1
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Numai S, Yoto R, Kimura M, Simanek EE, Kitano Y. Click Chemistry of Melamine Dendrimers: Comparison of "Click-and-Grow" and "Grow-Then-Click" Strategies Using a Divergent Route to Diversity. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010131. [PMID: 36615327 PMCID: PMC9822332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are attractive macromolecules for a broad range of applications owing to their well-defined shapes and dimensions, highly branched and globular architectures, and opportunities for exploiting multivalency. Triazine dendrimers in particular offer advantages such as ease of synthesis, stability, well-defined spherical structure, multivalency, potential to achieve acceptable drug loadings, and low polydispersity. In this study, the potential utility of alkyne-azide "click" cycloadditions of first-, second-, and third-generation triazine dendrimers containing three or six alkynyl groups with benzyl azide was examined using copper catalysts. "Click-and-grow" and "grow-then-click" strategies were employed. For the first- and second- generation dendrimers, the desired triazole derivatives were obtained in high yields and purified by simple reprecipitation without column chromatography; however, some difficulties were observed in the preparation of third-generation dendrimers. The desired reaction proceeded under microwave irradiation as well as with simple heating. This click chemistry can be utilized for various melamine dendrimers that are fabricated with other amine linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanami Numai
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Yoto
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masataka Kimura
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-367-5700
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2
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Sales ZS, Mani N, Herrmann AT. Practical syntheses of DOTAGA-DBCO and DFO-DBCO, strained alkyne pre-cursors to radioimmunoconjugates for targeted alpha therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117010. [PMID: 36126444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We describe practical methods to prepare DOTAGA-DBCO and DFO-DBCO from commercially available starting materials. DOTAGA-DBCO is available in five steps from cyclen with a 33 % overall yield at gram scale. Our synthesis of DFO-DBCO also proceeds in five steps from commercially available starting materials. These bifunctional molecules possess chelating functionality for the binding of medically important radiometals and a strained alkyne suitable for Huisgen cyclization with an azide. These syntheses represent an important step toward improved radioimmunoconjugates for imaging and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Sales
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Neelakandha Mani
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Aaron T Herrmann
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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3
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Zhang P, Li J, Yang M, Huang L, Bu F, Xie Z, Li G, Wang X. Inserting Menthoxytriazine into Poly(ethylene terephthalate) for Inhibiting Microbial Adhesion. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:570-578. [PMID: 34968021 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is effective in preventing the adhesion and growth of microorganisms on its surface. However, few methods are available to modify PET directly at its backbone to impart the antimicrobial effect. Herein, menthoxytriazine-modified PET (PMETM) based on the stereochemical antimicrobial strategy was reported. This novel PET was prepared by inserting menthoxytriazine into the PET backbone. The antibacterial adhesion test and the antifungal landing test were employed to confirm the antiadhesion ability of PMETM. PMETM could effectively inhibit the adhesion of bacteria, with inhibition ratios of 99.9 and 99.7% against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), respectively. In addition, PMETM exhibited excellent resistance to Aspergillus niger (fungal) contamination for more than 30 days. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that PMETM was a noncytotoxic material. These results suggested that the insertion of menthoxytriazine in the PET backbone was a promising strategy to confer antimicrobial properties to PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Huang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fanqiang Bu
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zixu Xie
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nerantzaki
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS Institut Charles Sadron UPR22 23 rue du Loess Strasbourg Cedex 2 67034 France
| | - Jean‐François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS Institut Charles Sadron UPR22 23 rue du Loess Strasbourg Cedex 2 67034 France
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5
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Singh A, Kumari S. Synthesis of Triazine based Dendrimers: A Mini-Review. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x18666211111105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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Synthesizing s-triazine dendrimers are interesting as they can be synthesized easily, contain diversity in composition, and have a basic potential for molecular recognition. Triazine trichloride is the molecule of choice for synthesizing a novel class of dendrimers as it possesses certain remarkable characteristics like the potential to expand the chemical functionality by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions at various temperatures to give the desired dendrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Singh
- Department of Chemistry, S.S. Jain Subodh P.G.( Autonomous) College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sukhbeer Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, S.S. Jain Subodh P.G.( Autonomous) College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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6
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Two Decades of Triazine Dendrimers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164774. [PMID: 34443361 PMCID: PMC8401192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For two decades, methods for the synthesis and characterization of dendrimers based on [1,3,5]-triazine have been advanced by the group. Motivated by the desire to generate structural complexity on the periphery, initial efforts focused on convergent syntheses, which yielded pure materials to generation three. To obtain larger generations of dendrimers, divergent strategies were pursued using iterative reactions of monomers, sequential additions of triazine and diamines, and ultimately, macromonomers. Strategies for the incorporation of bioactive molecules using non-covalent and covalent strategies have been explored. These bioactive materials included small molecule drugs, peptides, and genetic material. In some cases, these constructs were examined in both in vitro and in vivo models with a focus on targeting prostate tumor subtypes with paclitaxel conjugates. In the materials realm, the use of triazine dendrimers anchored on solid surfaces including smectite clay, silica, mesoporous alumina, polystyrene, and others was explored for the separation of volatile organics from gas streams or the sequestration of atrazine from solution. The combination of these organics with metal nanoparticles has been probed. The goal of this review is to summarize these efforts.
