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Maruoka K, Suzuki R, Kamishima T, Koseki Y, Ngoc Dao AT, Murafuji T, Kasai H. Total Synthesis of Azulene Derivative, a Blue Pigment Isolated from Lactarius indigo, and Colorant Application of Its Aqueous Dispersion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37437259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Safety concerns in the food industry have increased the demand for natural food colorants. However, the application ranges of natural blue colorants are insufficient because they are scarce in nature, and the currently available natural blue dyes are limited to water-soluble products. In this study, we investigated a fat-soluble azulene derivative isolated from the mushroom Lactarius indigo as a potential candidate for a natural blue colorant. We developed its first total synthesis, where the azulene skeleton was constructed from a pyridine derivative and an ethynyl group was converted into an isopropenyl group using zirconium complexes. Moreover, nanoparticles of the azulene derivative were prepared via reprecipitation method, and their colorant ability was investigated in aqueous solutions. The new candidate food colorant exhibited a deep-blue color in an organic solvent and aqueous dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Maruoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuju Suzuki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kamishima
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Koseki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Anh Thi Ngoc Dao
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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2
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Ding W, Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhan CG. Assessment of the performance of six indices in predicating the aromaticity of planar porphyrinoids. J Mol Model 2023; 29:83. [PMID: 36862263 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND RESULTS Aromaticity is a fundamental chemical concept that has been widely used in explaining the reactivity, stability, structure, and magnetic properties of many molecules such as conjugated macrocycles, metal heterocyclic compounds, and certain metal clusters. Porphyrinoids (including porphyrin) are of particular interest in terms of diverse aromaticity. Various indices therefore have been used to predict the aromaticity of porphyrin-like macrocycles. However, the reliability of these indices for porphyinoids is always questionable. In order to assess the performance of the indices, we have selected six representative indices to predict the aromaticity of 35 porphyrinoids. The calculated values were then compared with the corresponding results obtained from experiments. Our studies suggest that the theoretical prediction by nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS), topology of the induced magnetic field (TIMF), anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD), and gauge including magnetically induced current method (GIMIC) are essentially consistent with experimental evidence in all 35 cases and thus are preferred indices. COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES Based on density functional theory, the performance of the NICS, TIMF, AICD, GIMIC, harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), and multicenter bond order (MCBO) indices were evaluated theoretically. Molecular geometries were optimized at the M06-2X/6-311G** level. NMR calculations using GIAO or CGST method were performed at the M06-2X/6-311G** level. The above calculations were carried out using Gaussian16 suite. The TIMF, GIMIC, HOMA, and MCBO indices were obtained using the Multiwfn program. The AICD outputs were visualized using the POV-Ray software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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3
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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4
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Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Doubly Fused Phenothiazine-Embedded Dithiasapphyrins. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15837-15844. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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5
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Cramer EK, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Oxyquinoliziniporphyrins: Introduction of a Heterocyclic Dimension to Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Org Lett 2022; 24:5402-5406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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6
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Sahoo S, Jana M, Rath H. Tailor-made aromatic porphyrinoids with NIR absorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1834-1859. [PMID: 35028653 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highlight of this article is the recent progress in the state-of-the-art synthetic design and isolation of artificial porphyrinoids by swapping pyrrole component(s) with diverse functionalized pyrrolic(heterocyclic)/carbacycle building block(s) to compare the impact on the electronic absorption spectra and aromaticity of the incorporated isomeric/expanded porphyrinoids. Attention has been directed towards five distinct criteria of utilizing functionalized pyrrolic(heterocyclic)/aromatic hydrocarbons as synthons for NIR absorbing aromatic isomeric (N-confusion)/expanded porphyrinoids (with five/six heterocycles): (i) fused or annelated pyrrole (heterocycle), (ii) functionalized bi-pyrrole/bi-thiophene/bi-furan building blocks, (iii) azulene based carbacycle building block, (iv) vinylogous aromatic carbacycle/heterocycle(s) building block and (v) N-confused pyrrole ring(s), and N-confused fused pyrrole ring(s) leading to π-extension. These hybrid porphyrinoids are ideal candidates for basic research into macrocyclic aromaticity and for many potential applications owing to NIR absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
| | - Manik Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
| | - Harapriya Rath
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja S. C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 032, India.
