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He HY, Niikura H, Du YL, Ryan KS. Synthetic and biosynthetic routes to nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2991-3046. [PMID: 35311838 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is a core feature of diverse functional groups like hydrazines, nitrosamines, diazos, and pyrazoles. Such functional groups are found in >300 known natural products. Such N-N bond-containing functional groups are also found in significant percentage of clinical drugs. Therefore, there is wide interest in synthetic and enzymatic methods to form nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. In this review, we summarize synthetic and biosynthetic approaches to diverse nitrogen-nitrogen-bond-containing functional groups, with a focus on biosynthetic pathways and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Haruka Niikura
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Chang CF, Flaxman HA, Woo CM. Enantioselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Sanglifehrin A and B and Analogs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17045-17052. [PMID: 34014025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sanglifehrin A and B are immunosuppressive macrocyclic natural products endowed with and differentiated by a unique spirocyclic lactam. Herein, we report an enantioselective total synthesis and biological evaluation of sanglifehrin A and B and analogs. Access to the spirocyclic lactam was achieved through convergent assembly of a key pyranone intermediate followed by a stereo-controlled spirocyclization. The 22-membered macrocyclic core was synthesized by ring-closing metathesis in the presence of 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzeneboronic acid (BFBB). The spirocyclic lactam and macrocycle fragments were united by a Stille coupling to furnish sanglifehrin A and B. Additional sanglifehrin B analogs with variation at the C40 position were additionally prepared. Biological evaluation revealed that the 2-CF3 analog of sanglifehrin B exhibited higher anti-proliferative activity than the natural products sanglifehrin A and B in Jurkat cells. Both natural products induced higher-order homodimerization of cyclophilin A (CypA), but only sanglifehrin A promoted CypA complexation with inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2). The synthesis reported herein will enable further evaluation of the spirolactam and its contribution to sanglifehrin-dependent immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fu Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Hope A Flaxman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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7
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Freiberg MS, Chang CCH, Skanderson M, Patterson OV, DuVall SL, Brandt CA, So-Armah KA, Vasan RS, Oursler KA, Gottdiener J, Gottlieb S, Leaf D, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Tracy RP, Gibert CL, Rimland D, Bedimo RJ, Brown ST, Goetz MB, Warner A, Crothers K, Tindle HA, Alcorn C, Bachmann JM, Justice AC, Butt AA. Association Between HIV Infection and the Risk of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Preserved Ejection Fraction in the Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Results From the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 2:536-546. [PMID: 28384660 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Importance With improved survival, heart failure (HF) has become a major complication for individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is unclear if this risk extends to different types of HF in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Determining whether HIV infection is associated with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), or both is critical because HF types differ with respect to underlying mechanism, treatment, and prognosis. Objectives To investigate whether HIV infection increases the risk of future HFrEF and HFpEF and to assess if this risk varies by sociodemographic and HIV-specific factors. Design, Setting, and Participants This study evaluated 98 015 participants without baseline cardiovascular disease from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, an observational cohort of HIV-infected veterans and uninfected veterans matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site, enrolled on or after April 1, 2003, and followed up through September 30, 2012. The dates of the analysis were October 2015 to November 2016. Exposure Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes included HFpEF (EF≥50%), borderline HFpEF (EF 40%-49%), HFrEF (EF<40%), and HF of unknown type (EF missing). Results Among 98 015 participants, the mean (SD) age at enrollment in the study was 48.3 (9.8) years, 97.0% were male, and 32.2% had HIV infection. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, there were 2636 total HF events (34.6% were HFpEF, 15.5% were borderline HFpEF, 37.1% were HFrEF, and 12.8% were HF of unknown type). Compared with uninfected veterans, HIV-infected veterans had an increased risk of HFpEF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.41), borderline HFpEF (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72), and HFrEF (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.40-1.86). The risk of HFrEF was pronounced in veterans younger than 40 years at baseline (HR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.95-6.58). Among HIV-infected veterans, time-updated HIV-1 RNA viral load of at least 500 copies/mL compared with less than 500 copies/mL was associated with an increased risk of HFrEF, and time-updated CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 compared with at least 500 cells/mm3 was associated with an increased risk of HFrEF and HFpEF. Conclusions and Relevance Individuals who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of HFpEF, borderline HFpEF, and HFrEF compared with uninfected individuals. The increased risk of HFrEF can manifest decades earlier than would be expected in a typical uninfected population. Future research should focus on prevention, risk stratification, and identification of the mechanisms for HFrEF and HFpEF in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Freiberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee2Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville
| | - Chung-Chou H Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Skanderson
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven
| | - Olga V Patterson
- Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City6Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Scott L DuVall
- Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City6Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Cynthia A Brandt
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven7Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kaku A So-Armah
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kris Ann Oursler
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore11Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland12Division of Cardiology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Gottdiener
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Stephen Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - David Leaf
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Barradas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas15Division of Infectious Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Cynthia L Gibert
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC18Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - David Rimland
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia20Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roger J Bedimo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas
| | - Sheldon T Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York23Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Matthew Bidwell Goetz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles24Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alberta Warner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles25Division of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristina Crothers
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles Alcorn
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin M Bachmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amy C Justice
- Research Division, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven29Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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