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7
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Fatona A, Osamudiamen A, Moran‐Mirabal J, Brook MA. Rapid, catalyst‐free crosslinking of silicones using triazines. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Fatona
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Andrew Osamudiamen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Jose Moran‐Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Michael A. Brook
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster University 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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8
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Awatani A, Suzuki M. Circular linkage of intramolecular multi-hydrogen bonding frameworks through nucleophilic substitutions of β-dicarbonyls onto cyanuric chloride and subsequent tautomerisation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39033-39036. [PMID: 35518411 PMCID: PMC9057380 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07677e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyanuric chloride with a series of β-dicarbonyls give triply β-dicarbonyl-embedded 1,3,5-triazines. Their subsequent but spontaneous tautomeric transformation leads to circularly linked, intramolecular, multi-hydrogen bonding networks. Their structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography showed elongated double bonds and shortened single bonds. This is likely due to a resonance hybrid formed via tautomerisation and simultaneous proton transfer. Triply β-dicarbonyl-embedded 1,3,5-triazine derivatives result in formation of circular linkage of resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding interactions, which can be regarded as well-delocalized resonance hybrids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Awatani
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Shimane University
- Matsue
- Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Shimane University
- Matsue
- Japan
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9
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Daneshvar H, Seyed Dorraji MS, Rasoulifard MH, Ahmadi A, Nooshiran-Zadeh N. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-grafted polyamine nanofiltration membrane: enhanced antifouling and pH resistant properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to fabricate a pH resistant membrane with antifouling properties, a Tris-grafted polyamine thin film composite (TFC) membrane has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Daneshvar
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - M. S. Seyed Dorraji
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - M. H. Rasoulifard
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - A. Ahmadi
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - N. Nooshiran-Zadeh
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
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10
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Das SK, Manchanda P, Peinemann KV. Solvent-resistant triazine-piperazine linked porous covalent organic polymer thin-film nanofiltration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Shibasaki Y, Kotaki T, Bito T, Sasahara R, Idutsu N, Fujimori A, Miura S, Shidara Y, Nishimura N, Oishi Y. Synthesis of semicrystalline poly(guanamine)s based on 2-substituted-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with α, ω-alkylene diamines, and the formation of cyclic tetramers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Furer VL, Vandyukov AE, Tripathi V, Majoral JP, Caminade AM, Kovalenko VI. Vibrational spectroscopic study of cationic phosphorus dendrimers with aminoethylpiperidine terminal groups. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 194:211-221. [PMID: 29353217 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two generations of phosphoric dendrimers with piperidine functional groups were synthesized for use in biology and medicine. Neutral samples are soluble in organic solvents but after protonation these dendrimers become water soluble and can be used for biological experiments. The FTIR and FT Raman spectra of two generations of dendrimers Gi constructed from the cyclotriphosphazene core, repeating units OC6H4CHNN(CH3)P(S)< and aminoethylpiperidine end groups NH(CH2)2C5NH11 were recorded. The study of the IR spectra shows that the NH groups form hydrogen bonds. The calculation of the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of the first generation dendrimer was performed by the method of DFT. This molecule has flat, repeating units and a plane of symmetry passing through the core. The calculation of the distribution of potential energy made it possible to classify the bands in the experimental spectra of dendrimers. Amine groups are manifested in the form of a band of NH stretching vibrations at 3389 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of G1. NH+ stretching bands located at 2646 and 2540 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of G2. The stretching vibrations of NH+ groups are noticeably shifted to low frequencies due to the formation of a hydrogen bond with the chlorine atom. The line at 1575 cm-1 in the Raman spectrum of G1 is characteristic for repeating units.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Furer
- Kazan State Architect and Civil Engineering University, Zelenaya, 1, Kazan 420043, Russia.
| | - A E Vandyukov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia
| | - V Tripathi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - J P Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - A M Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V I Kovalenko
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Arbuzov Str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russia; Kazan National Research Technological University, 68, Karl Marx Str., Kazan 420015, Russia.
