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Zhao H. What do we learn from enzyme behaviors in organic solvents? - Structural functionalization of ionic liquids for enzyme activation and stabilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107638. [PMID: 33002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activity in nonaqueous media (e.g. conventional organic solvents) is typically lower than in water by several orders of magnitude. There is a rising interest of developing new nonaqueous solvent systems that are more "water-like" and more biocompatible. Therefore, we need to learn from the current state of nonaqueous biocatalysis to overcome its bottleneck and provide guidance for new solvent design. This review firstly focuses on the discussion of how organic solvent properties (such as polarity and hydrophobicity) influence the enzyme activity and stability, and how these properties impact the enzyme's conformation and dynamics. While hydrophobic organic solvents usually lead to the maintenance of enzyme activity, solvents carrying functional groups like hydroxys and ethers (including crown ethers and cyclodextrins) can lead to enzyme activation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designable solvents that can conveniently incorporate these functional groups. Therefore, we systematically survey these ether- and/or hydroxy-functionalized ILs, and find most of them are highly compatible with enzymes leading to high activity and stability. In particular, ILs carrying both ether and tert-alcohol groups are among the most enzyme-activating solvents. Future direction is to learn from enzyme behaviors in both water and nonaqueous media to design biocompatible "water-like" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, United States.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering and ‡Center for Research
on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
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3
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Liang YR, Wu Q, Lin XF. Effect of Additives on the Selectivity and Reactivity of Enzymes. CHEM REC 2016; 17:90-121. [PMID: 27490244 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have been widely used as efficient, eco-friendly, and biodegradable catalysts in organic chemistry due to their mild reaction conditions and high selectivity and efficiency. In recent years, the catalytic promiscuity of many enzymes in unnatural reactions has been revealed and studied by chemists and biochemists, which has expanded the application potential of enzymes. To enhance the selectivity and activity of enzymes in their natural or promiscuous reactions, many methods have been recommended, such as protein engineering, process engineering, and media engineering. Among them, the additive approach is very attractive because of its simplicity to use and high efficiency. In this paper, we will review the recent developments about the applications of additives to improve the catalytic performances of enzymes in their natural and promiscuous reactions. These additives include water, organic bases, water mimics, cosolvents, crown ethers, salts, surfactants, and some particular molecular additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Fu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Akoz E, Sayin S, Kaplan S, Yilmaz M. Improvement of catalytic activity of lipase in the presence of calix[4]arene valeric acid or hydrazine derivative. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:595-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Akoz E, Akbulut OY, Yilmaz M. Calix[n]arene Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Regulators of Enzymatic Reactions: Enhanced Enantioselectivity in Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of (R/S)-Naproxen Methyl Ester. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:509-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Akceylan E, Sahin O, Yilmaz M. Improvement of catalytic activity of lipase in the presence of wide rim substituted calix[4]arene carboxylic acid-grafted magnetic nanoparticles. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Tian X, Wu K, Tao J, Zheng L, Zhang S, Cao S. Enhancing lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis by adding macrocyclic tetraamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oshima T, Baba Y. Recognition of exterior protein surfaces using artificial ligands based on calixarenes, crown ethers, and tetraphenylporphyrins. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Itoh T. Development of Environmental Benign Organic Synthesis based on Advanced Biocatalysis Processes Regulated by a Chemical Method. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2011. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.69.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University
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Kazlauskas RJ, Bornscheuer UT. Biotransformations with Lipases. BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008:36-191. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1002/9783527620906.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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13
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Dixit SS, Shashidhar MS. Inositol derived crown ethers: effect of auxiliary protecting groups and the relative orientation of crown ether oxygen atoms on their metal ion binding ability. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Kamal A, Khanna G, Krishnaji T. Lipase-Catalyzed Enantiomer Separation of 3-Hydroxy-4-(tosyloxy)butanenitrile: Synthesis of (R)-GABOB (=(3R)-4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic Acid) and (R)-Carnitine Hydrochloride (=(2R)-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium Chloride). Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Itoh T, Matsushita Y, Abe Y, Han SH, Wada S, Hayase S, Kawatsura M, Takai S, Morimoto M, Hirose Y. Increased Enantioselectivity and Remarkable Acceleration of Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification by Using an Imidazolium PEG–Alkyl Sulfate Ionic Liquid. Chemistry 2006; 12:9228-37. [PMID: 17029309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several types of imidazolium salt ionic liquids were prepared derived from poly(oxyethylene)alkyl sulfate and used as an additive or coating material for lipase-catalyzed transesterification in an organic solvent. A remarkably increased enantioselectivity was obtained when the salt was added at 3-10 mol % versus substrate in the Burkholderia cepacia lipase (lipase PS-C)-catalyzed transesterification of 1-phenylethanol by using vinyl acetate in diisopropyl ether or a hexane solvent system. In particular, a remarkable acceleration was accomplished by the ionic liquid coating with lipase PS in an iPr(2)O solvent system while maintaining excellent enantioselectivity; it reached approximately 500- to 1000-fold acceleration for some substrates with excellent enantioselectivity. A similar acceleration was also observed for IL 1-coated Candida rugosa lipase. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry experiments of the ionic-liquid-coated lipase PS suggest that ionic liquid binds with lipase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department of Materials Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
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Sun F, Xu G, Wu J, Yang L. Efficient lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of 4-arylmethoxy-3-hydroxybutanenitriles: application to an expedient synthesis of a statin intermediate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pchelka BK, Loupy A, Petit A. Preparation of various enantiomerically pure (benzotriazol-1-yl)- and (benzotriazol-2-yl)-alkan-2-ols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kamal A, Khanna GR, Krishnaji T, Ramu R. Lipase-mediated resolution of 3-hydroxy-4-trityloxybutanenitrile: synthesis of 2-amino alcohols, oxazolidinones and GABOB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Enhancement of enantioselectivity in lipase-catalyzed resolution of N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)alanine by additives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Oshima T, Higuchi H, Ohto K, Inoue K, Goto M. Selective extraction and recovery of cytochrome c by liquid-liquid extraction using a calix[6]arene carboxylic acid derivative. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:7280-4. [PMID: 16042454 DOI: 10.1021/la050364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that a calix[6]arene carboxylic acid derivative can selectively extract the lysine-rich protein cytochrome c by interacting with amino groups on the protein surface. In the present article, quantitative extraction and recovery of cytochrome c using this calix[6]arene carboxylic acid derivative are described. Both adjustment of the pH under acidic conditions and addition of an alcohol are necessary to strip the extracted protein from an organic solution to an aqueous solution. Separation of cytochrome c and lysozyme using the calix[6]arene was achieved under the optimal conditions. In the forward extraction stage, 93% of the cytochrome c was extracted, while lysozyme remained in the solution. In the subsequent stripping stage, the extracted cytochrome c was quantitatively recovered in an aqueous solution. Finally, separation of these proteins, which have similar molecular weights and isoelectric points, was accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Oshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Gokel GW, Leevy WM, Weber ME. Crown ethers: sensors for ions and molecular scaffolds for materials and biological models. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2723-50. [PMID: 15137805 DOI: 10.1021/cr020080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1069] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George W Gokel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8103, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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22
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Lipase-catalyzed Remote Kinetic Resolution of Quaternary Carbon-containing Alcohols and Determination of Their Absolute Configuration. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2003. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2003.24.9.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Ueji SI, Sakamoto H, Watanabe K, Okamoto T, Mori S. Effects of Chiral Additives on Enantioselectivity for Lipase-Catalyzed Esterifications in an Organic Solvent. A Remarkable Enhancement of Its Enantioselectivity Due to Cooperative Effects of Two Kinds of Additives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Kamal A, Khanna G, Ramu R. Chemoenzymatic synthesis2 of both enantiomers of fluoxetine, tomoxetine and nisoxetine: lipase-catalyzed resolution of 3-aryl-3-hydroxypropanenitriles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Dehli JR, Gotor V. Preparation of enantiopure ketones and alcohols containing a quaternary stereocenter through parallel kinetic resolution of beta-keto nitriles. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1716-8. [PMID: 11871913 DOI: 10.1021/jo011092t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Racemic 1-methyl-2-oxocycloalkanecarbonitriles have been subjected to bioreduction by the fungus Mortierella isabellina NRRL 1757 through a parallel kinetic-resolution process. The u and l alcohols thus obtained (up to >99% ee) were easily separated and oxidized to the R and S ketones, respectively. The process can be then repeated so that both enantiomers of the ketone and two epimers of the alcohol can be obtained in their enantiopure forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Dehli