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7
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Sinha A, Kumar A, Ravikanth M. Bis‐
(Dibenzothiophene) Embedded Hexaphyrins: Synthesis, Structure and Properties. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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8
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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9
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Dunås P, Murfin LC, Nilsson OJ, Jame N, Lewis SE, Kann N. Azulene Functionalization by Iron-Mediated Addition to a Cyclohexadiene Scaffold. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13453-13465. [PMID: 33085490 PMCID: PMC7660747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of azulenes via reaction with cationic η5-iron carbonyl diene complexes under mild reaction conditions is demonstrated. A range of azulenes, including derivatives of naturally occurring guaiazulene, were investigated in reactions with three electrophilic iron complexes of varying electronic properties, affording the desired coupling products in 43-98% yield. The products were examined with UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy and showed interesting halochromic properties. Decomplexation and further derivatization of the products provide access to several different classes of 1-substituted azulenes, including a conjugated ketone and a fused tetracycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dunås
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lloyd C. Murfin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Oscar J. Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Jame
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Centre
for Sustainable Circular Technologies, University
of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Convocation Avenue, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Nina Kann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Abstract
Examples of internally alkylated azuliporphyrins were prepared by MacDonald-type “3 + 1” condensations. 2-Methyl- and 2-ethylazulene reacted with an acetoxymethylpyrrole in the presence of an acid catalyst to give azulitripyrranes. Following cleavage of the terminal protective groups, condensation with a diformylpyrrole in the presence of hydrochloric acid and oxidation with ferric chloride afforded 21-alkylazuliporphyrins. An azulene dialdehyde similarly reacted with an [Formula: see text]-methyltripyrrane to generate a 23-methylazuliporphyrin. The products could only be isolated in protonated form and the free-base internally alkylated azuliporphyrins proved to be unstable. Nevertheless, the dications are highly diatropic and the internal alkyl group resonances were shifted upfield to beyond -3 ppm. Reaction of a 23-methylazuliporphyrin with palladium(II) acetate primarily afforded a palladium(II) complex with loss of the internal methyl substituent. However, two palladium(II) benzocarbaporphyrins were also identified that were formed by sequential oxidative ring contraction and methyl group migration. Internally alkylated azuliporphyrins provide new insights into the reactivity of the system and the results show that the introduction of alkyl substituents within porphyrinoid cavities greatly modifies the properties of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S. D. Moriones
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Alissa N. Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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11
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Lash TD, Stateman LM, AbuSalim DI. Synthesis of Azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) and Related Benzocarbatriphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14733-14744. [PMID: 31608646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bis(pyrrolylmethyl)azulene dialdehydes underwent intramolecular McMurry coupling, and following oxidation with DDQ and addition of trifluoroacetic acid, gave aromatic azulitriphyrin cations. The proton NMR spectra for these contracted carbaporphyrinoids showed the internal CH upfield at ca. 2 ppm, while the bridging methine units appeared downfield between 8 and 10 ppm, demonstrating that the macrocycles possess significant 14π electron diamagnetic ring currents. Although protonated azulitriphyrins(1.2.1) proved to be very stable, the free base forms were unstable and could not be isolated. Treatment of an azulitriphyrin with KOt-Bu-t-BuOOH gave rise to oxidative ring contractions that afforded the first examples of benzocarbatriphyrins. These contracted porphyrinoids also exhibit aromatic ring currents, and the internal CH resonances shifted upfield to 0.5-0.7 ppm. Protonation afforded cations with slightly enhanced diatropic properties. Nucleus independent chemical shift and anisotropy of induced current density calculations confirmed that benzocarbatriphyrins are 14π electron delocalized aromatic systems that bypass the fused arene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Leah M Stateman
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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12