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13
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Landarani-Isfahani A, Moghadam M, Mohammadi S, Royvaran M, Moshtael-Arani N, Rezaei S, Tangestaninejad S, Mirkhani V, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I. Elegant pH-Responsive Nanovehicle for Drug Delivery Based on Triazine Dendrimer Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8503-8515. [PMID: 28732161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to properties of magnetic nanoparticles and elegant three-dimensional macromolecule architectural features, dendrimeric structures have been investigated as nanoscale drug delivery systems. In this work, a novel magnetic nanocarrier, generation two (G2) triazine dendrimer modified Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-G2), was designed, fabricated, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The prepared MNP-G2 nanosystem offers a new formulation that combines the unique properties of MNPs and triazine dendrimer as a biocompatible material for biomedical applications. To demonstrate the potential of MNP-G2, the nanoparticles were loaded with methotrexate (MTX), a proven chemotherapy drug. The MTX-loaded MNP-G2 (MNP-G2/MTX) exhibited a high drug-loading capacity of MTX and the excellent ability for controlled drug release. The cytotoxicity of MNP-G2/MTX using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based assay and MCF-7, HeLa, and Caov-4 cell lines revealed that MNP-G2/MTX was more active against the tumor cells than the free drug in a mildly acidic environment. The results of hemolysis, hemagglutination, and coagulation assays confirmed the good blood safety of MNP-G2/MTX. Moreover, the cell uptake and intracellular distribution of MNP-G2/MTX were studied by flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This research suggests that MNP-G2/MTX with good biocompatibility and degradability can be selected as an ideal and effective drug carrier in targeted biomedicine studies especially anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Shima Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Maryam Royvaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Naimeh Moshtael-Arani
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University , Kashan 8715998151, Iran
| | - Saghar Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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14
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Das SK, Wang X, Ostwal MM, Zhao Y, Han Y, Lai Z. Highly stable porous covalent triazine–piperazine linked nanoflower as a feasible adsorbent for flue gas CO2 capture. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Shaunak S. Perspective: Dendrimer drugs for infection and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Enciso AE, Ramirez-Crescencio F, Zeiser M, Redón R, Simanek EE. Accelerated synthesis of large generation triazine dendrimers using microwave assisted reactions: a 24 hour challenge. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expedited synthesis of odd generation triazine dendrimers up to generation 9 can be executed in high yields using microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - F. Ramirez-Crescencio
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - M. Zeiser
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - R. Redón
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - E. E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
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17
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Kaur N. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Three and Four N-Heteroatoms: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.813550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry , Banasthali University , Banasthali , India
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18
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Prabhaharan M, Prabakaran AR, Srinivasan S, Gunasekaran S. Experimental and theoretical spectroscopic analysis, HOMO-LUMO, and NBO studies of cyanuric chloride. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 127:454-462. [PMID: 24650880 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational spectral analysis of cyanuric chloride was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra in the range 100-4000cm(-1) and 400-4000cm(-1) respectively. The structure optimization was done and structural characteristics were determined by Density Functional Theory (B3LYP) method with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The vibrational wavenumbers have been calculated and scaled values are compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. A detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra of the molecule has been made on the basis of the calculated Potential Energy Distribution (PED). The Natural bonding orbital (NBO) analysis performed to confirm the stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugation and delocalization. The Mulliken atomic charges were also calculated. The computed HOMO-LUMO energy gap shows that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The thermodynamic properties at different temperatures have been calculated from the vibrational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prabhaharan
- Department of Physics, Aksheyaa College of Engineering, Puludivakkam, India; Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai, India
| | - A R Prabakaran
- Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai, India
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Physics, Presidency College, Chennai, India.
