1
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Sekigawa Y, Asada S, Ichikawa Y, Tsubokawa K, Watanabe S, Honzawa S, Kitagawa K. Two Preparation Methods for Peptide Thioester Containing Tyr(SO 3H) Residue(s) without the Use of Protecting Group for Sulfate Moiety. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:700-710. [PMID: 39069473 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We report two methods for the preparation of peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s), without use of a protecting group for the sulfate moiety. The first was based on direct thioesterification using carbodiimide on a fully protected peptide acid, prepared on a 2-chlorotrityl (Clt) resin with fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS). Subsequent deprotection of the protecting groups with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (0 °C, 4 h) yielded peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s). Peptide thioesters containing one to three Tyr(SO3H) residue(s), prepared by this method, were used as building blocks for the synthesis of the Nα-Fmoc-protected N-terminal part of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) (Fmoc-PSGL-1(43-74)) via silver-ion mediated thioester segment condensation. The other method was based on the thioesterification of peptide azide, derived from a peptide hydrazide prepared on a NH2NH-Clt-resin with Fmoc-SPPS. Peptide thioester containing two Tyr(SO3H) residues, prepared via this alternative method, was used as a building block for the one-pot synthesis of the N-terminal extracellular portion of CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5(9-26)) by native chemical ligation (NCL). The two methods for the preparation of peptide thioesters containing Tyr(SO3H) residue(s) described herein are applicable to the synthesis of various types of sulfopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Sekigawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shinichi Asada
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Yurie Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Kazuaki Tsubokawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shoh Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Shinobu Honzawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
| | - Kouki Kitagawa
- Faculty of Pharamaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences
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2
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Maxwell JWC, Hawkins PME, Watson EE, Payne RJ. Exploiting Chemical Protein Synthesis to Study the Role of Tyrosine Sulfation on Anticoagulants from Hematophagous Organisms. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2688-2699. [PMID: 37708351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that modulates function by mediating key protein-protein interactions. One of the early proteins shown to possess this PTM was hirudin, produced in the salivary glands of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, whereby tyrosine sulfation led to a ∼10-fold improvement in α-thrombin inhibitory activity. Outside of this pioneering discovery, the involvement of tyrosine sulfation in modulating the activity of salivary proteins from other hematophagous organisms was unknown. We hypothesized that the intrinsic instability of the tyrosine sulfate functionality, particularly under the acidic conditions used to isolate and analyze peptides and proteins, has led to poor detection during the isolation and/or expression of these molecules.Herein, we summarize our efforts to interrogate the functional role of tyrosine sulfation in the thrombin inhibitory and anticoagulant activity of salivary peptides and proteins from a range of different blood feeding organisms, including leeches, ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. Specifically, we have harnessed synthetic chemistry to efficiently generate homogeneously sulfated peptides and proteins for detailed structure-function studies both in vitro and in vivo.Our studies began with the leech protein hirudin P6 (from Hirudinaria manillensis), which is both sulfated on tyrosine and O-glycosylated at a nearby threonine residue. Synthetically, this was achieved through solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) with a late-stage on-resin sulfation, followed by native chemical ligation and a folding step to generate six differentially modified variants of hirudin P6 to assess the functional interplay between O-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation. A one-pot, kinetically controlled ligation of three peptide fragments was used to assemble homogeneously sulfoforms of madanin-1 and chimadanin from the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Dual tyrosine sulfation at two distinct sites was shown to increase the thrombin inhibitory activity by up to 3 orders of magnitude through a novel interaction with exosite II of thrombin. The diselenide-selenoester ligation developed by our lab provided us with a means to rapidly assemble a library of different sulfated tick anticoagulant proteins: the andersonins, hyalomins, madanin-like proteins, and hemeathrins, thus enabling the generation of key structure-activity data on this family of proteins. We have also confirmed the presence of tyrosine sulfation in the anticoagulant proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes (anophelins) and the Tsetse fly (TTI) via insect expression and mass spectrometric analysis. These molecules were subsequently synthesized and assessed for thrombin inhibitory and anticoagulant activity. Activity was significantly improved by the addition of tyrosine sulfate modifications and led to molecules with potent antithrombotic activity in an in vivo murine thrombosis model.The Account concludes with our most recent work on the design of trivalent hybrids that tandemly occupy the active site and both exosites (I and II) of α-thrombin, with a TTI-anophelin hybrid (Ki = 20 fM against α-thrombin) being one of the most potent protease inhibitors and anticoagulants ever generated. Taken together, this Account highlights the importance of the tyrosine sulfate post-translational modification within salivary proteins from blood feeding organisms for enhancing anticoagulant activity. This work lays the foundation for exploiting native or engineered variants as therapeutic leads for thrombotic disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paige M E Hawkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Emma E Watson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Dond BD, Pansare DN, Sarkate AP, Thore SN. A facile synthesis of sulfonate esters from phenols using catalytic KF/NFSI and K2CO3. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Raguž L, Peng C, Rutaganira FUN, Krüger T, Stanišić A, Jautzus T, Kries H, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, King N, Beemelmanns C. Total Synthesis and Functional Evaluation of IORs, Sulfonolipid-based Inhibitors of Cell Differentiation in Salpingoeca rosetta. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209105. [PMID: 35901418 PMCID: PMC9825905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta is an important model system to study the evolution of multicellularity. In this study we developed a new, modular, and scalable synthesis of sulfonolipid IOR-1A (six steps, 27 % overall yield), which acts as bacterial inhibitor of rosette formation in S. rosetta. The synthesis features a decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction of a sulfonic acid-containing tartaric acid derivative with alkyl zinc reagents. Synthesis of 15 modified IOR-1A derivatives, including fluorescent and photoaffinity-based probes, allowed quantification of IOR-1A, localization studies within S. rosetta cells, and evaluation of structure-activity relations. In a proof of concept study, an inhibitory bifunctional probe was employed in proteomic profiling studies, which allowed to deduce binding partners in bacteria and S. rosetta. These results showcase the power of synthetic chemistry to decipher the biochemical basis of cell differentiation processes within S. rosetta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Raguž
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host InteractionsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Chia‐Chi Peng
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host InteractionsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | | | - Thomas Krüger
- Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Aleksa Stanišić
- Biosynthetic Design of Natural ProductsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Theresa Jautzus
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host InteractionsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Hajo Kries
- Biosynthetic Design of Natural ProductsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Molecular and Applied MicrobiologyLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany,Microbiology and Molecular BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyFriedrich Schiller University (FSU)Neugasse 2507743JenaGermany
| | - Nicole King
- Life Sciences AdditionUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host InteractionsLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection BiologyHans-Knöll-Institute (HKI)Beutenbergstraße 11a07745JenaGermany,Biochemistry of Microbial MetabolismInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21–2304103LeipzigGermany
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5
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Raguž L, Peng CC, Rutaganira FUN, Krüger T, Stanisic A, Jautzus T, Kries H, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage A, King N, Beemelmanns C. Total Synthesis and Functional Evaluation of IORs, Sulfonolipid‐based Inhibitors of Cell Differentiation in Salpingoeca rosetta. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Raguž
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Chia-Chi Peng
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | | | - Thomas Krüger
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Molecular and Applied Microbiology GERMANY
| | - Aleksa Stanisic
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products GERMANY
| | - Theresa Jautzus
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Chemical Biology GERMANY
| | - Hajo Kries
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, GERMANY
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Molecular and Applied Microbiology GERMANY
| | - Axel Brakhage
- Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knöll-Institut: Leibniz-Institut fur Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie eV Hans-Knoll-Institut Molecular and Applied Microbiology GERMANY
