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Chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide related to the anti-inflammatory oleanane type saponins isolated from medicinal plant Aster tataricus L. f. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Abstract
Achyranthes root is a crude drug used as diuretic, tonic and remedy for blood stasis. Characteristic oleanolic acid saponins with a dicarboxylic acid moiety have been isolated as one of the representative constituents of this crude drug. This review focuses on the triterpene saponin constituents, especially those with a characteristic dicarboxylic acid moiety, of A. bidentata and A. fauriei. Several groups isolated the saponins and different names were given to one compound in some cases. The names of the compounds are sorted out and the stereochemistry of the dicarboxylic acid moieties are summarized. HPLC analysis of the composition of the saponin constituents and the effect of processing and extraction conditions on the composition are reviewed. Biological activities of the saponin constituents are also summarized.
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3
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Edelmann M, Dawid C, Hochreiter K, Ralla T, Stark TD, Salminen H, Weiss J, Hofmann T. Molecularization of Foam-Active Saponins from Sugar Beet Side Streams ( Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. altissima). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10962-10974. [PMID: 32881499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the isolation and characterization of saponins with a very low bitter intensity originating from sustainable plant materials, in particular the sugar beet pulp by-product stream. Via a concise foam activity screening of saponin-containing materials, which gives indications for their emulsifying ability, sugar beet root extract was selected and examined for low bitter saponins by means of activity guided fractionation. Individual saponins were isolated from sugar beet pulp, which was identified as the most convenient sugar beet saponin source. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy led to the unequivocal identification of the major, slightly bitter tasting compounds as a series of eight saponins. The complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR signals for several saponins was carried out for the first time. A small-scale foam activity assay was established and applied to a broad spectrum of the isolated and commercially available saponins. Additionally, orosensory recognition thresholds were determined. Not only high recognition thresholds were determined (thresholds >1000 μmol/L) but also fundamental information about the foaming behavior of mono- and bidesmosidic saponins was collected. The obtained results are relevant to the utilization of saponins from other plant materials or by-product streams and for the use of sugar beet saponins as food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Edelmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Hochreiter
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Theo Ralla
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hanna Salminen
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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5
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Wang B, Gao R, Wu Z, Yu Z. Functional Analysis of Sugars in Modulating Bacterial Communities and Metabolomics Profiles of Medicago sativa Silage. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:641. [PMID: 32477276 PMCID: PMC7232540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of four sugar source treatments, including no sugar (CON), fructose (FRU), pectin (PEC), and starch (STA), on the microbiota and metabolome of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage. The bacterial community was determined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The metabolome was analyzed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TOF-MS). After 60 days of fermentation, the pH values in FRU and PEC were lower than those in STA and CON. FRU had a greater lactic acid concentration compared to STA and CON. Weissella (47.44%) and Lactobacillus (42.13%) were the dominant species in all four groups. The abundance of Pediococcus was lower, and the abundance of Leuconostoc, Pantoea, and Microbacterium was higher, in FRU compared to CON. The abundance of norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7_group was higher, and the abundance of Turicibacter was lower, in both FRU and PEC than in CON. Leuconostoc was negatively correlated with the pH value, and Pediococcus was positively correlated with the pH value. No microbiomes were detected as discriminative features between STA and CON. The addition of FRU and PEC presented more peptides, such as Leu-Val-Thr, Leu-Phe, Ile-Pro-Ile, Val-Trp, and Ile-Leu-Leu but a lower abundance of metabolites for triterpene glycosides including sanchinoside B1, medicagenic acid, betavulgaroside IV, and prosapogenin compared to CON. The addition of PEC presented more phenyllactic acid compared to CON. Our study demonstrated that the addition of pectin and fructose improved the quality of alfalfa silage mainly by promoting Leuconostoc, Pantoea, and Microbacterium, and inhibiting Pediococcus in FRU, and promoting norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7_group and inhibiting Turicibacter in both FRU and PEC; this was due to altered metabolic profiles resulting from antifungal activity and decreased triterpene glycoside accumulation. This study improves our understanding of ensiling mechanisms related to the contributions of sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Run Gao
