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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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2
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Zhou M, Feng Z, Zhang X. Recent advances in the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids and peptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1434-1448. [PMID: 36651307 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06787k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The site-selective modification of amino acids, peptides, and proteins has always been an intensive topic in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology due to the vital role of amino acids in life. Among the developed methods, the site-selective introduction of fluorine functionalities into amino acids and peptides has emerged as a useful approach to change their physicochemical and biological properties. With the increasing demand for life science, the direct fluorination/fluoroalkylation of proteins has also received increasing attention because of the unique properties of fluorine atom(s) that can change the protein structure, increase their lipophilicity, and enable fluorine functionality as a biological tracer or probe for chemical biology studies. In this feature article, we summarized the recent advances in the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids and peptides, wherein two strategies have been discussed. One is based on the fluorinated building blocks to prepare fluorinated amino acids and peptides with diversified structures, including the transformations of fluorinated imines and nickel-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes with bromodifluoroacetate and its derivatives; the other is direct fluorination/fluoroakylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins, in which the selective transformations of the functional groups on serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and cysteine lead to a wide range of fluorinated α-amino acids, peptides, and proteins, featuring synthetic convenience and late-stage modification of biomacromolecules. These two strategies complement each other, wherein transition-metal catalysis and new fluoroalkylating reagents provide powerful tools to selectively access fluorinated amino acids, peptides, and proteins, showing the prospect of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xingang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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3
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Kalhor S, Fattahi A. Design of ionic liquids containing glucose and choline as drug carriers, finding the link between QM and MD studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21941. [PMID: 36535965 PMCID: PMC9763358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing drug delivery systems for therapeutic compounds whose receptors are located in the cytosol of cells is challenging as a bilayer cell membrane is negatively charged. The newly designed drug delivery systems should assist the mentioned drugs in passing the membrane barriers and achieving their targets. This study concentrated on developing novel ionic liquids (ILs) that interact effectively with cell membranes. These ILs are based on glucose-containing choline and are expected to be non-toxic. The binding energies of the known pharmaceutically active ionic liquids were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level in the gas phase and compared with those of our newly designed carbohydrate-based ionic liquids. Subsequently, we employed MD simulations to obtain information about the interactions of these known and designed ILs with the cell membrane. In our approach, we adopted QM and MD studies and illustrated that there could be a link between the QM and MD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kalhor
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Hohmann T, Dyrks M, Chowdhary S, Weber M, Nguyen D, Moschner J, Koksch B. Gram-Scale Asymmetric Synthesis of Fluorinated Amino Acids Using a Chiral Nickel(II) Complex. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10592-10604. [PMID: 35926217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated amino acids play an important role in the field of peptide and protein engineering. Although numerous syntheses have been published in recent decades, strategies that allow routine access to fluorinated amino acids on a gram-scale have been poorly described. Furthermore, the described pathways that gain fluorinated amino acids are based on different synthetic strategies, making a uniform approach that uses similar starting materials highly beneficial. Chiral Ni(II) complexes were introduced as powerful tools in the synthesis of noncanonical amino acids. In this work, we present a strategy for the synthesis of a diverse range of fluorinated amino acids based on the corresponding Ni(II) complex from which the products can be obtained in enantiopure form (99% ee) on a gram-scale. In addition, we describe an optimized procedure for the synthesis of alkyl iodide building blocks that are required for the alkylation reactions with the corresponding Ni(II) complex. Finally, we characterized the synthesized fluorinated amino acids with regard to their hydrophobicity and α-helix propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hohmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Dyrks
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Suvrat Chowdhary
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Moschner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195Berlin, Germany
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5
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Corti V, Riccioli R, Martinelli A, Sandri S, Fochi M, Bernardi L. Stereodivergent entry to β-branched β-trifluoromethyl α-amino acid derivatives by sequential catalytic asymmetric reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10233-10241. [PMID: 34447530 PMCID: PMC8336586 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01442k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, conventional reductive catalytic methodologies do not guarantee general access to enantioenriched β-branched β-trifluoromethyl α-amino acid derivatives. Herein, a one-pot approach to these important α-amino acids, grounded on the reduction - ring opening of Erlenmeyer-Plöchl azlactones, is presented. The configurations of the two chirality centers of the products are established during each of the two catalytic steps, enabling a stereodivergent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Corti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Riccardo Riccioli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Ada Martinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Sofia Sandri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" and INSTM RU Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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6
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Kalhor S, Fattahi A. Design of carboxylate-based ionic liquids (ILs) containing OH and CF 3 groups; influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and inductive effect on the binding energy between the cation and anion of ILs, a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids, which are widely known as room temperature molten salts, have been the subject of much scientific debate for more than a decade.