| | - Nicole King
- UC Berkeley: University of California Berkeley Life Science UNITED STATES
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Universität Leipzig: Universitat Leipzig Institute of Biochemistry Beutenbergstr. 11a07745Deutschland 07745 Jena GERMANY
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6
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Abstract
α-Conotoxins (Ctx) can selectively target distinct subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are closely related to a number of neurological diseases, and they have been considered as ideal probes and model peptide drugs. Sulfotyrosine (sY) is an important post-translational modification and believed to modulate certain key protein-protein interactions. Although sY modification has been indicated in several α-Ctx, its biological consequence has largely remained unexplored, mostly because of the difficulties in both its extraction from biological samples and chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a facile synthesis and folding strategy for obtaining the sY modified α-Ctx. This strategy is based on the development of a simple and controlled deprotection of the neopentyl protecting group of the sulfate ester as well as its compatibility with a step-wise oxidative folding of the two disulfide bonds. Eight sY modified α-Ctx peptides were successfully synthesized in good yield and with high purity, and their serum stabilities were almost comparable with non-modified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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7
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Maxwell JW, Payne RJ. Revealing the functional roles of tyrosine sulfation using synthetic sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Sensfuss U, Kruse T, Skyggebjerg RB, Uldam HK, Vestergaard B, Huus K, Vinther TN, Reinau ME, Schéele S, Clausen TR. Structure–Activity Relationships and Characterization of Highly Selective, Long-Acting, Peptide-Based Cholecystokinin 1 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1407-1419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Gupta R, Ponnusamy MP. Analysis of sulfates on low molecular weight heparin using mass spectrometry: structural characterization of enoxaparin. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:503-513. [PMID: 29782806 PMCID: PMC10134193 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1480110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structural characterization of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is critical to meet biosimilarity standards. In this context, the review focuses on structural analysis of labile sulfates attached to the side-groups of LMWH using mass spectrometry. A comprehensive review of this topic will help readers to identify key strategies for tackling the problem related to sulfate loss. At the same time, various mass spectrometry techniques are presented to facilitate compositional analysis of LMWH, mainly enoxaparin. Areas covered: This review summarizes findings on mass spectrometry application for LMWH, including modulation of sulfates, using enzymology and sample preparation approaches. Furthermore, popular open-source software packages for automated spectral data interpretation are also discussed. Successful use of LC/MS can decipher structural composition for LMWH and help evaluate their sameness or biosimilarity with the innovator molecule. Overall, the literature has been searched using PubMed by typing various search queries such as 'enoxaparin', 'mass spectrometry', 'low molecular weight heparin', 'structural characterization', etc. Expert commentary: This section highlights clinically relevant areas that need improvement to achieve satisfactory commercialization of LMWHs. It also primarily emphasizes the advancements in instrumentation related to mass spectrometry, and discusses building automated software for data interpretation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.,b Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
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10
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Choi A, Miller SC. Reductively-labile sulfonate ester protecting groups that are rapidly cleaved by physiological glutathione. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1346-1349. [PMID: 28116407 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonates are frequently used to endow water solubility on hydrophobic molecules, but the repertoire of sulfonate protecting groups remains limited. Here we describe the first sulfonate esters that can be unmasked by the mild reducing conditions found in live mammalian cells. Self-immolative cleavage releases the sulfonate and the two-electron reduction product of a thioquinone methide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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11