| | - S Gunasekaran
- Research and Development Center, St. Peter's University, Chennai, India
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19
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Liu J, Yee KK, Lo KKW, Zhang KY, To WP, Che CM, Xu Z. Selective Ag(I) Binding, H2S Sensing, and White-Light Emission from an Easy-to-Make Porous Conjugated Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2818-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Kit Yee
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- Department
of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department
of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat
Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Patra S, Kozura B, Huang AYT, Enciso AE, Sun X, Hsieh JT, Kao CL, Chen HT, Simanek EE. Dendrimers terminated with dichlorotriazine groups provide a route to compositional diversity. Org Lett 2013; 15:3808-11. [PMID: 23869522 DOI: 10.1021/ol400811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triazine dendrimers terminated with either four or eight dichlorotriazines can be prepared in high yields by reacting an amine-terminated dendrimer with cyanuric chloride. These materials exist as white powders and are stable to storage at room temperature. Sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution with two different amine nucleophiles yields compounds that display the desired compositional diversity. Reaction conditions for the substitution were developed using a model dichlorotriazine with amine nucleophiles at -20, 0, and 25 °C. Selective substitution is favored at lower temperatures and with more nucleophilic amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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Synthesis of polyguanamines from 2-N,N-dibutylamino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with aromatic diamines. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Maiti SK, Jardim MG, Rodrigues J, Rissanen K, Campo J, Wenseleers W. Divergent Route to the Preparation of Hybrid Pt–Fe 2,4,6-Tris(4-ethynyl)phenyl-1,3,5-triazine Metallodendrimers for Nonlinear Optics. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om300745v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup K. Maiti
- CQM-Centro de Quı́mica
da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel G. Jardim
- CQM-Centro de Quı́mica
da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Quı́mica
da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35,
40014 JYU, Finland
| | - Jochen Campo
- Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610,
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Wenseleers
- Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610,
Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Roy T, Kureshy RI, Khan NUH, Abdi SHR, Bajaj HC. Asymmetric cycloaddition of CO2 and an epoxide using recyclable bifunctional polymeric Co(iii) salen complexes under mild conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Popa F, Lameiras P, Moldovan O, Tomoaia-Cotisel M, Henon E, Martinez A, Sacalis C, Mocanu A, Ramondenc Y, Darabantu M. Design, synthesis and structure of new dendritic melamines. First use of a tandem C-2-substituted serinol—O,O-masked 4-piperidone as a peripheral unit in iterative synthesis. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Lim J, Simanek EE. Triazine dendrimers as drug delivery systems: from synthesis to therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:826-35. [PMID: 22465784 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of triazine dendrimers as drug delivery systems benefits from their synthetic versatility and well-defined structure. Triazine dendrimers can be designed and readily synthesized to display orthogonally functional surfaces that facilitate post-synthetic manipulation such as attachment of drug, PEGylation, and/or the installation of ligands or reporting groups. The synthesis is scalable, and large generations can be accessed. To date, triazine dendrimers have been probed for a variety of medicinal applications including drug delivery with an emphasis on cancer, nonviral DNA and RNA delivery systems, in sensing applications, and as bioactive materials. Specifically, triazine adducts with paclitaxel, camptothecin, brefeldin A, and desferrioxamine have been prepared and assessed. Paclitaxel constructs show promising activity in vivo. The use of these materials in fluorescence-based glucose sensors is being pursued. Glycosylated triazine dendrimers interfere with signal transduction in the Toll-4 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongdoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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26
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Schellinger JG, Kudupudi A, Natarajan A, Du W, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. A general chemical synthesis platform for crosslinking multivalent single chain variable fragments. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1521-6. [PMID: 22132412 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent single chain variable fragments (scFv) show increased affinity to tumor-associated antigens compared to monovalent scFv and intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Multivalent constructs can be derived from self-associating or covalent scFv with covalent constructs offering improved in vivo and in vitro stability. Covalent attachment of scFv can be achieved using genetically engineered expression vectors that afford scFv with site specific cysteine functionality. Expression vectors for di-scFv-C wherein the cysteine is located in the center of two scFv have also been developed for attaching chemically reactive linkers. In the example illustrated here, the di-scFv-C is derived from a mAb directed against the MUC1 epitope, which is presented on cancer cells. To achieve multivalency, a chemical crosslinking strategy utilizing various azide and multi-alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers was implemented. Conjugation was achieved by attachment of these linkers to the scFv thiol functionality. Chemoselective ligation was employed to covalently link different protein conjugates via copper(I) catalyzed azide alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) chemistry. Ligations were achieved in >70% yield using a specific set of linkers as determined by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. ELISA showed increased tumor binding of a tetravalent scFv providing a versatile chemical crosslinking strategy for construction of multivalent and bi-specific immunoconjugates that retain biological activity and have potential application in pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G Schellinger