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7
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Brewitz L, Noda H, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. (
2R
,
3S
)‐3,4,4,4‐Tetrafluorovaline: A Fluorinated Bioisostere of Isoleucine. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brewitz
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo Kamiosaki 3‐14‐23, Shinagawa‐ku 141‐0021 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo Kamiosaki 3‐14‐23, Shinagawa‐ku 141‐0021 Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo Kamiosaki 3‐14‐23, Shinagawa‐ku 141‐0021 Tokyo Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo Kamiosaki 3‐14‐23, Shinagawa‐ku 141‐0021 Tokyo Japan
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8
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Moschner J, Stulberg V, Fernandes R, Huhmann S, Leppkes J, Koksch B. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorinated α-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10718-10801. [PMID: 31436087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine does not belong to the pool of chemical elements that nature uses to build organic matter. However, chemists have exploited the unique properties of fluorine and produced countless fluoro-organic compounds without which our everyday lives would be unimaginable. The incorporation of fluorine into amino acids established a completely new class of amino acids and their properties, and those of the biopolymers constructed from them are extremely interesting. Increasing interest in this class of amino acids caused the demand for robust and stereoselective synthetic protocols that enable straightforward access to these building blocks. Herein, we present a comprehensive account of the literature in this field going back to 1995. We place special emphasis on a particular fluorination strategy. The four main sections describe fluorinated versions of alkyl, cyclic, aromatic amino acids, and also nickel-complexes to access them. We progress by one carbon unit increments. Special cases of amino acids for which there is no natural counterpart are described at the end of each section. Synthetic access to each of the amino acids is summarized in form of a table at the end of this article with the aim to make the information easily accessible to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Moschner
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jakob Leppkes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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9
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Lou YG, Wang AJ, Zhao L, He LF, Li XF, He CY, Zhang X. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and its application in the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3705-3708. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP) has been developed, which was used as a key step to prepare a series of trifluoromethylated and difluoromethylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Guang Lou
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - An-Jun Wang
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Lin-Feng He
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yang He
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
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10
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Erdbrink H, Nyakatura EK, Huhmann S, Gerling UIM, Lentz D, Koksch B, Czekelius C. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure (2S,3S)-5,5,5-trifluoroisoleucine and (2R,3S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-allo-isoleucine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2009-2014. [PMID: 24204411 PMCID: PMC3817528 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical route for the stereoselective synthesis of (2S,3S)-5,5,5-trifluoroisoleucine (L-5-F3Ile) and (2R,3S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-allo-isoleucine (D-5-F3-allo-Ile) was developed. The hydrophobicity of L-5-F3Ile was examined and it was incorporated into a model peptide via solid phase peptide synthesis to determine its α-helix propensity. The α-helix propensity of 5-F3Ile is significantly lower than Ile, but surprisingly high when compared with 4’-F3Ile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Erdbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulla I M Gerling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Bizet V, Pannecoucke X, Renaud JL, Cahard D. Synthesis of β-CF3 ketones from trifluoromethylated allylic alcohols by ruthenium catalyzed isomerization. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Biava H, Budisa N. Biocatalytic synthesis of (2S)-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine and improved resolution into (2S,4S) and (2S,4R) diastereoisomers. