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Mondal P, Tolbert GB, Wijeratne GB. Bio-inspired nitrogen oxide (NO x) interconversion reactivities of synthetic heme Compound-I and Compound-II intermediates. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111633. [PMID: 34749065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dioxygen activating heme enzymes have long predicted to be powerhouses for nitrogen oxide interconversion, especially for nitric oxide (NO) oxidation which has far-reaching biological and/or environmental impacts. Lending credence, reactivity of NO with high-valent heme‑oxygen intermediates of globin proteins has recently been implicated in the regulation of a variety of pivotal physiological events such as modulating catalytic activities of various heme enzymes, enhancing antioxidant activity to inhibit oxidative damage, controlling inflammatory and infectious properties within the local heme environments, and NO scavenging. To reveal insights into such crucial biological processes, we have investigated low temperature NO reactivities of two classes of synthetic high-valent heme intermediates, Compound-II and Compound-I. In that, Compound-II rapidly reacts with NO yielding the six-coordinate (NO bound) heme ferric nitrite complex, which upon warming to room temperature converts into the five-coordinate heme ferric nitrite species. These ferric nitrite complexes mediate efficient substrate oxidation reactions liberating NO; i.e., shuttling NO2- back to NO. In contrast, Compound-I and NO proceed through an oxygen-atom transfer process generating the strong nitrating agent NO2, along with the corresponding ferric nitrosyl species that converts to the naked heme ferric parent complex upon warmup. All reaction components have been fully characterized by UV-vis, 2H NMR and EPR spectroscopic methods, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and semi-quantitative determination of NO2- anions. The clean, efficient, potentially catalytic NOx interconversions driven by high-valent heme species presented herein illustrate the strong prospects of a heme enzyme/O2/NOx dependent unexplored territory that is central to human physiology, pathology, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Garrett B Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
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Mondal P, Wijeratne GB. Modeling Tryptophan/Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase with Heme Superoxide Mimics: Is Ferryl the Key Intermediate? J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1846-1856. [PMID: 31870154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan oxidation in biology has been recently implicated in a vast array of paramount pathogenic conditions in humans, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type-I diabetes, and cancer. This 2,3-dioxygenative cleavage of the indole ring of tryptophan with dioxygen is mediated by two heme enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), during its conversion to N-formylkynurenine in the first and rate-limiting step of kynurenine pathway. Despite the pivotal significance of this enzymatic transformation, a vivid viewpoint of the precise mechanistic events is far from complete. A heme superoxide adduct is thought to be the active oxidant in both TDO and IDO, which, following O-O bond cleavage, presumably generates a key ferryl (FeIV=O) reaction intermediate. This study, for the first time in model chemistry, demonstrates the potential of synthetic heme superoxide adducts to mimic the bioinorganic chemistry of indole dioxygenation by TDO and IDO, challenging the widely accepted categorization of these metal adducts as weak oxidants. Herein, an electronically divergent series of ferric heme superoxo oxidants mediates the facile conversion of an array of indole substrates into their corresponding 2,3-dioxygenated products, while shedding light on an unequivocally occurring, putative ferryl intermediate. The oxygenated indole products have been isolated in ∼31% yield, and characterized by LC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, and FT-IR methodologies, as well as by 18O2(g) labeling experiments. Distinctly, the most electron-deficient superoxo adduct is observed to react the fastest, specifically with the most electron-rich indole substrate, underscoring the cruciality of electrophilicity of the heme superoxide moiety in facilitating the initial indole activation step. Comprehensive understanding of such mechanistic subtleties will benefit future attempts in the rational design of salient therapeutic agents, including next generation anticancer drug targets with amplified effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
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Matteucci E, Baschieri A, Sambri L, Monti F, Pavoni E, Bandini E, Armaroli N. Carbazole‐Terpyridine Donor‐Acceptor Dyads with Rigid π‐Conjugated Bridges. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1353-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Baschieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di Bologna Via San Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Letizia Sambri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la FotoreattivitàConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Eleonora Pavoni
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la FotoreattivitàConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisa Bandini
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la FotoreattivitàConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la FotoreattivitàConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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Tarasova OA, Nedolya NA, Albanov AI, Trofimov BA. Cyclizations of The Isothiocyanates-Derived Azatrienes: The CuBr-Catalyzed Switching from Thiophenes to Pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ol'ga A. Tarasova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Str. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Nina A. Nedolya
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Str. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I. Albanov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Str. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
| | - Boris A. Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry; Siberian Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; 1 Favorsky Str. 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette M. Pereira