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Noboa MA, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Azulichlorins and Benzocarbachlorins Derived Therefrom. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11649-11664. [PMID: 31429281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed condensation of azulidipyrrane aldehydes with a dihydrodipyrrin carbaldehyde afforded the first examples of azulichlorins. These macrocyclic products were isolated in a monoprotonated form, and the free bases proved to be somewhat unstable. The monocations were strongly diatropic, and proton NMR spectroscopy showed the internal C-H at ca. -2 ppm. Addition of TFA gave the related dications, but these exhibited significantly reduced aromatic ring currents. Reaction of an azulichlorin with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and KOH in dichloromethane/methanol gave a benzocarbachlorin and two related aldehydes. The UV-vis spectrum for the benzocarbachlorin showed a split Soret band at 414 and 430 nm, together with a strong chlorin-like absorption at 684 nm. The proton NMR spectrum indicated that the carbachlorin is strongly aromatic and the internal C-H was observed at -4.64 ppm. Addition of TFA afforded a C-protonated dication with a significantly increased diatropic ring current. The proton NMR spectrum, NICS calculations, and AICD plots indicated that the system favors a 22π electron delocalization pathway that runs through the fused benzo unit. Addition of TFA to the benzocarbachlorin aldehydes primarily led to the formation of monocations, and the generation of C-protonated dications was no longer favored due to the presence of electron-withdrawing formyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Noboa
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry , Illinois State University , Normal , Illinois 61790-4160 , United States
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13
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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Tropylium and Porphyrinoid Character in Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Relative Stability and Aromatic Characteristics of Azuliporphyrin and Tropiporphyrin Tautomers, Protonated Species, and Related Structures. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:230-246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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14
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Lash TD, Fosu SC, Smolczyk TJ, AbuSalim DI. Synthesis of Expanded Porphyrinoids with Azulene and Indene Subunits and an opp-Dioxadicarbaporphyrin from Fulvene Carbinols and a Dioxacarbatripyrrin. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12619-12631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Stacy C. Fosu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Tyler J. Smolczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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15
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Ahmad S, Singhal A, Nisa K, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Core-Modified Azuliporphyrinogens and Benziporphyrinogens and Corresponding Carbaporphyrinoids. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11333-11340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - S. M. S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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16
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Jamali S, Mousavi NA, Bagherzadeh M, Kia R, Samouei H. Stimuli-responsive emissive behavior of 1- and 1,3-connectivities in azulene-based imine ligands: cycloplatination and Pt-Tl dative bond formation. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:11327-11334. [PMID: 28809415 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of two new azulene-based imine ligands N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-6-tBu-1-azulenylmethaneimine, 3, and N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-6-tBu-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyliminomethyl)-1-azulenylmethaneimine, 4, is described. These imine ligands display stimuli responsive emissive behavior and their fluorescence can be switched on and off by protonation and neutralization with trifluoroacetic acid and trimethylamine, respectively. The cyclometalation of the monoimine ligand by platinum gave the cyclometalated complex [PtMe(SMe2)(3')], 5, (where the prime denotes the cyclometalated ligand 3). The reaction of 5 with TlPF6 yields the trinuclear bent Pt2Tl complex {[PtMe(SMe2)(3')]2(μ-Tl)}PF6, 6, via Pt-Tl dative bonds. The compounds 3-6 were characterized using NMR spectroscopy and the solid-state structures of 5 and 6 were further determined by X-ray crystallography. The electronic absorption spectra of the species 3-H+, 4-H+, 5 and 6 were obtained and compared with those observed for the parent species 3 and 4. DFT and TD-DFT calculations are used to elucidate the origin of the electronic transitions in monoimine ligand 3 and its protonated form 3-H+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Narita M, Murafuji T, Yamashita S, Fujinaga M, Hiyama K, Oka Y, Tani F, Kamijo S, Ishiguro K. Synthesis of 2-Iodoazulenes by the Iododeboronation of Azulen-2-ylboronic Acid Pinacol Esters with Copper(I) Iodide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1298-1303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Narita
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Yamashita
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hiyama
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yurie Oka
- Graduate
School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ishiguro
- Graduate
School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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18
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Pokharel K, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Late transition metal complexes of oxypyriporphyrin and the platinum(II) complex of oxybenziporphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Even though oxypyriporphyrin, a pyridone-containing porphyrinoid system, has the equivalent coordination core to true porphyrins, its coordination chemistry has been little explored. In this study, the first examples of palladium(II), platinum(II) and silver(II) oxypyriporphyrins have been synthesized. Conventional conditions failed to result in the formation of a platinum(II) complex, but moderate yields were obtained when oxypyriporphyrin was reacted with platinum(II) chloride in refluxing mixtures of DMF and acetic acid containing potassium acetate. The palladium(II) and platinum(II) derivatives were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structurally analogous carbaporphyrinoid system oxybenziporphyrin was also shown to react with platinum(II) chloride under the same conditions to give a platinum(II) hydroxybenziporphyrin complex. Unlike oxybenziporphyrin, this complex is only weakly diatropic. In the presence of base, the diatropic character was reasserted to afford an aromatic anionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Pokharel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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19