- Chemistry Department, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Woydziak ZR, Fu L, Peterson BR. Synthesis of fluorinated benzophenones, xanthones, acridones, and thioxanthones by iterative nucleophilic aromatic substitution. J Org Chem 2011; 77:473-81. [PMID: 22111869 DOI: 10.1021/jo202062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of fluorophores can substantially enhance their photostability and improve spectroscopic properties. To facilitate access to fluorinated fluorophores, bis(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)methanone was synthesized by treatment of 2,4,5-trifluorobenzaldehyde with a Grignard reagent derived from 1-bromo-2,4,5-trifluorobenzene, followed by oxidation of the resulting benzyl alcohol. This hexafluorobenzophenone was subjected to sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, first at one or both of the more reactive 4,4'-fluorines, and second by cyclization through substitution of the less reactive 2,2'-fluorines, using a variety of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur nucleophiles, including hydroxide, methoxide, amines, and sulfide. This method yields symmetrical and asymmetrical fluorinated benzophenones, xanthones, acridones, and thioxanthones and provides scalable access to known and novel precursors to fluorinated analogues of fluorescein, rhodamine, and other derivatives. Spectroscopic studies revealed that several of these precursors are highly fluorescent, with tunable absorption and emission spectra, depending on the substituents. This approach should allow access to a wide variety of novel fluorinated fluorophores and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Woydziak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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29
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Aoki K, Ichimura K. High-Yield Synthesis of Dendrimers through Alternate Multiaddition Reactions with Commercially Available Reagents. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Barata T, Teo I, Lalwani S, Simanek E, Zloh M, Shaunak S. Computational design principles for bioactive dendrimer based constructs as antagonists of the TLR4-MD-2-LPS complex. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8702-11. [PMID: 21864902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface interaction between bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD-2 is central to bacterial sepsis syndromes and wound healing. We have shown that a generation (G) 3.5 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer that was partially glycosylated with glucosamine inhibits TLR4-MD-2-LPS induced inflammation in a rabbit model of tissue scaring. However, it was a mixture of closely related chemical species because of the polydispersity of the starting PAMAM dendrimer. Generation 2 triazine dendrimers with single chemical entity material status are available at low cost and at the kilogram scale. PAMAM dendrimer can be synthetically grafted onto this triazine core dendrimer to make new triazine-PAMAM hybrid dendrimers. This led us to examine whether molecular modelling methods could be used to identify the key structural design principles for a bioactive lead molecule that could be synthesized and biologically evaluated. We describe our computer aided molecular studies of several dendrimer based constructs and the key design principles identified. Our approach should be more broadly applicable to the biologically focused, rational and accelerated design of molecules for other TLR receptors. They could be useful for treating infectious, inflammatory and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Barata
- Departments of Medicine, Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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31
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Hu J, Yu L, Zhang M, Ju Y. Synthesis of Fan-Shaped C
3
Molecule with Three Glycyrrhetinic Acid Units and Self-Assembly Properties. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Fabrication of Dendrimers Toward Biological Application. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 104:101-40. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416020-0.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Lo ST, Stern S, Clogston JD, Zheng J, Adiseshaiah PP, Dobrovolskaia M, Lim J, Patri AK, Sun X, Simanek EE. Biological assessment of triazine dendrimer: toxicological profiles, solution behavior, biodistribution, drug release and efficacy in a PEGylated, paclitaxel construct. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:993-1006. [PMID: 20481608 DOI: 10.1021/mp100104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical characteristics, in vitro properties, and in vivo toxicity and efficacy of a third generation triazine dendrimer bearing approximately nine 2 kDa polyethylene glycol chains and twelve ester linked paclitaxel groups are reported. The hydrodynamic diameter of the neutral construct varies slightly with aqueous solvent ranging from 15.6 to 19.4 nm. Mass spectrometry and light scattering suggest radically different molecular weights with the former approximately 40 kDa mass consistent with expectation, and the latter 400 kDa mass consistent with a decameric structure and the observed hydrodynamic radii. HPLC can be used to assess purity as well as paclitaxel release, which is insignificant in organic solvents or aqueous solutions at neutral and low pH. Paclitaxel release occurs in vitro in human, rat, and mouse plasma and is nonlinear, ranging from 7 to 20% cumulative release over a 48 h incubation period. The construct is 2-3 orders of magnitude less toxic than Taxol by weight in human hepatocarcinoma (Hep G2), porcine renal proximal tubule (LLC-PK1), and human colon carcinoma (LS174T) cells, but shows similar cytotoxicity to Abraxane in LS174T cells. Both Taxol and the construct appear to induce caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. The construct shows a low level of endotoxin, is not hemolytic and does not induce platelet aggregation in vitro, but does appear to reduce collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Furthermore, the dendrimer formulation slightly activates the complement system in vitro due most likely to the presence of trace amounts (<1%) of free paclitaxel. An animal study provided insight into the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) wherein 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg of paclitaxel/kg of construct or Abraxane were administered once per week for three consecutive weeks to non tumor bearing athymic nude mice. The construct showed in vivo toxicity comparable to that of Abraxane. Both formulations were found to be nontoxic at the administered doses, and the dendrimer had an acute MTD greater than the highest dose administered. In a prostate tumor model (PC-3-h-luc), efficacy was observed over 70 days with an arrest of tumor growth and lack of luciferase activity observed in the twice treated cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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34
