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Son JH, Cheung A, Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction Inspired Nitroso Diels-Alder Reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 69:152951. [PMID: 33854257 PMCID: PMC8039969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A Davis-Beirut reaction inspired nitroso Diels-Alder protocol is reported. The starting material for the procedure is a nitrophenyl moiety with the para position appropriately substituted with a 2°-amine (see 5) or 2°-alcohol (see 6). Deprotonation at the benzylic position followed by concomitant oxidation of the benzylic position and reduction of the nitro moiety delivers a nitrosophenyl intermediate, which subsequently undergoes a nitroso Diels-Alder reaction. This one-pot procedure delivers aryldihydro-1,2-oxazines in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
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2
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Abstract
Imines, versatile intermediates for organic synthesis, can be exploited for the
preparation of diverse classes of biologically active benzazoles. Because of the special
characteristics of the C=N bond, imines can be simultaneously used in the synthesis of
1,3-benzazoles and 1,2-benzazoles. With the development of imine synthesis, a variety of
novel cascade reactions for benzazole synthesis have been reported in the last decade.
Therefore, there is a strong need to elucidate the recent progress in the formation of various
classes of benzazoles, including benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, indazoles,
and benzisoxazoles, via imines obtained by condensation reactions or oxidative/
redox coupling reactions In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of this
area. In particular, various green and mild synthetic methodologies are summarized, and
the multiple roles of novel catalysts and significant mechanisms for several transformations are highlighted in
detail. We believe that this review will aid researchers studying the synthesis of complex molecules containing
the benzazole motif via imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengbi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingbo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhuang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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3
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Geng X, Liu S, Wang W, Qu J, Wang B. tert-Amino Effect-Promoted Rearrangement of Aryl Isothiocyanate: A Versatile Approach to Benzimidazothiazepines and Benzimidazothioethers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12635-12643. [PMID: 32875799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical approach to benzimidazothiazepine and benzimidazothioether derivatives via an intramolecular nucleophilic addition/ring expansion rearrangement of aryl isothiocyanates promoted by the tert-amino effect has been developed. This reaction is catalyzed by low-cost camphorsulfonic acid and tolerates a broad substrate scope with complete atom economy. Structurally intriguing benzimidazothiazepine and benzimidazothioether products could be easily obtained by a simple operation in good to excellent yield (up to 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P. R. China
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4
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Baghery S, Zarei M, Zolfigol MA, Mallakpour S, Behranvand V. Application of trityl moieties in chemical processes: part I. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Raut S, Tidke A, Dhotre B, Arif PM. Different Strategies to the Synthesis of Indazole and its Derivatives: A Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190430160324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, works of various researchers working on the synthesis of indazole and their related compound are cited. The review comprises of methodologies for the synthesis of 1H and 2H indazole derivatives, along with some pharmacological activities. In this review, research papers published in various peer-reviewed journals between the year 2000 and year 2017 are enlisted in alphabetical order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Raut
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
| | - Atul Tidke
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
| | | | - Pathan Mohd Arif
- Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Rouza Bagh, Aurangabad (M.S.), India
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6
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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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7
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Zhang R, Liu Z, Peng Q, Zhou Y, Xu L, Pan X. Access to 2-substituted-2H-indazoles via a copper-catalyzed regioselective cross-coupling reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:1816-1822. [PMID: 29479627 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A CuCl catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reaction using commercially available 1H-indazoles with diaryliodonium salts is described. The methodology features ample structural versatility, affording 2-substituted-2H-indazole in good yields and complete N(2)-regiocontrol. Furthermore, the utility of the reaction was demonstrated in the synthesis of a known estrogen receptor β agonist. Mechanistic studies using density functional theory calculations suggested that the complete regioselectivity can be attributed to the only weak base TfO- in our system which could not deprotonate indazoles, and the catalyst oxidation process would be the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, China
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8
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Peng Y, He Q, Zhang X, Yang C. Pd-Catalyzed intramolecular C–H activation and C–S formation to synthesize pyrazolo[5,1- b]benzothiazoles without an additional oxidant. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00484j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of pyrazolo[5,1-b]benzothiazole scaffold via Pd-catalyzed intramolecular C–H activation and C–S formation was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Chunhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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9
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Zhu JS, Son JH, Teuthorn AP, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ, Tantillo DJ. Diverting Reactive Intermediates Toward Unusual Chemistry: Unexpected Anthranil Products from Davis-Beirut Reaction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10875-10882. [PMID: 28922917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new variation on the Davis-Beirut reaction is described in which an atypical heterocyclic framework (the anthranil or benzo[c]isoxazole framework) is formed as the result of diversion of a key reactive intermediate away from its expected reactivity-a potentially general approach to reaction design and development. Experimental and computational support for the proposed mechanism and origins of altered reactivity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
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10
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El-Dakdouki MH, Hussein A, Abdallah H, Shatila R, Mouneimne Y. Synthesis of novel 2H-indazole analogues via the Davis-Beirut reaction and conjugation onto magnetic nanoparticles. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Remennikov GY. Synthesis of fused pyrazoles via intramolecular cyclization of appropriately ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitroheteroarenes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ryan JH, Smith JA, Hyland C, Meyer AG, Williams CC, Bissember AC, Just J. Seven-Membered Rings. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100024-3.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Inhibition of myeloperoxidase: evaluation of 2H-indazoles and 1H-indazolones. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6422-9. [PMID: 25438766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) produces hypohalous acids as a key component of the innate immune response; however, release of these acids extracellularly results in inflammatory cell and tissue damage. The two-step, one-pot Davis-Beirut reaction was used to synthesize a library of 2H-indazoles and 1H-indazolones as putative inhibitors of MPO. A structure-activity relationship study was undertaken wherein compounds were evaluated utilizing taurine-chloramine and MPO-mediated H2O2 consumption assays. Docking studies as well as toxicophore and Lipinski analyses were performed. Fourteen compounds were found to be potent inhibitors with IC50 values <1μM, suggesting these compounds could be considered as potential modulators of pro-oxidative tissue injury pertubated by the inflammatory MPO/H2O2/HOCl/HOBr system.
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Saikia AK, Unnava R, Indukuri K, Sarkar S. Regioselective one-pot, three-component synthesis of substituted 2H-indazoles from 2-nitroarylaldehyde, alkyne and amine catalyzed by the CuBr/Zn(OTf)2 system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(Arylethynyl)-2H-indazoles are synthesized in one-pot using 2-nitroarylaldehydes, primary amines and alkynes catalysed by the Zn(OTf)2/CuBr system in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Saikia
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati, India
| | | | - Kiran Indukuri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati, India
| | - Sujit Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati, India
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