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Guang J, Rumlow ZA, Wiles LM, O'Neill S, Walczak MA. Sulfated liposaccharides inspired by telomerase inhibitor axinelloside A. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Behrendt R, White P, Offer J. Advances in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:4-27. [PMID: 26785684 PMCID: PMC4745034 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, Fmoc SPPS is the method of choice for peptide synthesis. Very-high-quality Fmoc building blocks are available at low cost because of the economies of scale arising from current multiton production of therapeutic peptides by Fmoc SPPS. Many modified derivatives are commercially available as Fmoc building blocks, making synthetic access to a broad range of peptide derivatives straightforward. The number of synthetic peptides entering clinical trials has grown continuously over the last decade, and recent advances in the Fmoc SPPS technology are a response to the growing demand from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Improvements are being continually reported for peptide quality, synthesis time and novel synthetic targets. Topical peptide research has contributed to a continuous improvement and expansion of Fmoc SPPS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Behrendt
- Novabiochem, Merck & CieIm Laternenacker 58200SchaffhausenSwitzerland
| | - Peter White
- Novabiochem, Merck Chemicals LtdPadge RoadBeestonNG9 2JRUK
| | - John Offer
- The Francis Crick Institute215 Euston RoadLondonNW1 2BEUK
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13
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1835-8. [PMID: 26696445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine O-sulfation is a common protein post-translational modification that regulates many biological processes, including leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Many peptides with therapeutic potential contain one or more sulfotyrosine residues. We report a one-step synthesis for Fmoc-fluorosulfated tyrosine. An efficient Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthetic strategy is then introduced for incorporating the fluorosulfated tyrosine residue into peptides of interest. Standard simultaneous peptide-resin cleavage and removal of the acid-labile side-chain protecting groups affords the crude peptides containing fluorosulfated tyrosine. Basic ethylene glycol, serving both as solvent and reactant, transforms the fluorosulfated tyrosine peptides into sulfotyrosine peptides in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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14
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Chen W, Dong J, Li S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yoon L, Wu P, Sharpless KB, Kelly JW. Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine-Containing Peptides by Incorporating Fluorosulfated Tyrosine Using an Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Leonard Yoon
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - K. Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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15
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Vale N, Carvalho Veloso R, Gomes P. Exploring the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine Peptides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26196117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins plays critical roles in regulating structure, stability, localization, and function. Sulfation of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine residues to form sulfotyrosine (sTyr) is a widespread modification of extracellular and integral membrane proteins, influencing the activities of these proteins in cellular adhesion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses, and pathogen infection. Tyrosine sulfation commonly occurs in sequences containing clusters of tyrosine residues and is incomplete at each site, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of sulfoforms. Purification of individual sulfoforms is typically impractical. Therefore, the most promising approach to elucidate the influence of sulfation at each site is to prepare homogeneously sulfated proteins (or peptides) synthetically. This Account describes our recent progress in both development of such synthetic approaches and application of the resulting sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins to characterize the functional consequences of tyrosine sulfation. Initial synthetic studies used a cassette-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach in which the side chain sulfate ester was protected to enable it to withstand Fmoc-based SPPS conditions. Subsequently, to address the need for efficient access to multiple sulfoforms of the same peptide, we developed a divergent solid-phase synthetic approach utilizing orthogonally side chain protected tyrosine residues. Using this methodology, we have carried out orthogonal deprotection and sulfation of up to three tyrosine residues within a given sequence, allowing access to all eight sulfoforms of a given target from a single solid-phase synthesis. With homogeneously sulfated peptides in hand, we have been able to probe the influence of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Several of these studies focused on sulfated fragments of chemokine receptors, key mediators of leukocyte trafficking and inflammation. For the receptor CCR3, we showed that tyrosine sulfation enhances affinity and selectivity for binding to chemokine ligands, and we determined the structural basis of these affinity enhancements by NMR spectroscopy. Using a library of CCR5 sulfopeptides, we demonstrated the critical importance