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería, 8. 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Nakamura K, Takenaka K. The effect of catechin derivatives on the enantioselectivity of lipase-catalyzed hydrolyses of alkynol benzoate esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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van Unen DJ, Engbersen JFJ, Reinhoudt DN. Why do crown ethers activate enzymes in organic solvents? Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:248-55. [PMID: 11753933 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of enzymes in nonaqueous solvents is that their activity is often dramatically low compared to that in water. This limitation can be largely overcome by crown ether treatment of enzymes. In this paper, we describe a number of carefully designed new experiments that have improved the insights into the mechanisms that are operative in the crown ether activation of enzymes in organic solvents. The enhancement of enzyme activity upon addition of 18-crown-6 to the organic solvent can be reconciled with a mechanism in which macrocyclic interactions of 18-crown-6 with the enzyme play an important role. Macrocyclic interactions (e.g., complexation with lysine ammonium groups of the enzyme) can lead to a reduced formation of inter- and intramolecular salt bridges and, consequently, to lowering of the kinetic conformational barriers, enabling the enzyme to refold into thermodynamically stable, catalytically (more) active conformations. This assumption is supported by the observation that the crown-ether-enhanced enzyme activity is retained after removal of the crown by washing with a dry organic solvent. A much stronger crown ether activation is observed when 18-crown-6 is added prior to lyophilization, and this can be explained by a combination of two effects: the before-mentioned macrocyclic complexation effect, and a less specific, nonmacrocyclic, lyoprotecting effect. The magnitude of the total crown ether effect depends on the polarity and thermodynamic water activity of the solvent, the activation being highest in dry and apolar media, where kinetic conformational barriers are highest. By determination of the specific activity of crown-ether-lyophilized enzyme as a function of the enzyme concentration, the macrocyclic crown ether (linearly dependent on the enzyme concentration) and the nonmacrocyclic lyoprotection effect (not dependent on the enzyme concentration) could be separated. These measurements reveal that the contribution of the nonmacrocyclic effect is significantly larger than the macrocyclic refolding effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Jan van Unen
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Kato T, Nakai T, Ishikawa R, Iio Y. Preparation of Enantiomers of 17-Epoxy Eicosapentaenoic Acids and Their 18-Hydroxy Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2002. [DOI: 10.3987/com-01-s(k)63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tsukube H, Yamada T, Shinoda S. Crown ether strategy toward chemical activation of biological protein functions. J Heterocycl Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570380624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ceynowa J, Koter I. METHYL-β-CYCLODEXTRIN ASSISTED ENANTIOSELECTIVE ESTER HYDROLYSIS CATALYZED BY LIPASE IMMOBILIZED IN A POLYMER MEMBRANE. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-100107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Peracetylated β-cyclodextrin as additive in enzymatic reactions: enhanced reaction rate and enantiomeric ratio in lipase-catalyzed transesterifications in organic solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Resolution of racemic 3-aryloxy-1-nitrooxypropan-2-ols by lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acetylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Lipases are used frequently as chiral catalysts in the synthesis of various fine chemicals and intermediates. The increasing need of compounds with high stereochemical purity requires catalysts with an improved and controlled performance. This overview emphasizes some important aspects for the control of lipase enantioselectivity and some examples where the enantioselectivity has been altered or reversed are highlighted. However, in several of these cases the complete explanation for the altered or reversed enantioselectivity remains unclear and needs to be solved. Three different strategies (engineering of the reaction medium, the substrate molecule, and the enzyme) for exploring lipase enantioselectivity at a molecular level are discussed and summarized. These three different approaches represent powerful tools for understanding the molecular basis for lipase enantioselective catalysis and can guide the rational improvement and tailoring of catalyst performance. By combining approaches from chemistry and biology much is learnt about the most important parameters controlling lipase enantioselectivity for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Berglund
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Xu JH, Kato Y, Asano Y. Efficient preparation of (R)-alpha-monobenzoyl glycerol by lipase catalyzed asymmetric esterification: optimization and operation in packed bed reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:493-9. [PMID: 11344454 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optically active (R)-alpha-monobenzoyl glycerol (MBG) was synthesized by Candida antarctica lipase B (CHIRAZYME L-2) catalyzed asymmetric esterification of glycerol with benzoic anhydride in organic solvents. Various conditions, such as the type and composition of the organic solvent, water content of the system, reaction temperature, and concentrations of the substrates were systematically examined and optimized in screw-capped test tubes with respect to both the reaction rate and the enzyme selectivity. 1,4-Dioxane was found to be the best solvent and no additional water was needed for the system. The optimum temperature was around 30 degrees C, while the most suitable substrate concentrations were 100 mM each for glycerol and benzoic anhydride, respectively. However, when excessive anhydride (e.g., 200 mM) was used, the produced MBG could be further transformed into 1,3-dibenzoyl glycerol (DBG) by the same enzyme with a priority to (S)-MBG, resulting in a significant improvement of the product optical purity from ca. 50-70% e.e. Under optimal conditions (100 mM glycerol, 100-200 mM benzoic anhydride, dioxane, 25-30 degrees C), the enzymatic synthesis of (R)-MBG was successfully operated in a packed-bed reactor for about 1 week, with an average productivity of 0.79 g MBG/day/g biocatalyst in the case of continuous operation and 0.94 g MBG/day/g biocatalyst in the case of semicontinuous operation. After refinement and preferential crystallization of the crude product, (R)-MBG could be obtained in an almost optically pure form (>98% e.e.).