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Dash BP, Satapathy R, Maguire JA, Hosmane NS. Facile Synthetic Routes to Phenylene and Triazine Core Based Dendritic Cobaltabisdicarbollides. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100365t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barada Prasanna Dash
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862
| | - Rashmirekha Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862
| | - John A. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314
| | - Narayan S. Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862
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35
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Lim J, Venditto VJ, Simanek EE. Synthesis and characterization of a triazine dendrimer that sequesters iron(III) using 12 desferrioxamine B groups. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5749-53. [PMID: 20615715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a third generation triazine dendrimer, 1, containing multiple, iron-sequestering desferrioxamine B (DFO) groups is described. Benzoylation of the hydroxamic acid groups of DFO and formation of a reactive dichlorotriazine provide the intermediate for reaction with the second generation dendrimer displaying twelve amines. This strategy further generalizes the 'functional monomer' approach to generate biologically active triazine dendrimers. Dendrimer 1 is prepared in seven steps in 35% overall yield and displays 12 DFO groups making it 56% drug by weight. Spectrophotometric titrations (UV-vis) show that 1 sequesters iron(III) atoms with neither cooperativity nor significant interference from the dendrimer backbone. Evidence from NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry reveals a limitation to this functional monomer approach: trace amounts of O-to-N acyl migration from the protected hydroxamic acids to the amine-terminated dendrimer occurs during the coupling step leading to N-benzoylated dendrimers displaying fewer than 12 DFO groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongdoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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36
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Jain K, Kesharwani P, Gupta U, Jain NK. Dendrimer toxicity: Let's meet the challenge. Int J Pharm 2010; 394:122-42. [PMID: 20433913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are well-defined, versatile polymeric architecture with properties resembling biomolecules. Dendritic polymers emerged as outstanding carrier in modern medicine system because of its derivatisable branched architecture and flexibility in modifying it in numerous ways. Dendritic scaffold has been found to be suitable carrier for a variety of drugs including anticancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, antitubercular etc., with capacity to improve solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In spite of extensive applicability in pharmaceutical field, the use of dendrimers in biological system is constrained because of inherent toxicity associated with them. This toxicity is attributed to the interaction of surface cationic charge of dendrimers with negatively charged biological membranes in vivo. Interaction of dendrimers with biological membranes results in membrane disruption via nanohole formation, membrane thinning and erosion. Dendrimer toxicity in biological system is generally characterized by hemolytic toxicity, cytotoxicity and hematological toxicity. To minimize this toxicity two strategies have been utilized; first, designing and synthesis of biocompatible dendrimers; and second, masking of peripheral charge of dendrimers by surface engineering. Biocompatible dendrimers can be synthesized by employing biodegradable core and branching units or utilizing intermediates of various metabolic pathways. Dendrimer biocompatibility has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo for efficient presentation of biological performance. Surface engineering masks the cationic charge of dendrimer surface either by neutralization of charge, for example PEGylation, acetylation, carbohydrate and peptide conjugation; or by introducing negative charge such as half generation dendrimers. Neutral and negatively charged dendrimers do not interact with biological environment and hence are compatible for clinical applications as elucidated by various studies examined in this review. Chemical modification of the surface is an important strategy to overcome the toxicity problems associated with the dendrimers. The present review emphasizes on the approaches available to overcome the cationic toxicity inherently associated with the dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University Sagar (M.P.) 470003 India
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37
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Lim J, Mintzer MA, Perez LM, Simanek EE. Synthesis of odd generation triazine dendrimers using a divergent, macromonomer approach. Org Lett 2010; 12:1148-51. [PMID: 20170155 PMCID: PMC3619618 DOI: 10.1021/ol902669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a macromonomer, first, third, and fifth generation triazine dendrimers can be prepared using a divergent approach. The nine-step process to the fifth generation target relies on an iterative two-reactions-per-generation strategy to yield the desired material in approximately 48% overall yield. This target displays 96 surface groups. NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry show that exceptionally narrow polydispersity is achieved using this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa M. Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Its Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843