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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20
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Adiraju VAK, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Regioselective oxidation and metalation of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10523-10533. [PMID: 27775128 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azuliporphyrins are intriguing porphyrin analogues that incorporate an azulene ring in place of a pyrrolic unit. This system undergoes regioselective oxidation reactions and favors the formation of stable organometallic derivatives. Reaction of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins with Co2(CO)8 or CoCl2·6H2O gave 21-oxyazuliporphyrins, while Cu(OAc)2 produced the corresponding copper(ii) complexes. Treatment of an oxyazuliporphyrin with Ni(OAc)2 or Pd(OAc)2 afforded analogous nickel(ii) and palladium(ii) derivatives. Silver(i) acetate in pyridine reacted with azuliporphyrins to give moderate yields of silver(iii) benzocarbaporphyrins, and the prevalence of structures with a formyl moiety at the sterically crowded 21-position suggested that the ring contraction reactions were triggered in part by intramolecular attack from an axial peroxide ligand. Related thiaazuliporphyrins reacted with palladium(ii) acetate to give palladium(ii) benzothiacarbaporphyrins but this chemistry did not give rise to structures with 21-formyl groups, suggesting that the ring contraction reactions occurred by a different mechanistic pathway. These results demonstrate the existence of a rich tapestry of oxidation and metalation reactions for azuliporphyrin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A K Adiraju
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
| | - Gregory M Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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22
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Abstract
First reported in 1997, azuliporphyrins have proven to be a truly remarkable family of porphyrin analogues. In this system, although the porphyrin framework is retained, one of the pyrrolic moieties has been replaced by an azulene unit. Azulene favors electrophilic substitution at the 1,3-positions, which are structurally analogous to the α-positions in pyrrole, and this property facilitates the construction of azulene-containing porphyrinoid systems. Azuliporphyrins were first prepared from tripyrranes and 1,3-azulenedicarbaldehyde using a "3 + 1" variant on the MacDonald reaction. Subsequently, azulenes were shown to react with acetoxymethylpyrroles under acidic conditions to generate azulitripyrranes that could be utilized in a back-to-front "3 + 1" methodology to form azuliporphyrins and related heteroporphyrinoids. In addition, the favorability of azulenes toward 1,3-substitution was applied to one-pot syntheses of tetraarylazuliporphyrins and calix[4]azulenes. Azuliporphyrins have significant diatropic character that is greatly enhanced upon protonation. They have been shown to form organometallic complexes with Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Ir(III), Rh(III), and Ru(II) and undergo selective oxidations at the internal carbon with copper(II) or silver(I) salts to afford 21-oxyazuliporphyrins. In addition, oxidative ring contractions readily occur under basic conditions in the presence of peroxides to give benzocarbaporphyrins, and this reactivity provides access to tetraarylbenzocarbaporphyrins and their organometallic derivatives. A diazulenylmethane dialdehyde has been shown to react with dipyrrylmethanes in the presence of HCl or HBr to give diazuliporphyrins that were isolated in a monoprotonated form, and metalation with palladium(II) acetate afforded a stable zwitterionic palladium(II) complex. Equally intriguing dicarbaporphyrinoids incorporating indene and azulene rings have been reported, and these systems exhibit significant aromatic character. Recent studies have demonstrated that calixazulenes form supramolecular complexes with quaternary ammonium salts and afford a 1:1 complex with C60. In addition, conjugated structures have been prepared from calixazulenes that are structurally related to quatyrin, the theoretically important hydrocarbon analogue of the porphyrins. Examples of expanded azuliporphyrinoids have also been described. These azulene-containing porphyrinoids exhibit unique and complex reactivity that compares favorably with better studied porphyrin analogue systems such as the N-confused porphyrins, and azuliporphyrin derivatives show promise in the development of new catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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23
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Leino TO, Baumann M, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Baxendale IR, Wallén EAA. Synthesis of 1,3,6-Trisubstituted Azulenes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11513-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teppo O. Leino
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Lash TD, Colby DA, El-Beck JA, AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM. Preparation, Structural Characterization, Assessment of Potential Antiaromaticity and Metalation of 21-Oxyazuliporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9174-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Jessica A. El-Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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25