- College of Grass Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- College of Grass Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Grass Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Liu H, Zhou SY, Wen GE, Liu XX, Liu DY, Zhang QJ, Schmidt RR, Sun JS. The 2,2-Dimethyl-2-( ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA) Group: A Novel Protecting Group in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Org Lett 2019; 21:8049-8052. [PMID: 31532217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The 2,2-dimethyl-2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)acetyl (DMNPA) group was introduced to synthetic carbohydrate chemistry as a protecting group (PG) for the first time. Benefiting from a unique chemical structure and novel deprotection conditions, the DMNPA group can be cleaved rapidly and mutually orthogonal to other PGs. Orchestrated application of the DMNPA group with other PGs led to the highly efficient synthesis of the glycan of thornasterside A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Si-Yu Zhou
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Guo-En Wen
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Xu-Xue Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - De-Yong Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Qing-Ju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China.,Department of Chemistry , University of Konstanz , D-78457 , Konstanz , Germany
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022 , China
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 20032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 20032 China
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Stereocontrolled synthesis of oleanolic saponin ladyginoside A isolated from Ladyginia bucharica. Carbohydr Res 2018; 458-459:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Hu Y, Yu K, Shi LL, Liu L, Sui JJ, Liu DY, Xiong B, Sun JS. o-(p-Methoxyphenylethynyl)phenyl Glycosides: Versatile New Glycosylation Donors for the Highly Efficient Construction of Glycosidic Linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12736-12744. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Ke Yu
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lei Liu
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jing-Jing Sui
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - De-Yong Liu
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- The National Research Centre
for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang
Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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Shirahata T, Nagai T, Hirata N, Yokoyama M, Katsumi T, Konishi N, Nishino T, Makino K, Yamada H, Kaji E, Kiyohara H, Kobayashi Y. Syntheses and mucosal adjuvant activity of simplified oleanolic acid saponins possessing cinnamoyl ester. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1747-1755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Xiao Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yan M, Lei M, Zeng K, Zhao C. Synthesis of novel tetravalent galactosylated DTPA-DSPE and study on hepatocyte-targeting efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3033-50. [PMID: 23976853 PMCID: PMC3746791 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the purposes of obtaining a hepatocyte-selective drug delivery system, a novel tetravalent galactosylated diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (4Gal-DTPA-DSPE) was synthesized. The chemical structure of 4Gal-DTPA-DSPE was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The four galactose-modified liposomes (4Gal-liposomes) were prepared by thin-film hydration method, then doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated into liposomes using an ammonium sulfate gradient loading method. The liposomal formulations with 4Gal-DTPA-DSPE were characterized by laser confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, and the results demonstrated that the 4Gal-liposomes facilitated the intracellular uptake of DOX into HepG2 cells via asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cytotoxicity assay showed that the cell proliferation inhibition effect of 4Gal-liposomes was higher than that of the conventional liposomes without the galactose. Additionally, pharmacokinetic experiments in rats revealed that the 4Gal-liposomes displayed slower clearance from the systemic circulation compared with conventional liposomes. The organ distributions in mice and the study on frozen sections of liver implied that the 4Gal-liposomes enhanced the intracellular uptake of DOX into hepatocytes and prolonged the circulation. Taken together, these results indicate that liposomes containing 4Gal-DTPA-DSPE have great potential as drug delivery carriers for hepatocyte-selective targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Liu QC, Guo TT, Zhang L, Yu Y, Wang P, Yang JF, Li YX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of oleanolic acid derivatives as PTP1B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:511-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Waki M, Muratsugu S, Tada M. Rate enhancement of hexose sugar oxidation on an ethynylpyridine-functionalized Pt/Al2O3 catalyst with induced chirality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7283-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Stachulski AV, Meng X. Glucuronides from metabolites to medicines: a survey of the in vivo generation, chemical synthesis and properties of glucuronides. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:806-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Yu B, Sun J, Yang X. Assembly of naturally occurring glycosides, evolved tactics, and glycosylation methods. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1227-36. [PMID: 22493991 DOI: 10.1021/ar200296m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins and lipids is critical to many life processes. Secondary metabolites (or natural products), such as flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, and antibiotics, are also frequently modified with saccharides. The resulting glycosides include diverse structures and functions, and some of them have pharmacological significance. The saccharide portions of the glycosides often have specific structural characteristics that depend on the aglycones. These molecules also form heterogeneous "glycoform" mixtures where molecules have similar glycosidic linkages but the saccharides vary in the length and type of monosaccharide unit. Thus, it is difficult to purify homogeneous glycosides in appreciable amounts from natural sources. Chemical synthesis provides a feasible access to the homogeneous glycosides and their congeners. Synthesis of a glycoside involves the synthesis of the aglycone, the saccharide, the connection of these two parts, and the overall manipulation of protecting groups. However, most synthetic efforts to date have focused on the aglycones, treating the attachment of saccharides onto the aglycones as a dispensable topic. The synthesis of the aglycone and the synthesis of the saccharide belong to two independent categories of chemistry, and different types of the aglycones and saccharides pose as specific synthetic subjects in their own disciplines. The only reaction that integrates the broad chemistry of glycoside synthesis is the glycosidic bond formation between the saccharide and the aglycone. Focusing on this glycosylation reaction in this Account, we string together our experience with the synthesis of the naturally occurring glycosides. We briefly describe the synthesis of 18 glycosides, including glycolipids, phenolic glycosides, steroid glycosides, and triterpene glycosides. Each molecule represents a prototypical structure of a family of the natural glycosides with interesting biological activities, and we emphasize the general tactics for the synthesis of these diverse structures. We provide a rationale for four tactics for the synthesis of glycosides, based on the stage at which the glycosidic bond is formed between the saccharide and the aglycone. This choice of tactic determines the success or failure of a synthesis, and the flexibility and the overall efficiency of the synthesis as well. Toward the synthesis of heterogeneous glycoform mixtures, we discuss successive and random glycosylation reactions. Finally, we have developed two new glycosylation protocols that address the challenges in the glycosylation of aglycones that are poorly nucleophilic, extremely acid labile, or extremely electrophilic. One of these new protocols takes advantage of glycosyl trifluoroacetimidate donors, and a second protocol uses gold(I)-catalyzed glycosylation with glycosyl ortho-alkynylbenzoate donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiansong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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17
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An efficient and recyclable catalyst for the cleavage of tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ethers. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:6-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Liu Q, Fan Z, Li D, Li W, Guo T. Facile Synthesis of Several Oleanane-Type Triterpenoid Saponins. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.555898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Northwest University , Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Fan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Northwest University , Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Northwest University , Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenhong Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Northwest University , Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- b Department of Medicine , Xi'an Innovation College Yan'an University , Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, PR China
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20
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Zhang Z, Zong C, Song G, Lv G, Chun Y, Wang P, Ding N, Li Y. Total synthesis of caminoside B, a novel antimicrobial glycolipid isolated from the marine sponge Caminus sphaeroconia. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:750-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Yang Y, Li Y, Yu B. Chemoselective glycosylation of carboxylic acid with glycosyl ortho-hexynylbenzoates as donors. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Liu Q, Zhang L, Li X, Guo T, Wang P, Li Y. Efficient Synthesis of Flaccidoside II, a Bioactive Component of Chinese Folk Medicine Di Wu. J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300903260192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai, 201203, China
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23
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Efficient synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside/glucuronide derivatives using silver zeolite as promoter. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1063-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang L, Guo T, Lv G, Li Y. Concise synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, oleanolic acid derivatives isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1276-81. [PMID: 19524216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, which were isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis and exhibited excellent in vitro cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells, was concisely achieved in a convergent approach. We employed an odourless 2-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl (Mbp) thioglycoside and trichloroacetimidate donors in one-pot reaction as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Tang P, Yu B. Total Synthesis of Candicanoside A, a Rearranged Cholestane Disaccharide, and Its 4″-O-(p-Methoxybenzoate) Congener. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shah BA, Chib R, Gupta P, Sethi VK, Koul S, Andotra SS, Nargotra A, Sharma S, Pandey A, Bani S, Purnima B, Taneja SC. Saponins as novel TNF-α inhibitors: isolation of saponins and a nor-pseudoguaianolide from Parthenium hysterophorus. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3230-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b902041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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