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucas D. Dias
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário J. F. Calvete
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhang S, Nagarjuna Reddy M, Mass O, Kim HJ, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of tailored hydrodipyrrins and their examination in directed routes to bacteriochlorins and tetradehydrocorrins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
18 gem-dimethyl stabilized hydrodipyrrins with diverse α-substituents have been prepared and examined in directed syntheses of unsymmetrically substituted hydroporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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Shi YC, Wang S, Xie S. Syntheses, molecular structures, and self-assemblies of SFe3, S2Fe3, S3Fe5, SeFe3, and Se2Fe3 clusters with chelating diaminocarbenes. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1079312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Cheng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Sun Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
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Ürüt GÖ, Karakaş D, Maity C. Novel Multiporphyrin Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen CY, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues, each containing a symmetrical pair of 13C or 15N atoms in the inner core of the macrocycle. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1001-16. [PMID: 24422909 DOI: 10.1021/jo402488n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins containing site-specific isotopic substitution enable spectroscopic interrogation to delineate physicochemical features relevant to bacteriochlorophylls in photosynthesis but have been little explored. A de novo synthesis has been employed to prepare bacteriochlorins wherein each macrocycle contains a pair of (13)C or (15)N atoms yet lacks substituents other than a geminal dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring. Preparation of a dihydrodipyrrin–acetal with single-isotopic substitution gives rise to a bacteriochlorin that contains two isotopic substitutions symmetrically disposed by a 180° rotation about the normal to the plane of the macrocycle. Eight such isotopically substituted bacteriochlorins were prepared from commercially available reactants (bacteriochlorin sites): ((13)C)paraformaldehyde (1, 11); ((13)C)formamide (4, 14); triethyl ((13)C)orthoformate (5, 15); K(13)CN (6, 16); (13)CH3NO2 (9, 19); N,N-dimethyl((13)C)formamide (10, 20); ((15)N)pyrrole (21, 23); CH3(15)NO2 (22, 24). Some loss of (15)N upon TiCl3-mediated McMurry-type ring closure of a nitro((15)N)hexanone is attributed to a parallel sequence of three reactions (Nef, exchange with natural-abundance NH4OAc buffer, and Paal–Knorr ring closure) leading to the dihydrodipyrrin–acetal. Zinc and copper chelates of each bacteriochlorin also were prepared. Together, the 24 bacteriochlorin isotopologues should provide valuable benchmarks for understanding ground- and excited-state molecular physics of the macrocycles related to photosynthetic function of bacteriochlorophylls.
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Hondros CJ, Aravindu K, Diers JR, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Effects of Linker Torsional Constraints on the Rate of Ground-State Hole Transfer in Porphyrin Dyads. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11076-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Hondros
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
| | - Kunche Aravindu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
92521-0403, United States
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Lindsey JS, Thamyongkit P, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF. Encoding isotopic watermarks in molecular electronic materials as an anti-counterfeiting strategy: Application to porphyrins for information storage. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An approach for information storage employs tetrapyrrole macrocycles as charge-storage elements attached to a (semi)conductor in hybrid chips. Anti-counterfeiting measures must cohere with the tiny amounts of such electroactive material and strict constraints on composition in chips; accordingly, the incorporation of typical anti-counterfeiting taggants or microcarriers is precluded. The provenance of the tetrapyrroles can be established through the use of isotopic substitution integral to the macrocycle. The isotopic substitution can be achieved by rational site-specific incorporation or by combinatorial procedures. The formation of a mixture of such macrocycles with various isotopic composition (isotopically unmodified, isotopologues, isotopomers) provides the molecular equivalent of an indelible printed watermark. Resonance Raman spectroscopic examination can reveal the watermark, but not the underlying molecular and isotopic composition; imaging mass spectrometry can reveal the presence of isotopologues but cannot discriminate among isotopomers. Hence, deciphering the code that encrypts the watermark in an attempt at forgery is expected to be prohibitive. A brief overview is provided of strategies for incorporating isotopes in meso-substituted tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Patchanita Thamyongkit
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
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12