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38
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Moral M, Ruiz A, Moreno A, Díaz-Ortiz A, López-Solera I, de la Hoz A, Sánchez-Migallón A. Microwave-assisted synthesis of pyrazolyl bistriazines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Xu D, Liu X, Chen H, Qian L, Zhang K. Synthesis of novel pseudo-Fréchet-type dendrons and their fluorescent enhancement to Eu 3+ion. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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García A, Insuasty B, Herranz M, Martínez-Álvarez R, Martín N. New Building Block for C3 Symmetry Molecules: Synthesis of s-Triazine-Based Redox Active Chromophores. Org Lett 2009; 11:5398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902203t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - M Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, 25360 Cali, Colombia
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41
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Lim J, Chouai A, Lo ST, Liu W, Sun X, Simanek EE. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Triazine Dendrimers Bearing Paclitaxel Using Ester and Ester/Disulfide Linkages. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2154-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900324z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongdoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Abdellatif Chouai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Su-Tang Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, and Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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42
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Venditto VJ, Allred K, Allred CD, Simanek EE. Intercepting the synthesis of triazine dendrimers with nucleophilic pharmacophores: a general strategy toward drug delivery vehicles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5541-2. [PMID: 19753350 PMCID: PMC3881288 DOI: 10.1039/b911353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The camptothecin ester of isonipecotic acid is installed on a triazine dendrimer intermediate obtained through an iterative, scalable route to ultimately yield cationic and PEGylated targets with activities in cell culture comparable to free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J. Venditto
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-845-9452; Tel: +1-979-845-4242
| | - Kimberly Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-862-7782; Tel: +1-979-845-0863
| | - Clinton D. Allred
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-862-7782; Tel: +1-979-845-0863
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. Fax: +1-979-845-9452; Tel: +1-979-845-4242
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43
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Aoki K, Ichimura K. Alternate Multiaddition Reactions for the Synthesis of Commodity Dendrimers. CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2009.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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Lalwani S, Chouai A, Perez LM, Santiago V, Shaunak S, Simanek EE. Mimicking PAMAM Dendrimers with Ampholytic, Hybrid Triazine Dendrimers: A Comparison of Dispersity and Stability. Macromolecules 2009; 42:6723-3732. [PMID: 20711424 PMCID: PMC2920617 DOI: 10.1021/ma9011818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two strategies are applied to mimic the ampholytic nature of the surfaces of half-generation PAMAM dendrimers and yet retain the very narrow dispersity inherent of triazine dendrimers. Both strategies start with a monodisperse, single-chemical entity, generation two triazine dendrimer presenting twelve surface amines that is available at the kilogram scale. The first method relies on reaction with methyl bromoacetate. Complete conversion of the surface primary amines to tertiary amines occurs to provide 24 surface esters. Extended reaction times lead to quarternization of the amines while other unidentified species are also present. The resulting polyester can be quantitatively hydrolyzed using 4M aqueous HCl to yield a dendrimer with 12 tertiary amines and 24 carboxylic acids about a hydrophobic triazine core. The second method utilizes Michael additions of methyl acrylate to yield 24 surface esters. This reaction proceeds more rapidly and more cleanly than the former strategy. Hydrolysis of this material proceeds quantitatively using 4M aqueous HCl to yield desired dendrimer. In both cases, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry provides compelling evidence of reaction progress. Electrophoretic analysis confirms the ampholytic nature of these materials with the former targets having a pI value in the 1.8 < pI < 3.4 range, and the latter having a pI value in the 4.7 < pI < 5.9. These ranges bookend the pH range within which PAMAM dendrimers become zwitterionic, 3.4 < pI < 4.7. The strategy of using monodisperse amine-terminated dendrimer constructs as core offers significant advantage over PAMAM homopolymers including dispersity, ease of characterization and batch-to-batch reproducibility. These triazine dendrimers could ultimately be adopted into materials with applications wherein the demands of purity have hitherto remained unsatisfied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdellatif Chouai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Lisa M. Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | - Vanessa Santiago
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA, and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
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45
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Simanek EE, Abdou H, Lalwani S, Lim J, Mintzer M, Venditto VJ, Vittur B. The 8 year thicket of triazine dendrimers: strategies, targets and applications. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2009.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript focuses on the routes, methods and reagents used to synthesize triazine-based dendrimers. Our pursuit of macromolecular architectures for drug delivery—dendrimers based on triazines—has been an ongoing effort for 8 years. To date, we have produced complex dendrimers with diverse peripheries as proof-of-concept, less complex molecules tailored for specific applications including DNA and RNA delivery and drug-decorated dendrimers for potential therapeutic applications including infectious disease and cancer. These syntheses have been executed at scales that range from high milligrams to over a kilogram. The routes, reagents and diversity displayed by a target anchors it in time. Early targets derive from convergent synthetic routes while later targets are prepared using divergent syntheses. The core of early dendrimers was a simple diamine, including piperazine, yielding the so-called bow-tie structures, middle period targets boast either a trispiperazinyltriazine core or a ‘super-core’ with six piperazine groups. Later targets return to the trispiperazinyltriazine core. The choice of linking diamine has also changed. Over time,