of sulfation at one specific site for supporting HIV-1 infection. Demonstrating the feasibility of producing homogeneously tyrosine-sulfated proteins, in addition to smaller peptides, we have used SPPS and native chemical ligation methods to synthesize the leech-derived antithrombotic protein hirudin P6, containing both tyrosine sulfation and glycosylation. Sulfation greatly enhanced inhibitory activity against thrombin, whereas addition of glycans to the sulfated protein decreased inhibition, indicating functional interplay between different post-translational modifications. In addition, the success of the ligation approach suggests that larger sulfoproteins could potentially be obtained by ligation of synthetic sulfopeptides to expressed proteins, using intein-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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17
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Liu X, Malins LR, Roche M, Sterjovski J, Duncan R, Garcia ML, Barnes NC, Anderson DA, Stone MJ, Gorry PR, Payne RJ. Site-selective solid-phase synthesis of a CCR5 sulfopeptide library to interrogate HIV binding and entry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2074-81. [PMID: 24963694 PMCID: PMC4168781 DOI: 10.1021/cb500337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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Tyrosine (Tyr) sulfation is a common
post-translational modification
that is implicated in a variety of important biological processes,
including the fusion and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1
(HIV-1). A number of sulfated Tyr (sTyr) residues on the N-terminus
of the CCR5 chemokine receptor are involved in a crucial binding interaction
with the gp120 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Despite the established
importance of these sTyr residues, the exact structural and functional
role of this post-translational modification in HIV-1 infection is
not fully understood. Detailed biological studies are hindered in
part by the difficulty in accessing homogeneous sulfopeptides and
sulfoproteins through biological expression and established synthetic
techniques. Herein we describe an efficient approach to the synthesis
of sulfopeptides bearing discrete sulfation patterns through the divergent,
site-selective incorporation of sTyr residues on solid support. By
employing three orthogonally protected Tyr building blocks and a solid-phase
sulfation protocol, we demonstrate the synthesis of a library of target
N-terminal CCR5(2-22) sulfoforms bearing discrete and differential
sulfation at Tyr10, Tyr14, and Tyr15, from a single resin-bound intermediate.
We demonstrate the importance of distinct sites of Tyr sulfation in
binding gp120 through a competitive binding assay between the synthetic
CCR5 sulfopeptides and an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. These studies
revealed a critical role of sulfation at Tyr14 for binding and a possible
additional role for sulfation at Tyr10. N-terminal CCR5 variants bearing
a sTyr residue at position 14 were also found to complement viral
entry into cells expressing an N-terminally truncated CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R. Malins
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary L. Garcia
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nadine C. Barnes
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Leszczynska G, Leonczak P, Wozniak K, Malkiewicz A. Chemical synthesis of the 5-taurinomethyl(-2-thio)uridine modified anticodon arm of the human mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and tRNA(Lys). RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:938-947. [PMID: 24757169 PMCID: PMC4024646 DOI: 10.1261/rna.044412.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
5-Taurinomethyluridine (τm(5)U) and 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (τm(5)s(2)U) are located at the wobble position of human mitochondrial (hmt) tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and tRNA(Lys), respectively. Both hypermodified units restrict decoding of the third codon letter to A and G. Pathogenic mutations in the genes encoding hmt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and hmt-tRNA(Lys) are responsible for the loss of the discussed modifications and, as a consequence, for the occurrence of severe mitochondrial dysfunctions (MELAS, MERRF). Synthetic oligoribonucleotides bearing modified nucleosides are a versatile tool for studying mechanisms of genetic message translation and accompanying pathologies at nucleoside resolution. In this paper, we present site-specific chemical incorporation of τm(5)U and τm(5)s(2)U into 17-mers related to the sequence of the anticodon arms hmt-tRNA(Leu(UUR)) and hmt-tRNA(Lys), respectively employing phosphoramidite chemistry on CPG support. Selected protecting groups for the sulfonic acid (4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilanyloxy)-2,2-dimethylbutyl) and the exoamine function (-C(O)CF3) are compatible with the blockage of the canonical monomeric units. The synthesis of τm(5)s(2)U-modified RNA fragment was performed under conditions eliminating the formation of side products of 2-thiocarbonyl group oxidation and/or oxidative desulphurization. The structure of the final oligomers was confirmed by mass spectroscopy and enzymatic cleavage data.
