. [PMID: 29985596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new nonaromatic selenabenziporphyrin was synthesized by (3 + 1) condensation of m-benzitripyrrane and 2,5-bis[( p-tolyl)hydroxymethyl] selenophene under mild trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. The selenabenziporphyrin was characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure revealed that the macrocycle was planar with moderately tilted m-phenylene ring and that the phenylene ring completely blocks the macrocyclic π-delocalization. The selenabenziporphyrin exhibits one broad absorption band at 645 nm along with one sharp band at 415 nm, and electrochemical studies revealed that the macrocycle was electron-deficient. The selenabenziporphyrin readily forms organometallic Pd(II) complex when treated with PdCl2 in CH3CN/CHCl3 at reflux followed by recrystallization. The X-ray structure revealed that the Pd(II) ion was coordinated with two pyrrole "N"s, selenophene "Se", and m-phenylene ring "C" in square-planar fashion, and the complex retained its nonaromatic nature. The Pd(II) complex exhibits ill-defined absorption bands, and it was more electron-deficient than free-base selenabenziporphyrin macrocycle. Time-dependent density functional theory studies supported the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , 88 Section 4 Ting-Chow Road , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan
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19
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Darrow WT, Lash TD. An alternative synthesis of benziporphyrins starting from isophthaloyl chloride. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An alternative route to benziporphyrins has been developed. Reaction of an [Formula: see text]-unsubstituted pyrrole ethyl ester with isophthaloyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride afforded a diketone that underwent selective reduction with diborane to give a benzitripyrrane. Cleavage of the ethyl esters with sodium hydroxide in refluxing ethylene glycol, followed by acid catalyzed condensation with a pyrrole dialdehyde and oxidation with DDQ, generated the targeted benziporphyrin product. Spectrophotometric titration of the benziporphyrin with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) demonstrated the sequential formation of mono- and dicationic species. At lower dilutions, the free base benziporphyrin showed unusually strong [Formula: see text] coupling between two adjacent methyl substituents, indicating that the connecting unit has substantial olefinic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Darrow
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U.S.A
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U.S.A
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20
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Verano AL, Tan DS. Family-level stereoselective synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolomorpholine spiroketal natural product antioxidants. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3687-3693. [PMID: 28845229 PMCID: PMC5571482 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05505b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyranose spiroketal natural products pollenopyrroside A and shensongine A (also known as xylapyrroside A, ent-capparisine B) have been synthesized by stereoselective spirocyclizations of a common C1-functionalized glycal precursor. In conjunction with our previously reported syntheses of the corresponding furanose isomers, this provides a versatile family-level synthesis of the pyrrolomorpholine spiroketal natural products and analogues. In rat mesangial cells, hyperglycemia-induced production of reactive oxygen species, which is implicated in diabetic nephropathy, was inhibited by pollenopyrroside A and shensongine A with mid-μM IC50 values, while unnatural C2-hydroxy analogues exhibited more potent, sub-μM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Verano
- Pharmacology Graduate Program , Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, Box 422 , New York , NY 10065 , USA .
| | - Derek S Tan
- Pharmacology Graduate Program , Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, Box 422 , New York , NY 10065 , USA .
- Chemical Biology Program and Tri-Institutional Research Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , 1275 York Avenue, Box 422 , New York , NY 10065 , USA
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21
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Abstract
The use of cyclic polyene perimeter-model approaches, such as Gouterman's four-orbital model and Michl's perimeter model, to analyze trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of expanded, contracted, and isomeric porphyrins is described with an emphasis on the use of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy to validate the results of TD-DFT calculations. Trends in the electronic structures and optical properties of isomeric porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of porphycenes, corrphycenes, hemiporphycenes, isoporphycenes, N-confused and neoconfused porphyrins, and norroles, whereas those of ring-contracted porphyrins are examined by comparing the properties of subporphyrins, triphyrins, and vacataporphyrins. The ring-expanded compounds that are examined include cyclo[n]pyrroles, [22]pentaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1), sapphyrins, smaragdyrins, isosmaragdyrins, orangarins, ozaphyrins, [26]hexaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1), rubyrins, rosarins, amethyrins, isoamethyrins, bronzaphyrins, and doubly N-confused hexaphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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22
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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24
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Rao Y, Kim T, Park KH, Peng F, Liu L, Liu Y, Wen B, Liu S, Kirk SR, Wu L, Chen B, Ma M, Zhou M, Yin B, Zhang Y, Kim D, Song J. π-Extended “Earring” Porphyrins with Multiple Cavities and Near-Infrared Absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Fulei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Shubin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
- Division of Research Computing; Information Technology Services; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Steven Robert Kirk
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Licheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); 15 Yucai Road Guilin 541004 China
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
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25
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Rao Y, Kim T, Park KH, Peng F, Liu L, Liu Y, Wen B, Liu S, Kirk SR, Wu L, Chen B, Ma M, Zhou M, Yin B, Zhang Y, Kim D, Song J. π-Extended “Earring” Porphyrins with Multiple Cavities and Near-Infrared Absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6438-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Fulei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Shubin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
- Division of Research Computing; Information Technology Services; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Steven Robert Kirk
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Licheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education); 15 Yucai Road Guilin 541004 China
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China); Key Laboratory of Application and Assemble of Organic Functional Molecules; Hunan Normal University; Changsha 410081 China