p
-aminobenzylamine was replaced by piperazine and then by aminomethylpiperidine with more exotic diamines sprinkled in throughout. Peripheral group choice has undergone similar variations: from AB
2
to AB
4
to, more recently, AB
3
. The diversity communicated by these groups yields dendrimers ranging from those with a common surface to examples where two groups were presented to those where four orthogonally reactive groups appear. Over time, these groups have grown in complexity from protected amines to tags for biodistribution and drugs like paclitaxel. Herein, strategies adopted and lessons learned are reviewed, intuitions relayed and future directions forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hanan Abdou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sanjiv Lalwani
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jongdoo Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Meredith Mintzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vincent J. Venditto
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brandon Vittur
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Kostas ID, Andreadaki FJ, Medlycott EA, Hanan GS, Monflier E. Synthesis of a halo-methylphenylene periphery-functionalized triazine-based dendritic molecule with a 3,3′-dimethyl-biphenyl linker using tris(halo-methylphenylene)triazines as building blocks. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lalwani S, Venditto VJ, Chouai A, Rivera GE, Shaunak S, Simanek EE. Electrophoretic Behavior of Anionic Triazine and PAMAM Dendrimers: Methods for Improving Resolution and Assessing Purity Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Macromolecules 2009; 42:3152-3161. [PMID: 20725528 DOI: 10.1021/ma802250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of second- and third-generation triazine dendrimers bearing carboxylic acid groups on the periphery are reported. These materials were synthesized by exhaustive succinylation of amine-terminated dendrimers. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra are consistent with the desired products, but these techniques are limited by degeneracy in signals. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirms the presence of the desired material. These materials display pH-dependent solubility in water. Capillary electrophoresis proves to be valuable in multiple elements of this work, and general protocols emerge that appear to be useful for the characterization of lower-generation anionic dendrimers. Specifically, capillary electrophoresis provides a convenient method for monitoring the removal of excess succinic anhydride/succinic acid and offers additional clues to the chemical nature of the impurities in these samples. Optimization of the background electrolyte and instrumental parameters allows for the assessment of the purity of these triazine targets as well as comparison with two sets of commercially available anionic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. Corroborative information from the different orthogonal analytical techniques employed supports the hypothesis that triazine dendrimers exist as very narrowly disperse mixtures of macromolecules approaching, in some cases, single chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Lalwani
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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48
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O’Sullivan GP, Scully NM, Prat JM, Glennon JD, Dietrich B, Friebolin V, Albert K. Synthesis, characterisation and chromatographic evaluation of polyether dendrimer stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1261-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:445-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mintzer MA, Merkel OM, Kissel T, Simanek EE. Polycationic triazine-based dendrimers: effect of peripheral groups on transfection efficiency. NEW J CHEM 2009; 33:1918-1925. [PMID: 19960102 PMCID: PMC2786084 DOI: 10.1039/b908735d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A panel of eight, second generation triazine dendrimers differing in the number of amines, guanidines, hydroxyls and aliphatic groups on the periphery was synthesized and assayed for gene transfer in an attempt to correlate the effects of surface functionality on transfection efficiency. The physicochemical and biological properties of the dendrimers and dendriplexes, such as condensation of DNA, size, surface charge and morphology of dendriplexes, toxicity and ultimately transfection efficiency in MeWo cells, were analyzed. The results from an ethidium bromide exclusion assay showed that the complexation efficiency of the dendrimers with DNA is moderately affected by surface groups. Increasing the number of surface amines, reducing the number of surface hydroxyl groups, or replacing the amine moiety with guanidines all help strengthen the complex formed. Results from dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyses indicate that the smallest particles correlate with complexes that exhibit the highest zeta potentials. Cytotoxicity was low for all compounds, particularly for the G2-5 dendrimer containing alkyl groups on the periphery, indicating the benefit of incorporating such neutral functionality onto the surface of the triazine dendrimers. Within this panel, the highest transfection efficiency was observed for the dendrimers that formed the smallest complexes, suggesting that this physicochemical property is an accurate predictor for determining which dendrimers will show high transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Mintzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Phillipps-Universität Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kissel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Phillipps-Universität Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
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