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19
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Delbianco M, Lamarque L, Parker D. Synthesis of meta and para-substituted aromatic sulfonate derivatives of polydentate phenylazaphosphinate ligands: enhancement of the water solubility of emissive europium(iii) EuroTracker® dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8061-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01143k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of a trifluoroethyl ester group to protect sulfonic acid moieties is used in the synthesis of a short series of water-soluble, very bright europium(iii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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20
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Liang X, Shimizu S, Kobayashi N. Expanded dipyrrins with electron-withdrawing substituents: broad range of absorption in the visible region. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Rudick JG, Laakso MM, Schloss AC, DeGrado WF. Template-constrained cyclic sulfopeptide HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7096-100. [PMID: 24065278 PMCID: PMC3889485 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41395k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Template-constrained cyclic sulfopeptides that inhibit HIV-1 entry were rationally designed based on a loop from monoclonal antibody (mAb) 412d. A focused set of sulfopeptides was synthesized using Fmoc-Tyr(SO3DCV)-OH (DCV = 2,2-dichlorovinyl). Three cyclic sulfopeptides that inhibit entry of HIV-1 and complement the activity of known CCR5 antagonists were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Rudick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meg M. Laakso
- Department Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ashley C. Schloss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Pauff SM, Miller SC. A trifluoroacetic acid-labile sulfonate protecting group and its use in the synthesis of a near-IR fluorophore. J Org Chem 2012; 78:711-6. [PMID: 23167708 DOI: 10.1021/jo302065u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonated molecules exhibit high water solubility, a property that is valuable for many biological applications but often complicates their synthesis and purification. Here we report a sulfonate protecting group that is resistant to nucleophilic attack but readily removed with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The use of this protecting group improved the synthesis of a sulfonated near-IR fluorophore and the mild deprotection conditions allowed isolation of the product without requiring chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Pauff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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23
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Zhang Q, Raheem KS, Botting NP, Slawin AM, Kay CD, O'Hagan D. Flavonoid metabolism: the synthesis of phenolic glucuronides and sulfates as candidate metabolites for bioactivity studies of dietary flavonoids. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Hsieh YSY, Taleski D, Wilkinson BL, Wijeyewickrema LC, Adams TE, Pike RN, Payne RJ. Effect of O-glycosylation and tyrosinesulfation of leech-derived peptides on binding and inhibitory activity against thrombin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1547-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Zhang J, Fu J, Si W, Wang X, Wang Z, Tang J. A highly efficient deprotection of the 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group at the anomeric oxygen of carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2290-3. [PMID: 21889124 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available zinc dust in the presence of ammonium chloride in acetonitrile at reflux removes the 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (TCE) group at anomeric centers with excellent yields (>95%) in short reaction times. This present method is easily implemented on substrates containing acyl and benzyl groups and large-scale reactions also proceed in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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26
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Rapid and efficient chemoselective and multiple sulfations of phenols using sulfuryl imidazolium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Taleski D, Butler SJ, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Divergent and site-selective solid-phase synthesis of sulfopeptides. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1316-20. [PMID: 21509944 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deni Taleski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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28
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Kim MR, Maheswara M, Do JY. Novel Synthesis of Hydrophilic Dipolar Chromophores using Dendronized Sulfonates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.2.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Desoky AY, Hendel J, Ingram L, Taylor SD. Preparation of trifluoroethyl- and phenyl-protected sulfates using sulfuryl imidazolium salts. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Miller SC. Profiling sulfonate ester stability: identification of complementary protecting groups for sulfonates. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4632-5. [PMID: 20515067 DOI: 10.1021/jo1007338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonation is prized for its ability to impart water-solubility to hydrophobic molecules such as dyes. This modification is usually performed as a final step, since sulfonated molecules are poorly soluble in most organic solvents, which complicates their synthesis and purification. This work compares the intrinsic lability of different sulfonate esters, identifying new sulfonate protecting groups and mild, selective cleavage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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31
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Wong C, Griffin RJ, Hardcastle IR, Northen JS, Wang LZ, Golding BT. Synthesis of sulfonamide-based kinase inhibitors from sulfonates by exploiting the abrogated SN2 reactivity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxysulfonates. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2457-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b922717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Ingram LJ, Desoky A, Ali AM, Taylor SD. O- and N-Sulfations of Carbohydrates Using Sulfuryl Imidazolium Salts. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6479-85. [PMID: 19655761 DOI: 10.1021/jo9014112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Ingram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ahmed Desoky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ahmed M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Scott D. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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