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Xu
- Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa 5180, Kosugi-machi, Imizu-gun, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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Santos AM, Vidal M, Pacheco Y, Frontera J, Báez C, Ornellas O, Barletta G, Griebenow K. Effect of crown ethers on structure, stability, activity, and enantioselectivity of subtilisin Carlsberg in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Kamal A, Ramesh Khanna G. A facile preparation of (±)-β-hydroxy nitriles and their enzymatic resolution with lipases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Enhancing effect of Tween-80 on lipase performance in enantioselective hydrolysis of ketoprofen ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Yamada T, Shinoda S, Kikawa K, Ichimura A, Teraoka J, Takui T, Tsukube H. Supramolecular complex of cytochrome c with lariat ether: solubilization, redox behavior and catalytic activity of cytochrome c in methanol. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:3049-56. [PMID: 11196900 DOI: 10.1021/ic991286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of lariat ethers were employed to solubilize water-soluble cytochrome c in methanol, in which alcohol, ether, ester, amine, and amide functionalities were attached as cation-ligating side arms to 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5, and 12-crown-4 rings. Among these lariat ethers, the alcohol-armed 18-crown-6 derivative offered the highest solubilization efficiency for cytochrome c via supramolecular complexation. The resulting cytochrome c-lariat ether complexes were electrochemically and spectroscopically characterized and confirmed to have redox-active heme structures of 6-coordinate low-spin population in methanol. Some of them catalyzed the oxidation of pinacyanol chloride with hydrogen peroxide in methanol and exhibited higher activities than unmodified cytochrome c and its poly(ethylene glycolated) derivative. Since the supramolecular complexation between lariat ether and cytochrome c includes extremely simple procedures, it provides a facile preparation method of effective biocatalysts working in organic solvents from metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Departments of Chemistry and Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Kato T, Ishimatu T, Aikawa A, Taniguchi K, Kurahashi T, Nakai T. Preparation of the enantiomers of 19-epoxy docosahexaenoic acids and their 4-hydroxy derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Enzyme-catalysed improved resolution of (RS)-4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-isopropyl-1-butanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mitsukura K, Choraku H, Da ST, Itoh T. Thiocrown Ether Additive Effects on Diastereoselectivity of the Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction: Preparation of Optically Active 3-Hydroxy-2-methylalkanenitriles through a Double Enzymatic Reaction Strategy. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.72.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ichikawa A. Enantiomeric resolution of asymmetric glycol by a lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction. Chirality 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:4<338::aid-chir13>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ozaki SI, Yang HJ, Matsui T, Goto Y, Watanabe Y. Asymmetric oxidation catalyzed by myoglobin mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lin G, Lin WY, Shieh CT. The enhancement of enantioselectivities for lipase-catalyzed reactions by using carbamates. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Engbersen JF, Reinhoudt DN. Large acceleration of alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed dipeptide formation by 18-crown-6 in organic solvents. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 59:553-6. [PMID: 10099371 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980905)59:5<553::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 18-crown-6 on the synthesis of peptides catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin are reported. Lyophilization of the enzyme in the presence of 50 equivalents of 18-crown-6 results in a 425-fold enhanced activity when the reaction between the 2-chloroethylester of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine and L-phenylalaninamide is carried out in acetonitrile. Addition of crown ether renders the dipeptide synthesis in nonaqueous solvents catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin possible on a preparative scale. The acceleration is observed in different solvents and for various peptide precursors. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Itoh T, Emoto S, Kondo M. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure tributylstannylcyclopropanes through lipase-catalyzed reaction. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Improving hydrolases by site-directed mutagenesis continues to be important, but an alternative method - directed evolution - also gains favor. Directed evolution combines random mutagenesis with screening or selection for the desired property. Directed evolution is especially useful for cases like solvent tolerance or thermostability where current theories are inadequate to predict which structural changes will give improvement. Researchers have also recently made significant progress on several practical problems: how to maintain the high activity of proteases and lipases in nonpolar organic solvents, how to resolve amines, and how to efficiently recycle the unwanted enantiomer in kinetic resolutions. Besides the lipases and proteases, researchers are also developing new hydrolases, notably dehalogenases and epoxide hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kazlauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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Itoh T, Mitsukura K, Kanphai W, Takagi Y, Kihara H, Tsukube H. Thiacrown Ether Technology in Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction: Scope and Limitation for Preparing Optically Active 3-Hydroxyalkanenitriles and Application to Insect Pheromone Synthesis. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo971288m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsukura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
| | - Wipa Kanphai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsukube
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Okayama University, Okayama 700, Japan, Department of Natural Science, Hyogo University of Education, Yashiro, Hyogo 673-14, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558, Japan
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Takagi Y, Ino R, Kihara H, Itoh T, Tsukube H. Remarkable Enhancement of Lipase Catalytic Activity: Combined Effects of Acyl Donor and Thiacrown Ether Additive during Trans-esterification of 5-Phenyl-1-penten-3-ol. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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