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Stateman LM, Lash TD. Syntheses of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems Using a Carbatripyrrin Methodology. Org Lett 2015; 17:4522-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Stateman
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Stateman
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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27
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Adinarayana B, Thomas AP, Suresh CH, Srinivasan A. A 6,11,16-Triarylbiphenylcorrole with anadj-CCNN Core: Stabilization of an Organocopper(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Adinarayana B, Thomas AP, Suresh CH, Srinivasan A. A 6,11,16-Triarylbiphenylcorrole with anadj-CCNN Core: Stabilization of an Organocopper(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Tang T, Lin T, Wang F, He C. Origin of Near-Infrared Absorption for Azulene-Containing Conjugated Polymers upon Protonation or Oxidation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8176-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore, Singapore, 117602
| | - FuKe Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore, Singapore, 117602
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore 117576
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore, Singapore, 117602
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30
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Abstract
Previous attempts to prepare tropone-fused carbaporphyrins by reacting peroxides with azuliporphyrins under basic conditions afforded benzocarbaporphyrins instead. In this study, a methoxyazulitripyrrane condensed with a pyrrole dialdehyde in the presence of TFA, followed by oxidation with ferric chloride, to give a tropone-fused carbaporphyrin following a spontaneous demethylation. The porphyrinoid gave a modified UV-vis spectrum showing multiple bands in the Soret region, and the proton NMR spectrum showed that it has a reduced diamagnetic ring current in comparison to other carbaporphyrins. The tropone-fused derivative failed to react with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and potassium hydroxide, demonstrating that this type of structure is not an intermediate in the formation of benzocarbaporphyrins. However, the reaction with silver(I) acetate gave the corresponding silver(III) complex. Condensation of the methoxyazulitripyrrane with 2,5-thiophenedicarbaldehyde gave a related tropone-fused thiacarbaporphyrin together with a methoxythiaazuliporphyrin. Treatment of the carbaporphyrins with DBU resulted in the formation of anionic species, while addition of acid afforded dicationic structures. DFT studies were performed on a series of tautomers, protonated species, and anionic structures related to these tropone-fused carbaporphyrins, and NICS calculations were carried out. These results allowed favorable conjugation pathways to be identified. In addition, these studies predicted that protonation initially occurs on the carbonyl moiety rather than on the expected interior pyrrolenine nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University , Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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31
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32
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Lash TD, El-Beck JA, Ferrence GM. Synthesis, structural characterization and reactivity of heteroazuliporphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:316-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Devendar B, Wu CP, Chen CY, Chen HC, Chang CH, Ku CK, Tsai CY, Ku CY. Synthesis, characterization and applications of densely functionalized pyridazines and fulvene-type compounds containing azulene moiety. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Lash TD, Bergman KM. Further Observations on Conformational and Substituent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed “3 + 1” Cyclizations of Tripyrranes with Aromatic Dialdehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
| | - Katrina M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
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35
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Okujima T, Kikkawa T, Nakano H, Kubota H, Fukugami N, Ono N, Yamada H, Uno H. Retro-Diels-Alder Approach to the Synthesis of π-Expanded Azuliporphyrins and Their Porphyrinoid Aromaticity. Chemistry 2012; 18:12854-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Vogel discovered a large number of bridged annulene structures, including constitutional porphyrin isomers, heteroporphyrinoid species such as the tetraoxaporphyrin dication, corrole isomers and novel expanded porphyrinoid systems. In this review, the impact of Vogel's work on the author's research program is discussed. Carbaporphyrinoid systems with one or two carbocyclic rings replacing the usual pyrrole subunits have been synthesized and their diatropic characteristics can be related to the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways within these macrocycles. The preparation of a dideazaporphyrin also provides strong support for the concept, espoused by Vogel, that porphyrins are examples of bridged annulenes. Ring contractions of azuliporphyrins to benzocarbaporphyrins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of base have been proposed to involve a Cope rearrangement where a cycloheptatriene unit rearranges to give a norcaradiene-fused carbaporphyrinoid, followed elimination of tert-butyl alcohol, and Vogel's investigations into these types of valence tautomerization processes provides insights into these unusual transformations. In addition, a new class of porphyrin isomers has been synthesized and these porphyrin analogs extend the observations previously made for N-confused porphyrins and Vogel's constitutional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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37
