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Li S, Lian C, Yue G, Zhang J, Qiu D, Mo F. Transition Metal Free Stannylation of Alkyl Halides: The Rapid Synthesis of Alkyltrimethylstannanes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4291-4297. [PMID: 35258313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal free stannylation reaction of alkyl bromides and iodides with hexamethyldistannane has been developed. This protocol is operationally convenient and features a rapid reaction and good functional group tolerance. A wide range of functionalized primary and secondary alkyl and benzyl trimethyl stannanes are prepared in moderate to excellent yields. The success of the gram-scale procedure and tandem Stille coupling reaction has allowed this protocol to demonstrate potential for application in organic synthesis. Both experimental and theoretical studies reveal the mechanistic details of this stannylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chang Lian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanglu Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21116-21149. [PMID: 33629454 PMCID: PMC8382814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated Giese reactions are at the forefront of radical chemistry, much like the classical tin-mediated Giese reactions were nearly forty years ago. With the global recognition of organometallic photocatalysts for the mild and tunable generation of carbon-centered radicals, chemists have developed a torrent of strategies to form previously inaccessible radical intermediates that are capable of engaging in intermolecular conjugate addition reactions. This Review summarizes advances in photoredox-mediated Giese reactions since 2013, with a focus on the breadth of methods that provide access to crucial carbon-centered radical intermediates that can engage in radical conjugate addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox‐Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry Duke University Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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Petroselli M, Angamuthu V, Rahman FU, Zhao X, Yu Y, Rebek J. Radical Reactions in Cavitands Unveil the Effects of Affinity on Dynamic Supramolecular Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2396-2403. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Petroselli
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Venkatachalam Angamuthu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xinluo Zhao
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Rabiee N, Safarkhani M, Amini MM. Investigating the structural chemistry of organotin(IV) compounds: recent advances. REV INORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2018-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganotin(IV) compounds have been considered for their outstanding industrial, medical and specific applications in the synthesis of various types of chemical compounds. In this review, we have focused on the structural chemistry of organotin(IV) compounds, including coordination chemistry, the effect of structure on reactions, bond formations from the perspective of structure and investigation of the structure of organotin(IV) compounds in different phases. The structural chemistry of organotin(IV) compounds is subject to interest due to their major impact on predicting the properties and drumming up support for pushing back the frontiers of synthesis of organotin(IV) compounds with advanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Chemistry, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa M. Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Phone: +98-21-29903109, Fax: +9-21-22431663
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Bowry VW, Chatgilialoglu C. Radical Arene Addition vs Radical Reduction: Why Organometal Hydride Chain Reactions Stop and How To Make Them Go. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10037-10050. [PMID: 30028610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonideal kinetic chain analysis was used to examine the kinetic limitations of free-radical synthesis. Homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS: ArH + R• → ArR + H•) occurs in a chain-terminating side reaction to the tributyltin hydride ( SnH) reduction chain (RX + SnH + ( i•)cat. → RH + SnX). Kinetic modeling of premixed and slow reagent addition reactions have clarified the mechanisms of SM HAS, with the azo initiator ( iNN i) acting not only as radical source but also (as an H• acceptor) as the redox catalyst for aromatization, and/or as a postaddition oxidant. Refractory halides and other hitherto baffling anomalies may arise from the build up of ipso (rather than ortho)-cycloadduct radicals in the steady-state radical population. The implications of these findings for "tin-free" radical chains (and emerging photoredox methods) are considered via historical and recent examples of the effects of chain-degrading radical transfer (to substrate, product, solvent, initiator, and/or reagent ligands) on the reagent's chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W Bowry
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via P. Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
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Povie G, Suravarapu SR, Bircher MP, Mojzes MM, Rieder S, Renaud P. Radical chain repair: The hydroalkylation of polysubstituted unactivated alkenes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat6031. [PMID: 30035230 PMCID: PMC6054511 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of repair is widely used by nature to heal molecules such as proteins, lipids, sugars, and DNA that are damaged by hydrogen atom abstraction resulting from oxidative stress. We show that this strategy, rather undocumented in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, can be used in a radical chain reaction to enable notoriously intractable transformations. By overcoming the radical chain inhibitor properties of substituted alkenes, the radical-mediated hydroalkylation of mono-, di-, tri-, and even tetrasubstituted unactivated olefins could be performed under mild conditions. With a remarkable functional group tolerance, this reaction provides a general coupling method for the derivatization of olefin-containing natural products.
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Chatgilialoglu C, Bowry VW. Why Not Trans? Inhibited Radical Isomerization Cycles and Coupling Chains of Lipids and Alkenes with Alkane -thiols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9178-9189. [PMID: 29894181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition of thiyl radicals to cis fatty acids converts them into trans fatty acids, L Z + S• ⇄ SL• ⇄ L E + S•, in a cycle that, uninterrupted, would rapidly isomerize lipids exposed to radicals and thiols. One reason this does not happen in foods and organisms is because the cycle is interrupted, by exothermic allylic abstraction, L + S• → L• + SH. Autoinhibition limits the cis-trans cycle length to around 400-500 (L E per S•) in a MUFA model (methyl oleate) and just ∼13-15 in a PUFA lipid model (methyl linoleate). The weak C-H bonds in bisallylic groups in PUFAs thereby act as the first line of defense against thiyl cis-trans cycles in biolipid solutions (±O2). With the intriguing exception of vitamin E in MUFA, thiyl-active antioxidants inhibit isomerization in much the same way as they protect against peroxidation. Applied to thiol-ene coupling (TEC), the allylic abstraction, degraded-chain paradigm resolved a raft of hitherto contradictory trends and findings in "click" TEC polymerization and organic synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent W Bowry
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via P, Gobetti 101 , Bologna 40129 , Italy
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Curran DP, McFadden TR. Understanding Initiation with Triethylboron and Oxygen: The Differences between Low-Oxygen and High-Oxygen Regimes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7741-52. [PMID: 27243276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified kinetic theory for both initiation and autoxidation reactions of Et3B and O2 is put forth, and then divided into low-oxygen and high-oxygen experimental regimes for application of Et3B/O2 as an initiating system. In the low-oxygen regime, only long, efficient chains can be initiated. In the high-oxygen regime, less efficient chains can be initiated but they must compete with autoxidation. We apply the analysis along with new experimental results to show why AIBN and Et3B/O2 give different stereochemical results in hydrostannation reactions of propargyl silyl ethers. Counterintuitively, AIBN is the better initiator, initiating both the rapid chain hydrostannation and the subsequent slow E/Z isomerization. AIBN gives the thermodynamic results. Et3B/O2 is the poorer initiator, initiating only the hydrostannation and not the isomerization. Et3B gives the kinetic result. We further apply the analysis to understand recent results in Et3B/water reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Timothy R McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Methoxycarbonyl migration in 3-methylene-1,4-cyclohexadienes. An extension of the von Auwers rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Catalysis of Radical Reactions: A Radical Chemistry Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:58-102. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Studer A, Curran DP. Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen: Konzepte aus Sicht der Radikalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kawamoto T, Geib SJ, Curran DP. Radical Reactions of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes with Organic Nitriles: Cyanation of NHC-Boranes and Reductive Decyanation of Malononitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8617-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Steven J. Geib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Dennis P. Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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