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Manipulating Reaction Energy Coordinate Landscape of Mechanochemical Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082570. [PMID: 35458767 PMCID: PMC9027841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral vicinal diamines, a unique class of optically-active building blocks, play a crucial role in material design, pharmaceutical, and catalysis. Traditionally, their syntheses are all solvent-based approaches, which make organic solvent an indispensable part of their production. As part of our program aiming to develop chemical processes with reduced carbon footprints, we recently reported a highly practical and environmentally-friendly synthetic route to chiral vicinal diamines by solvent-free mechanochemical diaza-Cope rearrangement. We herein showed that a new protocol by co-milling with common laboratory solid additives, such as silica gel, can significantly enhance the efficiency of the reaction, compared to reactions in the absence of additives. One possible explanation is the Lewis acidic nature of additives that accelerates a key Schiff base formation step. Reaction monitoring experiments tracing all the reaction species, including reactants, intermediates, and product, suggested that the reaction profile is distinctly different from ball-milling reactions without additives. Collectively, this work demonstrated that additive effect is a powerful tool to manipulate a reaction pathway in mechanochemical diazo-Cope rearrangement pathway, and this is expected to find broad interest in organic synthesis using mechanical force as an energy input.
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2
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Hwang SH, Choi TL. Tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization: turning intramolecular reaction into powerful polymerization to give enantiopure materials for Zn 2+ sensors. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2404-2409. [PMID: 34164005 PMCID: PMC8179250 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[3,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement is a powerful reaction to form C–C bonds stereospecifically; however, owing to intrinsic simultaneous bond formation and breakage, this versatile method has not been utilized in polymerization. Herein, we report a new tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization (DCRP) that can synthesize polymers with defect-free C–C bond formation from easy and efficient imine formation. A mechanistic investigation by in situ1H NMR experiments suggests that this polymerization proceeds by a rapid DCR process, forming an enantiospecific C–C bond that occurs almost simultaneously with imine formation. This polymerization produces not only highly stable polymers against hydrolysis due to resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHBs) but also chiral polymers containing enantiopure salen moieties, which lead to high-performance Zn2+-selective turn-on chemosensors with up to 73-fold amplification. We also found that their optical activities and sensing performances are heavily dependent on the reaction temperature, which significantly affects the stereoselectivity of DCR. Herein, we report a new tandem diaza-Cope rearrangement polymerization synthesizing enantiopure polymers with defect-free C–C bond formation. Furthermore, these polymers can be applied as high-performance turn-on Zn2+ sensors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
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Puangsamlee T, Miljanić OŠ. Three-Way Chemoselectivity Switching through Coupled Equilibria. Org Lett 2020; 22:5900-5904. [PMID: 32663404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the chemoselectivity of reactions operating on complex mixtures, including those found in biological and petrochemical feedstocks or in the primordial soup from which life emerged, is generally challenging. The selectivity of imine oxidation can be controlled in dynamic combinatorial libraries, wherein coupled equilibria of imine exchange and the diaza-Cope rearrangement determine whether and when the oxidizable precursor is made available to the oxidant. Adjusting the rate of oxidant addition allows the isolation of three dominant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamon Puangsamlee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ognjen Š Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Lee DN, Bae S, Han K, Shin IS, Kim SK, Hong JI. Electrostatic Modification for Promotion of Flavin-Mediated Oxidation of a Probe for Flavin Detection. Chemistry 2017; 23:16078-16084. [PMID: 28850747 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic effects on the redox photochemistry of synthetic probes (1, 2, and 1-Zn) are examined by adjusting the thermodynamic driving force of their oxidation reactions. The redox photochemistry was simply controlled by introducing a zinc binding site (2,2'-dipicolylamine (DPA)) on the coumarin moiety of probe 2. Zinc complexation produced a positively charged environment on the coumarin (1-Zn), which lowered the electron density of a nearby 9 H-xanthene ring, attenuating the auto-oxidation of 1-Zn by 45 % compared with that of probe 1 at 298 K. The positive net charge of 1-Zn also provided an attractive Coulombic force toward the phosphate of flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, which lowered the reduction potential of the electron acceptor (isoalloxazine) and improved intermolecular electron transfer from the 9 H-xanthene ring to isoalloxazine. The flavin-mediated oxidation rate of 1-Zn was increased to 1.5 times that of probe 2. Probe 1-Zn showed highly selective sensing behaviour toward flavins, producing an intense brightness (ϵΦF =2.80×103 m-1 cm-1 ) in the long-wavelength regions (λmax =588 nm) upon flavin-mediated oxidation. Furthermore, probes 1-Zn and 2 were successfully applied to eosinophil imaging and the differential diagnosis of eosinophilia; this demonstrates their use as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Nam Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Bae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungja Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical College, Catholic University, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kucherenko AS, Kostenko AA, Gerasimchuk VV, Zlotin SG. Stereospecific diaza-Cope rearrangement as an efficient tool for the synthesis of DPEDA pyridine analogs and related C2-symmetric organocatalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7028-7033. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure trans-1,2-di-(pyridinyl)ethylene-1,2-diamines were synthesized via a stereospecific diaza-Cope rearrangement and converted to prolinamide-based recyclable organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Kucherenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - A. A. Kostenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - V. V. Gerasimchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - S. G. Zlotin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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Mahmudov KT, Pombeiro AJL. Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonding as a Driving Force in Synthesis and a Synthon in the Design of Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:16356-16398. [PMID: 27492126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB), a concept introduced by Gilli and co-workers in 1989, concerns a kind of intramolecular H-bonding strengthened by a conjugated π-system, usually in 6-, 8-, or 10-membered rings. This Review highlights the involvement of RAHB as a driving force in the synthesis of organic, coordination, and organometallic compounds, as a handy tool in the activation of covalent bonds, and in starting moieties for synthetic transformations. The unique roles of RAHB in molecular recognition and switches, E/Z isomeric resolution, racemization and epimerization of amino acids and chiral amino alcohols, solvatochromism, liquid-crystalline compounds, and in synthons for crystal engineering and polymer materials are also discussed. The Review can provide practical guidance for synthetic chemists that are interested in exploring and further developing RAHB-assisted synthesis and design of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran T Mahmudov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Department of Chemistry, Baku State University, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Chapman MR, Henkelis SE, Kapur N, Nguyen BN, Willans CE. A Straightforward Electrochemical Approach to Imine- and Amine-bisphenolate Metal Complexes with Facile Control Over Metal Oxidation State. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:351-6. [PMID: 27547645 PMCID: PMC4981056 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic methods to prepare organometallic and coordination compounds such as Schiff-base complexes are diverse, with the route chosen being dependent upon many factors such as metal-ligand combination and metal oxidation state. In this work we have shown that electrochemical methodology can be employed to synthesize a variety of metal-salen/salan complexes which comprise diverse metal-ligand combinations and oxidation states. Broad application has been demonstrated through the preparation of 34 complexes under mild and ambient conditions. Unprecedented control over metal oxidation state (M(II/III/IV) where M=Fe, Mn) is presented by simple modification of reaction conditions. Along this route, a general protocol-switch is described which allows access to analytically pure Fe(II/III)-salen complexes. Tuning electrochemical potential, selective metalation of a Mn/Ni alloy is also presented which exclusively delivers Mn(II/IV)-salen complexes in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Chapman
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Henkelis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUnited Kingdom
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Na SY, Kim HJ. Azo dye-based colorimetric chemodosimeter for the rapid and selective sensing of cyanide in aqueous solvent. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ta L, Axelsson A, Bijl J, Haukka M, Sundén H. Ionic liquids as precatalysts in the highly stereoselective conjugate addition of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to chalcones. Chemistry 2014; 20:13889-93. [PMID: 25201607 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) serve both as recyclable reaction media and as precatalysts for the N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed conjugate addition of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to chalcones. The reaction produces a broad scope of 1,6-ketoesters incorporating an anti-diphenyl moiety in high yields and with high stereoselectivity. In recycling experiments, the IL can be reused up to five times with retained reactivity and selectivity. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters form self-assembled organogels in aliphatic hydrocarbons. The reaction protocol is robust, easily operated, scalable and highly functionalized compounds can be obtained from inexpensive and readily accessible starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ta
- Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg (Sweden)
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Liu X, Zhang T, Hu Y, Shen L. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones Catalyzed by New Chiral C2-Symmetric Bis(sulfonyl) tetraaza Ligands Complexed with [Ru(η 6-p-cymene)Cl2]2 in Water. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chin J, Kwon SH, Kim H, Chin P, So SM, Kim BM. Stereospecific Synthesis of γ,δ-Diamino Esters. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chin J, Kwon SH, Moozeh K, So SM, Lough AJ, Kim BM. Stereospecific synthesis of a twinned alanine ester. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8022-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41582a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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So SM, Mui L, Kim H, Chin J. Understanding the interplay of weak forces in [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement for stereospecific synthesis of diamines. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1345-55. [PMID: 22676401 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral diamines are important building blocks for constructing stereoselective catalysts, including transition metal based catalysts and organocatalysts that facilitate oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and C-C bond forming reactions. These molecules are also critical components in the synthesis of drugs, including antiviral agents such as Tamiflu and Relenza and anticancer agents such as oxaliplatin and nutlin-3. The diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction provides one of the most versatile methods for rapidly generating a wide variety of chiral diamines stereospecifically and under mild conditions. Weak forces such as hydrogen bonding, electronic, steric, oxyanionic, and conjugation effects can drive this equilibrium process to completion. In this Account, we examine the effect of these individual weak forces on the value of the equilibrium constant for the diaza-Cope rearrangement reaction using both computational and experimental methods. The availability of a wide variety of aldehydes and diamines allows for the facile synthesis of the diimines needed to study the weak forces. Furthermore, because the reaction generally takes place cleanly at ambient temperature, we can easily measure equilibrium constants for rearrangement of the diimines. We use the Hammett equation to further examine the electronic and oxyanionic effects. In addition, computations and experiments provide us with new insights into the origin and extent of stereospecificity for this rearrangement reaction. The diaza-Cope rearrangement, with its unusual interplay between weak forces and the equilibrium constant of the reaction, provides a rare opportunity to study the effects of the fundamental weak forces on a chemical reaction. Among these many weak forces that affect the diaza-Cope rearrangement, the anion effect is the strongest (10.9 kcal/mol) followed by the resonance-assisted hydrogen-bond effect (7.1 kcal/mol), the steric effect (5.7 kcal/mol), the conjugation effect (5.5 kcal/mol), and the electronic effect (3.2 kcal/mol). Based on both computation and experimental data, the effects of these weak forces are additive. Understanding the interplay of the weak forces in the [3,3]-sigmatropic reaction is interesting in its own right and also provides valuable insights for the synthesis of chiral diamine based drugs and catalysts in excellent yield and enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Mui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H5, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H5, Canada
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So SM, Kim H, Mui L, Chin J. Mimicking Nature to Make Unnatural Amino Acids and Chiral Diamines. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Mog So
- Diaminopharm Inc., 880 Grandview Way, Unit 706, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 7B2, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejon, 305‐701, Korea
| | - Leo Mui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada, Fax: +1‐416‐946‐7335
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada, Fax: +1‐416‐946‐7335
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