1
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Adriano N, Ahearn C, Black C, Cracchiolo M, Ghere D, Nuñez A, Olivan L, Patel R, Saner S, Smith KR, Watkins B, Hare PM. Solvent- and Wavelength-Dependent Photolysis of Estrone. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:783-797. [PMID: 34664279 DOI: 10.1111/php.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct photolysis of estrone in solvents ranging from water to cyclohexane is reported. The photodegradation is dominated by lumiestrone, an epimer of estrone resulting from the inversion of the methyl group at carbon 13, regardless of solvent and photolysis wavelength in the range 254-320 nm. Solvent addition products are also observed in lesser amounts. The photodegradation rate in water is an order of magnitude slower than in nonaqueous solvents. Short wavelength excitation enhances photodegradation. Together, these results suggest complicated photophysics underlie the photochemistry with implications for the remediation of environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Adriano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Ceilidh Ahearn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Cory Black
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Michael Cracchiolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Daniel Ghere
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Alexandra Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Lars Olivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Saner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Krista R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Barbie Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Patrick M Hare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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2
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Marlton SJP, McKinnon BI, Hill NS, Coote ML, Trevitt AJ. Electrostatically Tuning the Photodissociation of the Irgacure 2959 Photoinitiator in the Gas Phase by Cation Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2331-2339. [PMID: 33427467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The low-lying electronic states of Irgacure 2959, a Norrish-type I photoinitiator, complexed with a single metal cation are investigated in the gas phase by photodissociation action spectroscopy. Analysis of the band shifts using quantum chemical calculations (TD-DFT and SCS-CC2) reveals the underlying influence of the charge on the key electronic energy levels. Since the cations (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) bind at varying distances, the magnitude of the electric field at the center of the chromophore due to the cation is altered, and this shifts the electronic states by different amounts. Photodissociation action spectra of cation-Irg complexes show that absorption transitions to the first 1ππ* state are red-shifted with a magnitude proportional to the electric field strength (with red shifts >1 eV), and in most cases, the cation is essentially acting as a point charge. Calculations show that a neighboring 3nπ* state, a key state for the α-cleavage pathway, is destabilized (blue-shifted) by the orientated electric field. As such, if the 1ππ*-3nπ* energy gap is reduced, increased intersystem crossing rates are expected, resulting in higher yields of the desired radical photoproducts, and this is controlled by the orientated electric field arising from the cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J P Marlton
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin I McKinnon
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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3
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Zhang X, Ma J, Phillips DL. To Photoredox or Not in Neutral Aqueous Solutions for Selected Benzophenone and Anthraquinone Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4860-4864. [PMID: 27934041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The experimental and theoretical results in neutral aqueous solutions reported here indicate that a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from an alcohol C-H bond to the para-carbonyl is the initial and crucial process for the photoredox reaction of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-anthraquinone (HEAQ) to occur while the counterpart 3-(hydroxymethyl)-benzophenone (3-BPOH) compound displays a different PCET from an alcohol O-H bond to the carbonyl as the first step, followed by an intersystem crossing process that does not lead to the analogous photoredox, which is caused by a subtle charge-radical coupled effect between HEAQ and 3-BPOH. This can account for experimental results in the literature that HEAQ can undergo efficient photoredox but 3-BPOH does not under neutral aqueous conditions. These results have implications for the pH-dependent photochemical behavior of aromatic carbonyl compounds in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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4
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Zhang X, Ma J, Li S, Li MD, Guan X, Lan X, Zhu R, Phillips DL. Ketyl Radical Formation via Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in an Aqueous Solution versus Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Isopropanol after Photoexcitation of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5330-6. [PMID: 27266916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiting Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry
of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Songbo Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Guan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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5
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Noble BB, Mater AC, Smith LM, Coote ML. The effects of Lewis acid complexation on type I radical photoinitiators and implications for pulsed laser polymerization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01445c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Dai J, Han J, Chen X, Fang W, Ma J, Phillips DL. Water-assisted self-photoredox of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-9,10-anthraquinone through a triplet excited state intra-molecular proton transfer pathway. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27001-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03442f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel self-photoredox reaction for 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-9,10-anthraquinone has been theoretically rationalized to take place through two steps of triplet excited state intra-molecular proton transfer aided by water wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingze Dai
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Weihai Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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7
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Huix-Rotllant M, Dumont E, Ferré N, Monari A. Photophysics of acetophenone interacting with DNA: why the road to photosensitization is open. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:323-30. [PMID: 25412588 DOI: 10.1111/php.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid photosensitization, i.e. the photoinduced electron- or energy-transfer of chromophores interacting with DNA, is a crucial phenomenon that triggers important DNA lesions such as pyrimidine dimerization, even upon absorption of relatively low-energy radiation. Oxidative lesions may also be produced via the photoinduced production of reactive oxygen species. Aromatic ketones, and acetophenone in particular, are well known for their sensitization effects. In this contribution we model the structural and dynamical properties of the acetophenone/DNA aggregates as well as their spectroscopic and photophysical properties using high-level hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. We show that the key steps of the photochemistry of acetophenone in gas phase are conserved in the macromolecular environment and thus an ultrafast singlet-triplet conversion of acetophenone is expected prior to the transfer to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Huix-Rotllant
- Institut fur Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Gothe Universitat Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Fang W, Phillips DL. Water-Assisted Self-Photoredox of 3-(Hydroxymethyl)benzophenone: An Unusual Photochemistry Reaction in Aqueous Solution. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5677-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4008783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of
Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875,
People’s Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Ding L, Chung LW, Morokuma K. Reaction mechanism of photoinduced decarboxylation of the photoactivatable green fluorescent protein: an ONIOM(QM:MM) study. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:1075-84. [PMID: 23272644 DOI: 10.1021/jp3112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (PA) fluorescent proteins are a new class of fluorescent proteins in which the intensity of fluorescence is dramatically enhanced through photoinduced decarboxylation process. In the present study, the reaction mechanism of the photoinduced decarboxylation in PA-GFP was investigated by the ONIOM(QM:MM) method. The decarboxylation process starts from the first excited state (IntraCT state) and then proceeds along an InterCT state after the first crossing (or an approximate transition state). Relative to an equilibrium structure in S(0), a barrier of ~94 kcal/mol to reach this approximate transition state is the rate-determining step for the entire decarboxylation process. The InterCT state becomes the open-shell ground state in the product, after the subsequent crossing with a closed-shell state that holds an extra electron on the dissociated CO(2). The present study elucidated for the first time the mechanism of the photoinduced decarboxylation of PA-GFP and supports the widely accepted Kolbe pathway, which could be a common mechanism for the irreversible photoinduced decarboxylation in different fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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10
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Grilj J, Todorova TK, Yi C, Liu SX, Vauthey E, Decurtins S. A Spectroscopic and Computational Study of a Photoinduced Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction of a Stable Semiquinone Radical. Chemistry 2012; 18:13605-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Shen L, Fang WH. The Reactivity of the 1,4-Biradical Formed by Norrish Type Reactions of Aqueous Valerophenone: A QM/MM-Based FEP Study. J Org Chem 2011; 76:773-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101785z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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12
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Ding L, Fang WH. Exploring Photoinduced Decarboxylation Mechanism of o-Acetylphenylacetic Acid from the Combined CASSCF and DFT Studies. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1630-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902593s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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