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Bizet V, Pannecoucke X, Renaud JL, Cahard D. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Redox Isomerization of Trifluoromethylated Allylic Alcohols: Mechanistic Evidence for an Enantiospecific Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Bizet V, Pannecoucke X, Renaud JL, Cahard D. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Redox Isomerization of Trifluoromethylated Allylic Alcohols: Mechanistic Evidence for an Enantiospecific Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Erdbrink H, Peuser I, Gerling UIM, Lentz D, Koksch B, Czekelius C. Conjugate hydrotrifluoromethylation of α,β-unsaturated acyl-oxazolidinones: synthesis of chiral fluorinated amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8583-6. [PMID: 23042408 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Erdbrink
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Youssef MSK, Abbady MS, Ahmed RA, Omar AA. Preparation and Reactions of 2-Methyl-7-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-4-yl)-5-arylthiazolo[3,2-a]-pyrimido[4,5-d]oxazin-4(5H)-one. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Liu C, Molinski TF. Preparation of α-Amino Acids by Oxidative Oxazoline-Oxazinone Rearrangement-Hydrogenation (OOOH). Scope and Limitations. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2022-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Kas’yan LI, Pal’chikov VA, Bondarenko YS. Five-membered oxaza heterocyclic compounds on the basis of epoxides and aziridines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011060017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Long Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China, Fax: +86‐21‐64166128
- Wisdom Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 601 East, Xiu‐shan Road, Haimen, Jiangsu Province 226100, China
| | - Feng‐Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China, Fax: +86‐21‐64166128
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
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20
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Qu W, Zha Z, Ploessl K, Lieberman BP, Zhu L, Wise DR, Thompson CB, Kung HF. Synthesis of optically pure 4-fluoro-glutamines as potential metabolic imaging agents for tumors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:1122-33. [PMID: 21190335 DOI: 10.1021/ja109203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to prepare all four stereoisomeric 4-fluoro-glutamines was developed by exploiting a Passerini three-component reaction. The skeleton of 4-substituted glutamine derivatives was efficiently constructed. Subsequent four-step reactions, highlighted by a "neutralized" TASF fluorination, provided the desired products with high yields and excellent optical purity. The optically pure fluorine-18 labeled 4-fluoroglutamines were also successfully prepared using either a 18-crown-6/KHCO(3) or K[222]/K(2)CO(3) catalysis system. Preliminary cell uptake and inhibition studies using the 9L tumor cells and SF188(Bcl-xL) tumor cells (a glutamine addicted tumor derived from glioblastoma) provided strong evidence for their potential application in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo imaging of tumors, which use glutamine as an alternative energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Qu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
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21
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Nie J, Guo HC, Cahard D, Ma JA. Asymmetric construction of stereogenic carbon centers featuring a trifluoromethyl group from prochiral trifluoromethylated substrates. Chem Rev 2010; 111:455-529. [PMID: 21117644 DOI: 10.1021/cr100166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, China
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22
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Pigza JA, Molinski TF. Diastereoselective allylstannane additions to (S)-5,6-dihydro-2H-5-phenyloxazin-2-one. A concise synthesis of (S)-beta-methylisoleucine. Org Lett 2010; 12:1256-9. [PMID: 20163126 DOI: 10.1021/ol1001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The addition of allyl stannanes to (S)-4,5-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-oxazinone (3) was achieved under Brønsted acid catalysis to give 2-allylmorpholinones with high diastereoselectivity (up to dr 14.2:1). The product of dimethylallyltributylstannane addition to 3 was converted to l-beta-methylisoleucine, an alpha-amino acid residue found in the complex, biologically active marine-derived peptides polytheonamides A and B, and polydiscamides A-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Pigza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0358, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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