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Xu T, Tu K, Cheng J, Ni Y, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Organocatalytic Approach to Functional Semifluorinated Polymers Driven by Visible Light. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800151. [PMID: 29900627 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Through the construction of an organic photocatalysis system, photoredox catalyst (PC)/additive, where PC stands for photoredox catalyst, an organocatalyzed step transfer-addition and radical-termination (O-START) polymerization irradiated by blue LED light at room temperature is realized. Different types of α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkane A and α,ω-unconjugated diene B are copolymerized through O-START efficiently, and generate various kinds of functional semifluorinated polymers, including polyolefins and polyesters. The process is affected by several factors; solvents, additives, and feed ratio of A to B. After optimization of all these components, the polymerization efficiency is greatly improved, generating polymers with both relatively high yield and molecular weight. Considering the mild reaction condition, easy operation process, and free-of-metal-catalyst residues in the polymer product, the organocatalytic polymerization strategy provides a simple and efficient approach to functional semifluorinated polymer materials and hopefully opens up their application in high-tech fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Xu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kai Tu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiannan Cheng
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ni
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Abstract
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The chemistry of hypervalent iodine(III) compounds
has gained great interest over the past 30 years. Hypervalent iodine(III)
compounds show valuable ionic reactivity due to their high electrophilicity
but also express radical reactivity as single electron oxidants for
carbon and heteroatom radical generation. Looking at ionic chemistry,
these iodine(III) reagents can act as electrophiles to efficiently
construct C–CF3, X–CF3 (X = heteroatom),
C–Rf (Rf = perfluoroalkyl), X–Rf, C–N3, C–CN, S–CN, and C–X
bonds. In some cases, a Lewis or a Bronsted acid is necessary to increase
their electrophilicity. In these transformations, the iodine(III)
compounds react as formal “CF3+”,
“Rf+”, “N3+”, “Ar+”, “CN+”, and “X+” equivalents. On the other
hand, one electron reduction of the I(III) reagents opens the door
to the radical world, which is the topic of this Account that focuses
on radical reactivity of hypervalent iodine(III) compounds such as
the Togni reagent, Zhdankin reagent, diaryliodonium salts, aryliodonium
ylides, aryl(cyano)iodonium triflates, and aryl(perfluoroalkyl)iodonium
triflates. Radical generation starting with I(III) reagents can also
occur via thermal or light mediated homolysis of the weak hypervalent
bond in such reagents. This reactivity can be used for alkane C–H
functionalization. We will address important pioneering work in the
area but will mainly focus on studies that have been conducted by
our group over the last 5 years. We entered the field by investigating
transition metal free single electron reduction of Togni type reagents
using the readily available sodium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
salt (TEMPONa) as an organic one electron reductant for clean generation
of the trifluoromethyl radical and perfluoroalkyl radicals. That valuable
approach was later successfully also applied to the generation of
azidyl and aryl radicals starting with the corresponding benziodoxole
(Zhdankin reagent) and iodonium salts. In the presence of alkenes
as radical acceptors, vicinal trifluoromethyl-, azido-, and arylaminoxylation
products result via a sequence comprising radical addition to the
alkene and subsequent TEMPO trapping. Electron-rich arenes also react
with I(III) reagents via single electron transfer (SET) to give arene
radical cations, which can then engage in arylation reactions. We
also recognized that the isonitrile functionality in aryl isonitriles
is a highly efficient perfluoroalkyl radical acceptor, and reaction
of Rf-benziodoxoles (Togni type reagents) in the presence
of a radical initiator provides various perfluoroalkylated N-heterocycles (indoles, phenanthridines, quinolines, etc.).
We further found that aryliodonium ylides, previously used as carbene
precursors in metal-mediated cyclopropanation reactions, react via
SET reduction with TEMPONa to the corresponding aryl radicals. As
a drawback of all these transformations, we realized that only one
ligand of the iodine(III) reagent gets transferred to the substrate.
To further increase atom-economy of such conversions, we identified
cyano or perfluoroalkyl iodonium triflate salts as valuable reagents
for stereoselective vicinal alkyne difunctionalization, where two
ligands from the I(III) reagent are sequentially transferred to an
alkyne acceptor. Finally, we will discuss alkynyl-benziodoxoles
as radical acceptors for alkynylation reactions. Similar reactivity
was found for the Zhdankin reagent that has been successfully applied
to azidation of C-radicals, and also cyanation is possible with a
cyano I(III) reagent. To summarize, this Account focuses on the design,
development, mechanistic understanding, and synthetic application
of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents in radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Xu T, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Insight into the polymerization mechanism of photoinduced step transfer-addition & radical-termination (START) polymerizations. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00709d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic polymerization mechanism of photoinduced step transfer-addition & radical-termination (START) has been revealed based on the successful construction of a catalytic system (Ru(bpy)3Cl2/RA) and a solvent system (DMC/MeCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Xu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
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Hartmann M, Li Y, Studer A. Determination of rate constants for trifluoromethyl radical addition to various alkenes via a practical method. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:206-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the determination of CF3-radical addition rate constants to various π-acceptors is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hartmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfäliscihe Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Y. Li
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfäliscihe Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - A. Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfäliscihe Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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Studer A. A “Renaissance” in Radical Trifluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8950-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 859] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Iizuka M, Yoshida M. Redox system for perfluoroalkylation of arenes and α-methylstyrene derivatives using titanium oxide as photocatalyst. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dolbier WR. Fluorinated free radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Antonietti F, Mele A, Minisci F, Punta C, Recupero F, Fontana F. Enthalpic and polar effects in the reactions of perfluoroalkyl radicals. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2003.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Herrera OS, Nieto JD, Lane SI, Oexler EV. The gas-phase reaction of the CF3 radical with thiophene. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of CF3 radicals, generated by photolysis of CF3I or hexafluoroacetone with thiophene, was studied in the gas phase at 25 °C. At conversion of thiophene less than 20%, monosubstituted CF3-thiophenes were found as the main reaction products, in addition to CF3H, C2F6, and monosubstituted dihydro-CF3-thiophene, the latter in very low proportion. An isomeric mixture of 2- and 3-CF3-thiophene was obtained in a ratio of about 16, independent of the radical source used (CF3I or hexafluoroacetone) to produce the CF3 radicals. A plausible mechanism that accounts for the observed products is proposed, and the reactivity of thiophene toward the CF3 radical at 25 °C was determined as kadd/kc1/2 = 106 ± 4 cm3/2 mol–1/2 s–1/2.Key words: thiophene, trifluoromethyl radical, reaction mechanism, reactivity.