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26
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Li M, Wei P, Ishida M, Li X, Savage M, Guo R, Ou Z, Yang S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Macrocyclic Transformations from Norrole to Isonorrole and an N-Confused Corrole with a Fused Hexacyclic Ring System Triggered by a Pyrrole Substituent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Mathew Savage
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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27
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Li M, Wei P, Ishida M, Li X, Savage M, Guo R, Ou Z, Yang S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Macrocyclic Transformations from Norrole to Isonorrole and an N-Confused Corrole with a Fused Hexacyclic Ring System Triggered by a Pyrrole Substituent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3063-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Mathew Savage
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester m139pl UK
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices and Center for Molecular Systems; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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28
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Gadekar SC, Reddy BK, Panchal SP, Anand VG. Metal assisted cyclomerization of benzodipyrrins into expanded norroles, aza-heptalene and acyclic dimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4565-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of metal salt, N-confused monobenzo-dipyrrin cyclomerize to yield an unusual acyclic dimer and an expanded norrole, while doubly N-confused monobenzo and dibenzo-dipyrrins cyclodimerized into aza-heptalene and acyclic dimer respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh C. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - Baddigam K. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - Santosh P. Panchal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune – 411008
- India
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29
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. In Pursuit of Novel Porphyrin Isomers. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Conjugated Tetrapyrroles with Two Neo-Confused Rings or with Mixed Neo-Confused and N-Confused Subunits. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11440-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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30
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Zhang K, Zhang J, Li X, Guo R, Ågren H, Ou Z, Ishida M, Furuta H, Xie Y. Synthesis of a Neo-Confused Octaphyrin and the Formation of Its Mononuclear Complexes. Org Lett 2015; 17:4806-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Junda Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Se-10691, Sweden
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Se-10691, Sweden
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Center
for Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular
Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Center
for Molecular Systems, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular
Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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31
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Lash TD, Colby DA, El-Beck JA, AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM. Preparation, Structural Characterization, Assessment of Potential Antiaromaticity and Metalation of 21-Oxyazuliporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9174-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Jessica A. El-Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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32
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Stateman LM, Lash TD. Syntheses of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems Using a Carbatripyrrin Methodology. Org Lett 2015; 17:4522-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Stateman
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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33
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Gadekar SC, Reddy BK, Anand VG. Metal assisted cyclodimerization of doubly N-confused dipyrrins into planar aza-heptalenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8342-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01367d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Doubly N-confused dipyrrin undergoes intermolecular cyclodimerization with metal salts to form π extended planar aza-heptalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh C. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - Baddigam Kiran Reddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Pune – 411008
- India
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34
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Fosu SC, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis and Metalation of Dimethoxybenziporphyrins, Thiabenziporphyrins, and Dibenziporphyrins. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11061-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy C. Fosu
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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35
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Wei P, Zhang K, Li X, Meng D, Ågren H, Ou Z, Ng S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Neo-Fused Hexaphyrin: A Molecular Puzzle Containing an N-Linked Pentaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14069-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Wei P, Zhang K, Li X, Meng D, Ågren H, Ou Z, Ng S, Furuta H, Xie Y. Neo-Fused Hexaphyrin: A Molecular Puzzle Containing an N-Linked Pentaphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Previous attempts to prepare tropone-fused carbaporphyrins by reacting peroxides with azuliporphyrins under basic conditions afforded benzocarbaporphyrins instead. In this study, a methoxyazulitripyrrane condensed with a pyrrole dialdehyde in the presence of TFA, followed by oxidation with ferric chloride, to give a tropone-fused carbaporphyrin following a spontaneous demethylation. The porphyrinoid gave a modified UV-vis spectrum showing multiple bands in the Soret region, and the proton NMR spectrum showed that it has a reduced diamagnetic ring current in comparison to other carbaporphyrins. The tropone-fused derivative failed to react with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and potassium hydroxide, demonstrating that this type of structure is not an intermediate in the formation of benzocarbaporphyrins. However, the reaction with silver(I) acetate gave the corresponding silver(III) complex. Condensation of the methoxyazulitripyrrane with 2,5-thiophenedicarbaldehyde gave a related tropone-fused thiacarbaporphyrin together with a methoxythiaazuliporphyrin. Treatment of the carbaporphyrins with DBU resulted in the formation of anionic species, while addition of acid afforded dicationic structures. DFT studies were performed on a series of tautomers, protonated species, and anionic structures related to these tropone-fused carbaporphyrins, and NICS calculations were carried out. These results allowed favorable conjugation pathways to be identified. In addition, these studies predicted that protonation initially occurs on the carbonyl moiety rather than on the expected interior pyrrolenine nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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