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Nieves-Bernier EJ, Diers JR, Taniguchi M, Holten D, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Probing the rate of hole transfer in oxidized synthetic chlorin dyads via site-specific (13)C-labeling. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3193-202. [PMID: 20429592 DOI: 10.1021/jo100527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding electronic communication among interacting constituents of multicomponent molecular architectures is important for rational design in diverse fields including artificial photosynthesis and molecular electronics. One strategy for examining ground-state hole/electron transfer in an oxidized tetrapyrrolic array relies on analysis of the hyperfine interactions observed in the EPR spectrum of the pi-cation radical. This strategy has been previously employed to probe the hole/electron-transfer process in oxidized multiporphyrin arrays of normal isotopic composition, wherein (1)H and (14)N serve as the hyperfine "clocks", and in arrays containing site-specific (13)C-labels, which serve as additional hyperfine clocks. Herein, the hyperfine-clock strategy is applied to dyads of dihydroporphyrins (chlorins). Chlorins are more closely related structurally to chlorophylls than are porphyrins. A de novo synthetic strategy has been employed to introduce a (13)C label at the 19-position of the chlorin macrocycle, which is a site of large electron/hole density and is accessible synthetically beginning with (13)C-nitromethane. The resulting singly (13)C-labeled chlorin was coupled with an unlabeled chlorin to give a dyad wherein a diphenylethyne linker spans the 10-positions of the two zinc chlorins. EPR studies of the monocations of both the natural abundance and (13)C-labeled zinc chlorin dyads and benchmark zinc chlorin monomers reveal that the time scale for hole/electron transfer is in the 4-7 ns range, which is 5-10-fold longer than that in analogous porphyrin arrays. The slower hole/electron transfer rate observed for the chlorin versus porphyrin dyads is attributed to the fact that the HOMO is a(1u)-like for the chlorins versus a(2u)-like for the porphyrins; the a(1u)-like orbital exhibits little (or no) electron/hole density at the site of linker attachment whereas the a(2u)-like orbital exhibits significant electron/hole density at this site. Collectively, the studies of the chlorin and porphyrin dyads provide insights into the structural features that influence the hole/electron-transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías J Nieves-Bernier
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Diers JR, Taniguchi M, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. Probing the Rate of Hole Transfer in Oxidized Porphyrin Dyads Using Thallium Hyperfine Clocks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12121-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Diers
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Dewey Holten
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - David F. Bocian
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
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Abstract
Synthetic meso-substituted porphyrins offer significant attractions compared with naturally occurring beta-substituted porphyrins. The attractions include the rectilinear arrangement of the four meso substituents and potential synthetic amenability from pyrrole and simple acyl reactants, thereby avoiding the cumbersome syntheses of beta-substituted pyrroles. In practice, however, the classical methods for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins were characterized by high-temperature reactions, limited scope of substituents, and statistical mixtures accompanied by laborious chromatography if porphyrins bearing two different types of substituents were sought. Such methods left unrealized the tremendous utility of meso-substituted porphyrins across the enormously broad field of porphyrin science, which touches pure chemistry; energy, life and materials sciences; and medicine. This Account surveys a set of strategies, developed over a generation, that provide rational access to porphyrins bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. A "2 + 2" route employs a dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol and a dipyrromethane (bearing ABC- and D-substituents, respectively) in a two-step, one-flask process of acid-catalyzed condensation followed by oxidation at room temperature to form the free base "ABCD-porphyrin." A "bilane" route relies on the acid-catalyzed reaction of a 1-acyldipyrromethane (CD substituents) and a 9-bromodipyrromethane-1-carbinol (AB substituents) to form the corresponding 19-acyl-1-bromobilane. Reaction of the latter compound in the presence of MgBr(2), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and toluene at reflux exposed to air affords the corresponding magnesium(II) porphyrin. The two routes are complementary, both in scope and in implementation. A suite of methods also affords trans-A(2)B(2)-porphyrins by reaction of a dipyrromethane and an aldehyde, self-condensation of a dipyrromethane-1-carbinol, or self-condensation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane. These new routes are also useful for preparing sparsely substituted porphyrins, which bear fewer than four meso substituents (e.g., trans-AB-porphyrins, A-porphyrins). Because of their compact size and the ability to incorporate hydrophilic or amphipathic groups, such molecules are ideal for biological applications. The success of these new synthetic strategies has relied on a number of advances including (1) the development of simple yet efficient routes to dipyrromethanes, acyldipyrromethanes, and dipyrromethane-carbinols, (2) the identification of acid catalysts and reaction conditions for condensations of pyrromethane species without accompanying acidolysis (which underlies scrambling and formation of a mixture of porphyrin products), (3) the development of analytical methods to rapidly screen for scrambling and to characterize the distribution of oligopyrromethanes and macrocycles, (4) selection and refinement of synthetic methods to increase yields and to limit or avoid use of chromatography, thereby achieving scalability to multigram levels, and (5) exploitation of discoveries concerning the fundamental chemistry of pyrrolic species. With these developments, the prior era of porphyrin synthesis has been supplanted with rational routes that proceed under very mild conditions and afford a single porphyrin bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. The meso substituents encompass a very wide range of molecular complexity. The resulting porphyrins can serve as building blocks in the construction of model systems, as components of molecular materials, and as surrogates for naturally occurring tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Dogutan DK, Bediako DK, Teets TS, Schwalbe M, Nocera DG. Efficient Synthesis of Hangman Porphyrins. Org Lett 2010; 12:1036-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek K. Dogutan
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - D. Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Thomas S. Teets
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Matthias Schwalbe
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
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