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Yoshida M, Ohkoshi M, Muraoka T, Matsuyama H, Iyoda M. Oxygenative Perfluoroalkylation of Olefinic Compounds Using Perfluoroalkyl Iodide in the Presence of Oxygen. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang L, Dolbier WR, Sheeller B, Ingold KU. Absolute rate constants of alkene addition reactions of a fluorinated radical in water. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6362-6. [PMID: 12033866 DOI: 10.1021/ja0256010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Absolute rate constants of *R(f)SO(3)(-) radical addition to a series of water-soluble alkenes containing ionic, carboxylate substituents were measured by laser flash photolysis experiments in water. The observed rate constants were all considerably larger than those of structurally similar analogues in a nonpolar organic solvent, with rate factors of 3-9-fold being observed. It is concluded that such rate enhancements derive at least in part from stabilization of the polar transition state for addition of the electrophilic fluorinated radical to alkenes by the polar solvent water.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon‐Centered Radicals to Alkenes—An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-%23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland) Fax: (+41) 1‐6356856
| | - Leo Radom
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200 (Australia)
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Fischer H, Radom L. Was steuert die Additionen kohlenstoffzentrierter Radikale an Alkene? - Antworten auf experimenteller und theoretischer Grundlage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1380::aid-ange1380>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon-Centered Radicals to Alkenes-An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1340-1371. [PMID: 11317286 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The successful exploitation of syntheses involving the generation of new carbon-carbon bonds by radical reactions rests on some prior knowledge of the rate constants for the addition of carbon-centered radicals to alkenes and other unsaturated molecules, and of the factors controlling them. Two former classical reviews in Angewandte Chemie by Tedder (1982) and by Giese (1983) provided mechanistic insight and led to various qualitative rules on the complex interplay of enthalpic, polar, and steric effects. In the meantime, the field has experienced very rapid progress: many more experimental absolute rate constants have become available, and there have been major advances in the efficiency and reliability of quantum-chemical methods for the accurate calculation of transition structures, reaction barriers, and reaction enthalpies. Herein we review this progress, recommend suitable experimental and theoretical procedures, and display representative data series for radical additions to alkenes. On this basis, and guided by the pictorial tool of the state-correlation diagram for radical additions, we then offer a new and more stringent quantification of the controlling factors. Our analysis leads to a partial revision of the previous qualitative rules, and it more clearly exhibits the interplay of the reaction enthalpy effects, polar charge-transfer contributions, and steric substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier. The various contributions are cast into the form of new, simple, and physically meaningful but non-linear, predictive equations for the preestimation of rate constants. These equations prove successful in several tests but call for additional theoretical and experimental foundation. The kinetics of related reactions such as polymer propagation, copolymerization, and the addition of radicals to alkynes and aromatic compounds is shown to follow the same principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
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Yoshida M, Ohkoshi M, Aoki N, Ohnuma Y, Iyoda M. Photochemical oxyfluoroalkylation of styrenes by the addition of perfluoroalkyl radicals in an atmosphere of oxygen. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Delest B, Shtarev AB, Dolbier WR. Reactivity of perfluoro-n-alkyl radicals with reluctant substrates. Rates of addition to RFCH2CH=CH2 and RFCH=CH2. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bartberger MD, Dolbier WR, Lusztyk J, Ingold K. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITIES OF PARTIALLY AND FULLY FLUORINATED PRIMARY ALKYL RADICALS φ φIssued as NRC No. 40813. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heuts JPA, Gilbert RG, Maxwell IA. Penultimate Unit Effect in Free-Radical Copolymerization. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960704m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan P. A. Heuts
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ian A. Maxwell
- Memtec Ltd., 1 Memtec Parkway, South Windsor, NSW 2756, Australia
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Percy JM. Building Block Approaches to Aliphatic Organofluorine Compounds. ORGANOFLUORINE CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-69197-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rios LA, Dolbier, WR, Paredes R, Lusztyk J, Ingold KU, Jonsson M. Generation and Study of the Reactivity of α-Ammonium Distonic Radical Cations in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9626547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luz Amalia Rios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
| | - William R. Dolbier,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
| | - Rodrigo Paredes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
| | - Janusz Lusztyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
| | - K. U. Ingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
| | - Mats Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200 Departamento de Quimica Universidad del Valle, Colombia Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6
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Perfluoro-tert-butyl, a reactive, neutral, electrophilic carbon-centered radical par excellence. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Dolbier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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