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Abstract
The aromatic nature of porphyrins is commonly attributed to the presence of an [18]annulene substructure. However, this viewpoint has been disputed. Drawing on a range of examples of carbaporphyrinoid systems from the author's own studies, the [18]annulene model is shown to be a self-consistent and insightful approach for considering the aromatic properties of these porphyrin analogs. Benziporphyrins provide a continuum of porphyrinoid structures that range from nonaromatic to highly aromatic species and the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways provides an excellent explanation for the variations in their properties. The same type of analysis is applied to carbaporphyrins, tropiporphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, pyrazoloporphyrins and dicarbaporphyrins. Nevertheless, these properties might also be explained by a 22π electron delocalization model proposed by Schleyer. The [18]annulene model gains further support from the properties of dideazaporphyrins which cannot take part in this type of 22π electron delocalization but nevertheless retain porphyrin-like aromatic properties. These results support the concept that porphyrins are bridged [18]annulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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38
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Lash TD, Lammer AD, Idate AS, Colby DA, White K. Preparation of Azulene-Derived Fulvenedialdehydes and Their Application to the Synthesis of Stable adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoids. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2368-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2026977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aaron D. Lammer
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aparna S. Idate
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Kristen White
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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39
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Chang WP, Lin WC, Chen JH, Wang SS, Tung JY. A 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopic investigation of the structure of the iminium ion with a dipolar form in metal complexes of 2-N-substituted N-confused porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13454-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Lash TD, Pokharel K, Zeller M, Ferrence GM. Iridium(iii) azuliporphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11793-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Lash TD. Unexpected Alkyl Group Migration in Palladium(II) Benzocarbaporphyrins. Org Lett 2011; 13:4632-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2018483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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42
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Lash TD, Miyake K, Xu L, Ferrence GM. Synthesis of a Series of Aromatic Benziporphyrins and Heteroanalogues via Tripyrrane-Like Intermediates Derived from Resorcinol and 2-Methylresorcinol. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6295-308. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Kae Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Jane M. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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44
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Costa R, Schick AJ, Paul NB, Durfee WS, Ziegler CJ. Hydroxybenziphthalocyanines: non-aromatic phthalocyanine analogues that exhibit strong UV-visible absorptions. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Young AM, Von Ruden AL, Lash TD. Pyrazole analogues of porphyrins and oxophlorins. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6293-305. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05603d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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46
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Fields KB, Engle JT, Sripothongnak S, Kim C, Zhang XP, Ziegler CJ. Cobalt carbaporphyrin-catalyzed cyclopropanation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:749-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03894f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Su W, Weng Y, Jiang L, Yang Y, Zhao L, Chen Z, Li Z, Li J. Recent Progress in the Use of Vilsmeier-Type Reagents. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2010.513911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Jain P, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Preparation of Furan and Thiophene-Derived Fulvene Dialdehydes: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a 22-Oxa-21-carbaporphyrin and a Related Palladium(II) Organometallic Complex. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6563-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101310m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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49
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Lash TD, Yant VR. Improved syntheses of meso-tetraarylbenziporphyrins and observations of substituent effects on the diatropic characteristics of these formally nonaromatic carbaporphyrinoids. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Preparation of stable fulvene and difulvene aldehydes from benzaldehydes and an indene-derived enamine: formation of novel indene-fused benzodiazepines and attempted syntheses of di- and tricarbaporphyrinoid systems. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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